CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

IN PRACTICE

Design, Simulation and Implementation

John E. Edwards Process Simulation Engineer, P & I Design Ltd

Third Edition, September 2017 P&I Design Ltd

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Published by P & I Design Ltd 2 Reed Street, Thornaby TS17 7AF www.pidesign.co.uk Copyright © J.E.Edwards 2017 jee@pidesign.co.uk Printed by Billingham Press Ltd, Billingham TS23 1LF ISBN 978-0-9568169-6-2

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Contents Section 1 Introduction 5 Section 2 Fundamentals 11 Section 3 Thermodynamics 39 Section 4 Utility Systems 87 Section 5 Fluid Flow and Pipe Networks 109 Section 6 Emergency Relief Systems 185 Section 7 Heat Transfer 249

Section 8 Absorption and Stripping 315

Section 9 Continuous Distillation 373

Section 10 Batch Distillation 399 Section 11 Batch Reactors 425 Section 12 Environmental Emission Control 469 Section 13 Refinery Processes 513

Section 14 Carbon Capture and Storage 569 Section 15 Emerging Markets 593 Section 16 Dynamics Regular Process Operations 605 Section 17 Process Measurement 633 Section 18 Process Control 691 Section 19 Heuristics and Engineering Data 749

Section Contents 763

Final Page 766

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Preface This book is based on 50 years of experience gained whilst working in the process engineering and simulation fields. It is not suitable for rigorous academic study, as it is intended for the practicing engineer. However, certain cases could provide a more practical basis for student process design projects. There is nothing original here, as the information has been developed from experience and has been collated from individual technical papers and guidance notes developed in support of our engineering and simulation activities. Reference has been made to many classic texts in Chemical Engineering literature, including the following:

➢ Kern, Process Heat transfer, McGraw Hill ➢ Treybal, Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw Hill ➢ Norman, Absorption Distillation and Cooling Towers, Wiley ➢ Olson, Fundamentals of Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Intertext ➢ Fielder & Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley ➢ Smallwood, Solvent Recovery Handbook, Edward Arnold ➢ Kohl & Nielsen, Gas Purification, Gulf ➢ Newbury, A Concise Organic Chemistry, Harrap ➢ Warn, Concise Chemical Thermodynamics, Van Norstrand Reinhold ➢ Shinskey, Process Control Systems, McGraw Hill ➢ Spink, Flow Meter Engineering, Foxboro ➢ Flow of Fluids 410, Crane ➢ Control Valve Handbook, Fisher Control Company ➢ Reid, Prausnitz & Poling, Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw Hill ➢ Watson, Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Each section is in the form of a condensed refresher providing useful practical information gleaned from many sources. Applications are presented from projects involving design, simulation and operations. Units used are not consistent as selection depended on the preferred units for a particular study. Sections are numbered uniquely for contents and references, with specific appendices and nomenclature. The references are not a comprehensive list and apologies for any unintended omissions. Any originality may be in the presentation format and as such some would consider this to be a Handbook or Workbook. Many modern books in Chemical Engineering do not adopt this approach which is not very helpful to the engineer challenged with providing a solution in a timely manner.

2nd Edition Sections have been reorganised and rationalised, including Process Instrumentation and Control, Fluid Flow and Piping Networks, Emergency Relief Systems and Batch Distillation. A new Utility System Section has been added and includes cases on CHP Steam Systems, Refrigeration and Cooling Towers. Several new cases have been added to demonstrate dynamic simulation capability; in particular Fire Induced H2O2 Thermal Decomposition and Bio-fuel Blending. Additional diagrams and engineering data have been added where appropriate.

3rd Edition Section order has been changed to give a more logical presentation and section index added. Fundamentals section has been extended to provide a more comprehensive study of separation processes using equilibrium flash and to demonstrate the power of flash simulations. Heat Exchanger Design and Rating has more detailed information on design with more real cases. Process Instrumentation and Control has been rewritten to incorporate TechTalk papers published by the author in The Journal of the Institute of Measurement and Control. Dynamic Simulation section is introduced and applied to the study of common process operations. Refinery Processes includes a more comprehensive review of refinery operations. General information has been extended to include a summary of heuristics for process equipment

CHEMCAD Software Licence Process simulation examples are carried out using CHEMCAD™ simulation software by Chemstations, Inc. of Houston www.chemstations.com . The simulation cases are available in electronic format. To run the simulations you will need a CHEMCAD software licence. To obtain a software licence and the simulation cases please contact support@pidesign.co.uk who will organise a trial licence with Chemstations.

