A History of Chemical Engineering

Chemical EngineeringsParadigmsPengenalan Teknologi IndustriProgram Studi Teknik KimiaFTI - ITBParadigm: a pattern or modelParadigm is a constellation that defines a profession and an intellectual discipline

Pengenalan Teknologi Industri2Chemical engineering paradigms0. Pre-paradigm - engineers with no formal education

1. The first paradigm - Unit Operations, 1923 2. The second paradigm - Transport Phenomena, 19603. The third paradigm - ?Pengenalan Teknologi Industri3Pre-paradigmFire (300,000 BC) as the first chemical technologyLed to pyro-technologies: cooking, pottery, metallurgy, glass, reaction engineering

Chemical technology as empirical art, with no reliable scientific foundation or formally educated engineers.Ecole des Ponts et Chausee, 1736, first modern engineering school.Pengenalan Teknologi Industri4

The first paradigmArthur D. Little, industrialist and chair of visiting committee of chemical engineering at MIT, wrote report in 1908Unit Operations should be the foundation of chemical engineering

First textbook Walker-Lewis-McAdams Principles of Chemical Engineering 1923Pengenalan Teknologi Industri5The first paradigm: early successBecame core of chemical engineering curriculum: unit operations, stoichiometry, thermodynamicsprinciple to organize useful knowledgeinspiration for research to fill in the gaps in knowledge

Effective in problem solvinggraduates have a toolbox to solve processing problems in oil distillation, petrochemical, new polymersPengenalan Teknologi Industri6Unit operationsThe "unit operations" concept had been latent in the chemical engineering profession ever since George Davis had organized his original 12 lectures around the topic.

But, it was Arthur Little who first recognized the potential of using Unit Operations" to separate chemical engineering from other professions

While mechanical engineers focused on machinery, and industrial chemists concerned themselves with products, and applied chemists studied individual reactions, no one, before chemical engineers, had concentrated upon the underlying processes common to all chemical products, reactions, and machinery.

Pengenalan Teknologi Industri7Unit operationsIn transforming matter from inexpensive raw materials to highly desired products, chemical engineers became very familiar with the physical and chemical operations necessary in this metamorphosis. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri8Filtration

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Drying

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Vacuum DryerRotary DryerDistillationPengenalan Teknologi Industri11

ExtractionPengenalan Teknologi Industri12

Absorption - DesorptionPengenalan Teknologi Industri13

CrystallizationPengenalan Teknologi Industri14

Crystallization tank

GrindingPengenalan Teknologi Industri15

SedimentationPengenalan Teknologi Industri16

CombustionPengenalan Teknologi Industri17

ReactionPengenalan Teknologi Industri18

Fluid Catalytic CrackingHeat ExchangePengenalan Teknologi Industri19

CoatingPengenalan Teknologi Industri20

The first paradigm: later stagnationWorld War II creation of new technologies by scientists without engineering education: atomic bomb, radar.

Engineering students needed to master new concepts and tools in chemistry and physics.

Unit Operations no longer created streams of exciting new research problems that were challenging to professors and students, and useful in industry.Pengenalan Teknologi Industri21The second paradigmFirst textbook Transport Phenomena by Bird-Stewart-Lightfoot, 1960, based on kinetic theory of gases

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The second paradigmTextbook by Amundson Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering, (1966).

A new burst of creative research activities.

American chemical industry dominated world, DuPont and Exxon content to recruit academically educated graduates, willing to teach them technology.

Pengenalan Teknologi Industri23The second paradigm: early successThe Engineering Science movement became dominant in the US, and was taught at all the leading universities.

AIChE accreditation requires differential equations, transport phenomena.

Research funding agencies and journals turn their backs on empirical and qualitative research as old fashioned.Pengenalan Teknologi Industri24Chemical Engineering: New Directions?Phasing out of formerly successful products: tetra-ethyl lead, DDT, cellophane, freon or CFC.End of the parade of new polymers: celluloid, bakelite, nylon, kevlar. To attract the best students, the lure of new products to enhance lives - laptop computers, cellular phone and internet. Cost-cutting and environmental protection is no match for glamorous new products.We need to give chemical engineers the intellectual toolbox, to innovate exciting new products that people will learn to love.Pengenalan Teknologi Industri25Product Engineering: a third paradigm?Product engineering is innovation and design of useful products that people want.

Core of creative engineering:Define a product, study the customers & needs Understand property-structure Design and innovate the productPengenalan Teknologi Industri26Chemical Engineering accomplishmentsProduction of Synthetic Ammonia and Fertilizers,Production of petrochemicals,Commercial-scale production of antibiotics (biotechnology/ pharmaceuticals),Establishment of the plastics industry,Establishment of the synthetic fiber industry,Establishment of the synthetic rubber industry,Electrolytic production of Aluminum,Energy production and the development of new sources of energy,Pengenalan Teknologi Industri27Chemical Engineering accomplishments (contd)Production of fissionable isotopes,Production of IT products (storage devices, microelectronics, ultraclean environment),Artificial organs and biomedical devices,Food processing,Process Simulation tools,Environmental control,Membrane technology,New material based on nano technology.

Pengenalan Teknologi Industri28Selesai29Pengenalan Teknologi Industri