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Section 1

Introduction

The process industry covers a broad spectrum of activities that involve the handling and treatment of gases, liquids and solids over a wide range of physical and processing conditions. The scope of this variety is shown in the following chart. The development of a process and the steps taken to achieve an operational full scale unit are complex and involve many disciplines to achieve a successful result. Typical activities are shown in the following chart.

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The process industry has developed an extensive range of process equipment to meet the challenges presented by process material properties, operations and efficiency. The following table, which is not comprehensive, shows the extensive range of processes involved.

Process / UnitOp Process Comments

Absorption Stripping

Gas absorption in liquid Gas scrubbing

De-gasification Removal of dissolved gases

Adsorption Activated carbon Ketones known to cause fires

Centrifugation

Cyclones Solid removal from gas

Hydrocyclone

Decanters

Centrifuges Solid separation from liquid

Super centrifuge High speed for small particle size

Crystallisation Crystalliser Complex initiation and prediction

Digestion Anaerobic Waste sludge to produce methane

Drying

Freeze Drying Temperature sensitive materials

Tray Drying Long time – low efficiency

Vacuum Drying Temperature sensitive materials

Natural Air Drying Large surface area

Drum Drying Vacuum - low solids pressure drop

Spray Drying Low retention time - high temperature

Rotary Drying High solids retention time

Filter Press Labour intensive

Extraction

Liquid-liquid Extraction Dissolved solids

Solids Leaching

Microfiltration Decreasing particle size separations Ultimately leading to high purity and sterile conditions

Nanofiltration

Ultrafiltration

Reverse osmosis Membrane separation

Sand filtration High volume large area slow process

Strainers Low efficiency - large particulates

Flash Physical property change Two and multi-phase separation

Vapor - liquid - solid - equilibrium Distillation – evaporation - drying

Flotation Air flotation

Fluid Flow Pipes –pumps - compressors Single – two phase - slurries

Heat Exchange

Shell & Tube Most common many configurations

Plate & plate High heat transfer coefficient

Shell & Plate More robust than plate & plate

Double Pipe (Electric rod) Low heat transfer coefficient

Air Cooler Fin – fan cooler configuration

Direct contact Compatible Liquid - liquid

Ion-exchange Membrane Continuous Electro Deionisation

Anion - cation Water purification

Mixing

Static Mixer Liquid - liquid

Eductor Steam ejector for vacuum

Flash Mixer Compatible process fluids

Safety Pressure Relief devices Relief valves – bursting discs

Flame Arrestors Prevents flame propagation in pipes

Separators Gas – Oil - Water separator Depends on immiscibility - densities

Gas - liquid Blowdown relief drum

Reaction Kinetic – equilibrium – stoichiometric - Gibbs

CSTR Jacketed – coils batch reactors

Plug Flow Tubular reactors

Bio-reactors Sterile – Aerobic - Anaerobic

Sedimentation

Clarification

Thickening

Flotation

Thermal Distillation - evaporation

Batch distillation

Continuous distillation Single – multiple chain

Evaporation Single – multiple effect – falling film

Thermocompression evaporator

Vapour compression

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The process engineer, working in this environment, is required to provide safe, practical and timely solutions to design problems without having the opportunity to study the topic in great depth. This book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive review of the fundamentals, definitions and design principles to allow the solution of cases encountered in normal practice. For more complex cases or when in doubt reference should be made to an appropriate authority or specialist in the field. The design process should attempt to identify potential problems and errors at the earliest stage possible in the project life cycle. Many techniques have been developed to achieve this, namely Hazard Identification (HAZID), Hazard and Operability (HAZOP), Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) together with process simulation. The project cost impact curves show the benefits of stress testing the designs using these techniques to avoid the increased costs of correction, even if economically possible, later in the project life cycle.

Processes can be batch, semi-continuous or continuous and the selection depends on many factors.

Batch processes are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of fine and speciality chemicals and involve the following general criteria:

• Low to medium capital investment

• Low to medium cost to rectify design errors

• Low volume high value products

• Low to medium production costs

• Limited savings from yield improvements and reduced cycle times

• Multi-purpose capability often required

Batch processes are inherently transient in nature and the equipment design needs to be analysed using the physical properties of the process and service fluids under a wide range of operating conditions. Continuous processes are used in the oil and gas processing and petrochemicals industries and have the following characteristics:

• Heavy capital investment

• Expensive to rectify design errors

• High volume low to medium value products

• Well established process or high level of confidence in design for new process

• Large savings in raw materials and energy achievable with process optimisation

• Product change capability required in some processing units

To achieve consistent quality and to operate the process optimally maximising productivity and minimising raw material and energy costs requires effective control of the key process parameters. This requires process control and data monitoring systems that match the process to which they are being applied.

PROJECT COST IMPACTS

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

PROJECT TIME

CO

ST

IM

PA

CT

Problem Discovery Design Decisions

x

x

x

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A successful outcome does not necessarily require an in depth mathematical study of the control system and its interaction with the process, which is how courses on instrumentation and control are frequently presented. Very often having a good understanding for the process behaviour and the application of common sense can provide satisfactory results. In 1967 Shinskey presented a novel approach to the understanding of process characteristics and the associated control systems by studying the problem in the time domain and the application of basic mass and energy balances. Each process parameter exhibits unique properties that determines the control strategy to be applied.

• Flow and liquid pressure periods are fast and noisy with no dead time, requiring a low gain response with reset adjustment to maintain a desired value.

• Gas pressure exhibits a high capacity with no dead time, requiring a high gain response which is adequate to maintain a desired value. This is considered to be the easiest parameter to control.

• Liquid level period can be fast or slow and sometimes noisy (boiling) with capacity, requiring medium gain and sometimes with reset adjustment to maintain a desired value.

• Temperature period can be medium or slow with capacity and dead time, requiring variable gain, reset adjustment and anticipatory response.

The control system should not be used to overcome shortcomings in plant design. To avoid this the process plant design and the control philosophy should be considered throughout the design process. For example, if a processing unit takes a long time to achieve stable and optimal operating conditions the feeds should be held constant by the use of surge tanks in which the level is allowed to float between acceptable limits. Steady state and dynamic process simulation proves the capability to achieve stable and reproducible operating conditions with acceptable product purity, yield and cycle times to satisfy the commercial requirements and the safety and environmental issues for the regulatory authorities. The characteristic properties and design parameters of the process are analysed in this book using the CHEMCAD™ range of software. It is worth noting that many serious accidents on process plant have been as a result of failures in plant management systems and procedures and not due to failures in design. However the design and commissioning teams have the responsibility to ensure that adequate documentation and procedures are handed over to operations personnel, which should include a clear understanding of accident risks and the safety critical equipment and systems designed to control them. Maintaining a corporate memory is a serious challenge to all managements which can only be achieved by adequate systems, auditing procedures and continual training.

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Section Contents

Sect Description Page Sect Description Page

1 2 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 2 I II 2 2.0 2.01 2.02 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 3 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 5.0 3 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 3 3.01 3.02

Contents Preface Introduction Fundamentals Introduction Units Process Separations Equilibrium Separation Processes Simulation Principles Tutorial 2.1 Simulation Flash Operations Appendices Nomenclature Component Mixture Properties Cases Steady State Tutorial A1 Single Stage Distillation Multistage Distillation Cascade Multistage Distillation Cascade Heterogeneous Azeo. Distillation Evaporative Air Cooler Liquid – Liquid Extraction Solids Drying Double Effect Evaporator Kremser Cascade CO2 Absorption Dew Point Calculator Air Stripping TCE Water Cascade Ammonia Scrubbing Cascade Thermodynamics Introduction Thermodynamic Fundamentals Thermodynamic Energies Gibbs Phase Rule Enthalpy Thermodynamics Real Processes System Phases Single Phase Gas Liquid Phase Vapor liquid equilibrium Chemical Reactions Reaction Chemistry Reaction Chemistry Applied Summary Appendices Enthalpy Calculations CHEMCAD Thermodynamic Model – VLE Thermodynamic Selection Tables K Model – Henry’s Law Review Inert Gases Dilute Solutions Post Combustion Carbon Capture Thermodynamic Guidance Prediction of Physical Properties Refinery Thermodynamics Petroleum Test Methods Physical Properties of Slurries Simulation Notes Cases Flash Process Fundamentals Emission Control of Benzene

3 4 5 11 12 12 15 15 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 35 35 36 37 39 40 41 41 42 44 46 47 58 50 54 57 57 58 59 60 60 65 66 68 69 70 71 74 76 78 79 81 84 84 86

4 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.1 6.0 4 I II III 5 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5 I II III IV V VI 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10

Utility Systems Introduction Steam Generation Case 4.01 Steam Turbine Case 4.02 CHP Steam Distribution Case 4.03 Draft Cooling Tower Case 4.04a Cooling Tower Case 4.04b Refrigeration Plant Case 4.05 Appendices Psychrometric Chart for Air-Water Effective Driving Force for Column Steam Turbine Relationships Fluid Flow and Pipe Networks Introduction to Pipe Networks Fluid Flow Basic Theory Fundamentals General Equations Piping Design Methods One Phase Isothermal Flow Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Fritzsche Equation Piping Design Methods Two Phase Two Phase Flow Definitions Baker Method for Two Phase Beggs and Brill Method Two Phase General Considerations 3K-Darby Method Flow Resistance Heat Loss in Piping Systems Net Positive Suction Head Pumping Saturated Liquids Kent Method for Pipe Sizing Piping Design Instrumentation Appendices Valve and Pipe Fitting Diagrams Losses Valves, Pipe Fittings Flow Meter Considerations General Information Two Phase Flow Methods Piping Simulation Data Cases Pipe size changes and fittings Control valve sizing and flow split Piping design Pump sizing and pipe branches Cooling water distribution Gravity flow between reservoirs Piping Flow Split Complex pipe network Fan Curve Correction Reactor Jacket Services

87 88 93 95 96 98 100 103 105 105 106 107 109 110 114 114 116 119 119 119 119 120 121 122 125 132 132 132 132 134 134 135 136 137 137 148 151 152 157 163 165 165 169 172 175 180 181 181 181 182 184

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Section Contents

Sect Description Page Sect Description Page

6 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 6 I II III IV V 6 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18

Emergency Relief Systems Introduction Relief Sizing Fundamentals Vessel Models Vent Flow Models Definitions and Assumptions % overpressure Friction factors Relief Device Discharge Coefficient Equivalent Lengths Discharge Pipe Considerations Inlet / Outlet Pipe Sizing Rules Environment F Factor API Valve Selection Exposed Area Considerations Methods Evaluating Gas Density Sizing Methods Basis Relief System Sizing General Relief System Sizing Flow Heat Models Sizing Single Phase Flow Sizing Two Phase Vap- Liq. Flow Nomenclature Appendices CHEMCAD Sizing Tool Design CHEMCAD Relief Sizing Tool User General Guidance Notes Blowdown Tank Sizing Rupture (Bursting) Disc Definitions Cases Liquid, API 520/1, 3.8.2 page 53 Vapour, API 520/1, 3.6.2.2 page 44 Steam, API 520/1, 3.7.2 page 51 DIERS Appendix II-E (page 113) DIERS Appendix II-E (page 113) DIERS Rpt. Appendix D (page 181) DIERS Example 15 )page 438) DIERS Example 15 (page 438) DIERS Example 11 (page 432) DIERS Example 11 (page 432) DIERS Test–T3A (pages174 & 198) DIERS Two Phase Rigorous Case Relief Vent Piping Manifold Flare Header Design DIERS Dynamic Relief 2 DVSL DIERS Dynamic Relief 3DVSL Fire Induced H2O2 Runaway Rx. Distillation Column Relief Study

185 186 190 190 191 192 192 193 193 194 195 195 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 200 203 205 210 212 212 213 214 216 217 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 232 233 236 240 241 242 247

7 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 7 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI 7 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09

Heat Transfer Introduction Fundamentals Basic Theory Heat Transfer Model Selection Design Guidelines Definitions and Fluid Side Selection Tubeside Shellside Pressure Drop Fouling Design Margin Appendices Heat Transfer Model Synopsis Sizing Procedure CC THERM User Guidelines TEMA Heat Exchanger Layouts Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients Fouling Resistance Coefficients LMTD Correction Factors F Wolverine Tube General Details Midland Wire Cordage Turbulator Tube Dimensional Data Shell Tube Count Data Baffle Design Data Tube Bundle Vibration Heat Transfer Model Selection Design Tank Hairpin Coils Piping Heat Loss Cases Single Comp. Horizontal Cond. Horizontal Vacuum Condenser Multiple Comp. Horizontal Cond. Liquid – Liquid Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Temp. Control Heat Exchanger 3 Way Control Shell and Plate Heat Exchanger Bitumen Heat Exchanger Evaporative Cooling Fin Fan Air Cooler

249 250 251 251 254 256 256 257 258 261 263 263 264 264 272 273 274 276 277 278 280 281 282 283 284 285 287 288 289 290 291 299 300 301 302 302 303 304 311 312

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Section Contents

Sect Description Page Sect Description Page

8 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5.0 5.1 8 I II III IV V 9 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.0 6.0 9 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.04 9.05

Absorption and Stripping Introduction Fundamentals Molality, Molarity, Mole Fraction Units ppm(w), ppm(v), mg/m3 Mass Balance Simplified Mass Transfer Theory Thermodynamics Physical Property Predictions K Models Vapour Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Gas Absorption SCDS Column in CHEMCAD C8.01 CO2 Abs. MEA-Water VLE C8.01 CO2 Abs. MEA-Water Mass Case 8.02 CO2 Abs. in Selexol Case 8.03 HCl Abs. in Water Mass Case 8.05 NOx Scrubbing Liquid Stripping Case 8.04 Air Stripping of TCE Appendices Fast Chemical Reaction Systems Note on Enhancement Factor Column Simulation Convergence Nomenclature Species Guidance Notes Continuous Distillation Introduction Fundamentals Mass Balance Separation Criteria Theoretical Stages Reflux Ratio Heat Duty Pressure Reboiler and Column Relief Thermodynamics Activity Coefficients Thermodynamic Model Selection Column Convergence Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Bubble Point and Dew Point TPxy Plots Residue Curve Mapping Azeotrope Finders Case9.01 & 9.02 Simple Distillation Case 9.03 Heterogeneous Azeo 9.04a & 9.04b Cases Minimum Boiling Point Azeo Finder Maximum Boiling Point Azeo Finder EtOH – Water Distillation Heterogeneous Azeo Distillation Heterogeneous Azeo Distillation Distillation Column Reboiler

315 316 317 317 318 319 320 326 326 327 330 332 332 333 334 337 340 341 345 345 348 348 350 352 353 354 373 374 375 375 375 376 377 378 378 379 381 381 383 384 385 385 386 387 390 391 394 390 390 390 392 394 394 379

10 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 10 I 10 10.01 10.02 10.03 11 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 11 I II 11 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 12 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 12 12.01

Batch Distillation Introduction Process Characteristics Thermodynamics Mass and Energy Balances Process Modelling Parameter Specification General Considerations Column Testing Model Simple Batch Distillation Appendices Nomenclature Cases Batch Distillation –No Heat Trans. Batch Distillation Dynamic Batch Distillation Control System Batch Reactors Introduction Thermal Design Fundamentals Heat Transfer Thermal Lag Reaction Chemistry Process Design Considerations Jacket Service Fluid Selection Reactor Parameters Reactor Heat Transfer Jacket / Coil Services Heat Exch. Performance Characteristics Jacket / Coil Services Temperature Control Jacket / Coil Service Configurations Appendices Heat Transfer Data Half Coil HTC and PD Cases Reactor Indirect Heat Direct Cool Reactor Indirect Heat Indirect Cool Reactor Jacket Hydraulics Cryogenic Reactor System Batch Reactor Kinetics Storage Tank Heating Environmental Emission Control Atmospheric Dispersion from Stack Fast Chemical Reaction Scrubbing Stack Height Determination Atmospheric Dispersion from Pools VOC Emissions from Vessels Blowdown Drum Sizing Carbon Adsorber Column Fugitive Emission Auditing Cases VOC Emission Prediction

399 400 402 402 403 405 405 405 406 407 408 408 409 409 413 421 425 426 427 427 430 431 433 433 438 439 441 443 443 444 445 449 449 450 451 451 451 452 455 464 465 469 470 480 490 493 495 503 505 509 512 512

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Section Contents

Sect Description Page Sect Description Page

13 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 13 I 13 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 14 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 14 I II III IV V 14 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 15 15 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05

Refinery Processes Oil Refinery Overview Thermodynamics Crude Unit Vacuum Unit Splitting and Product Purification Hydrotreater Catalytic Reformer Amine Treatment Biodiesel Blending Appendix Refinery Units and Parameters Cases Crude Unit Feed Vacuum Unit Deethanizer Debutanizer Depropanizer Debutanizer Reflux Depropanizer C3 Splitter C4 Splitter C4 Splitter Tray Column Kerosene Splitter Hydrotreater Catalytic Reformer Sour Gas Amine Treatment Biodiesel Blending Carbon Capture and Storage Introduction Thermodynamics Pre-combustion SELEXOL® Post-combustion Flue Gas Desulf. Post-combustion Carbon Capture

CO2 Compression and Transport Appendices General Process Data PPD – Selexol and Genosorb PPD – MEA, DEA and MDEA PPD - Carbon Dioxide Heuristics for Process Design Cases Pre-comb. Selexol Flash Regen Pre-comb Selexol Thermal Regen Pre-comb Selexol H2S/CO2 Rem. Post-comb. Flue Gas Desulf. Post-comb. Amine Abs. and Strip CO2 Compression and Transport Emerging Markets Cases Base Catalyse Biodiesel Process Hexane Extract Biodiesel Process Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Product by Electrolysis Biodiesel Blender

513 514 518 522 532 536 552 556 561 564 566 566 525 525 532 538 539 542 547 548 550 551 553 558 563 565 569 571 574 576 581 584 587 588 588 589 590 591 592 577 577 578 579 581 584 587 593 595 596 596 597 600 601

16 1.0 1.1 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 16 I II 16 D2.01 D2.02 D2.03 D2.04 D2.05 D2.06 D2.07 D2.08 17 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 17 I 17 17.01 18 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 18 D3.01 D3.02 D3.03 D3.04 D3.05 D3.06 D3.07 D3.08 D3.09 D3.10 D3.11 D3.12 D3.13 D3.14 19 1.0 2.0 3.0

Dynamic Regular Process Ops. Introduction Dynamic Simulation Tutorial Process Routing Batch Reactor Sequence Control Road Tanker Offload Storage Tank Heating Storage Tank Diurnal Breathing Batch Distillation Product Purifying CHP Demand Driven Simulation Appendices API Standard 2000 7th Ed Mar 2014 AP52 Ch7 Fixed Roof Tk Emission Cases Dynamic Simulation Tutorial Process Routing Batch Reactor Sequence Control Road Tanker Offload Storage Tank Heating Storage Tank Diurnal Breathing Batch Distillation Prod. Purification CHP Demand Driven Simulation Process Measurement Introduction Flow Level Pressure Temperature Analytical Appendix Orifice Plate Sizing Methods Case Orifice Plate Sizing Process Control Fundamentals Control System Basics Controller Loop Configurations Control System Evolution Control Valves and Actuators Dynamic Process Simulation Cases Control Valve Sizing – Liquid Control Valve Sizing – Gas Flow Control Loops Tank Level – Inlet Tank Level – Outlet Tank Level – Pressure Balance Control of Dead Time Control of Capacity - Tank Level Two Capacity – Displacer Level Tank Balancing Gas Pressure Control Flow Control Level Cut-back Level Control Training Simulator Tank Level Controller Tuning Engineering Data Heuristics Dished Ends Pipe Data Acknowledgements

605 606 607 618 619 621 623 625 627 629 631 631 632 607 607 618 619 621 623 625 627 629 633 634 635 656 664 670 679 684 684 687 687 691 692 695 698 702 704 716 707 707 709 717 721 727 733 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 755 759 762