CHEMICAL CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND COORDINATION AND

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND COORDINATION AND

INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION • The different body activities are The different body activities are

controlled and coordinated by the controlled and coordinated by the action of neural system and action of neural system and endocrine system .Endocrine system endocrine system .Endocrine system perform its action with the help of perform its action with the help of hormones hormones

HormonesHormones

Hormones are non – nutrient Hormones are non – nutrient chemicals which acts as intercellular chemicals which acts as intercellular messengers and are produced in messengers and are produced in trace amounts .trace amounts .

Endocrine glands of Endocrine glands of human bodyhuman body

– HypothalamusHypothalamus– PituitaryPituitary– Pineal glandPineal gland– ThyroidThyroid– Parathyroid Parathyroid – ThymusThymus– PancreasPancreas– Adrenal Gland Adrenal Gland – Gonads (Testes in males and Ovary in Gonads (Testes in males and Ovary in

females}females}

HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS

• Neurosecretery CellsNeurosecretery Cells• The hormone producing cells of The hormone producing cells of

hypothalamus are called hypothalamus are called neurosecretery cellsneurosecretery cells

Releasing hormonesReleasing hormones

• The hormones secreted by hypothalamus The hormones secreted by hypothalamus which stimulate secretion of pituitary which stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones are called releasing hormones hormones are called releasing hormones

• Eg. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Eg. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulate the pituitary gland to (GnRH) stimulate the pituitary gland to release gonadotrophins .release gonadotrophins .

• Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)stimulate growth hormone (GHRH)stimulate growth hormone release release

Inhibiting hormonesInhibiting hormones

• The hormone secreted by the The hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which inhibit hypothalamus which inhibit secretions pituitary hormones are secretions pituitary hormones are called inhibiting hormones called inhibiting hormones

• Eg. Somatostatin (Growth Hormone Eg. Somatostatin (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) from the Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of hypothalamus inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary .growth hormone from the pituitary .

Oxytocin and vasopressinOxytocin and vasopressin

1.1. These are hormones secreted by These are hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary.pituitary.

PIUITARY GLANDPIUITARY GLAND

Sella tursica Sella tursica • It is the bony cavity in which It is the bony cavity in which

pituitary gland is located .pituitary gland is located .

Parts of pituitary gland Parts of pituitary gland – Adenohypophysis Adenohypophysis – Neurohypophysis Neurohypophysis

• Adenohypophysis has two portions Adenohypophysis has two portions – Pars distalis (anterior pituitary)Pars distalis (anterior pituitary)

– Pars intermediaPars intermedia

Hormones of anterior Hormones of anterior pituitarypituitary

(pars distalis) (pars distalis)• Growth hormone (GH)Growth hormone (GH)• Prolctin (PRL)Prolctin (PRL)• Thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH)(TSH)• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

(ACTH)(ACTH)• Luteinizing hormone (LH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)• Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH)(FSH)

• Hormone of pars intermedia Hormone of pars intermedia • Pars intermedia secretes only one Pars intermedia secretes only one

hormone called hormone called melanocyte melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)stimulating hormone (MSH)

• MSH make skin colour daeker in MSH make skin colour daeker in amphibians , reptiles and human amphibians , reptiles and human beings .Lack of skin pigmentation is beings .Lack of skin pigmentation is due to its absence.due to its absence.

• Hormones of neurohypophysis Hormones of neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)(posterior pituitary)

• Neurohypophysis stores and release Neurohypophysis stores and release the hypothalamic hormone the hypothalamic hormone oxytocin oxytocin and vasopressin.and vasopressin.

• Gigantism Gigantism • Over secretion of growth hormone stimulates Over secretion of growth hormone stimulates

abnormal growth of the body leading to abnormal growth of the body leading to gigantism.gigantism.

• Dwarfism Dwarfism • Low secretion of growth hormone results in Low secretion of growth hormone results in

stunted growth known as pituitary dwarfism .stunted growth known as pituitary dwarfism .• Function of prolactin Function of prolactin • Prolactin regulates the growth of mammary Prolactin regulates the growth of mammary

gland and stimulate milk production gland and stimulate milk production • Function of thyroid stimulating hormone Function of thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH)(TSH)• TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of

thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.• Function of adrenocoticotrophic Function of adrenocoticotrophic

hormone(ACTH)hormone(ACTH)• ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of

steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex .adrenal cortex .

• Function of adrenocoticotrophic Function of adrenocoticotrophic hormone(ACTH)hormone(ACTH)

• ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex .from the adrenal cortex .

• Function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in Function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in malesmales

• LHstimulates the synthesis and secretion of LHstimulates the synthesis and secretion of male hormones called androgens from testis male hormones called androgens from testis ..

• Function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in Function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in femalesfemales

• LH induces ovulation and maintains the LH induces ovulation and maintains the corpus luteumcorpus luteum , formed from the remnants , formed from the remnants of the graffian follicles .of the graffian follicles .

• Function of follicle stimulating Function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in maleshormone (FSH) in males

• In males FSH stimulates spermatogenesis .In males FSH stimulates spermatogenesis .

• Function of follicle stimulating Function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in femaleshormone (FSH) in females

• In females FSH stimulates growth and In females FSH stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles.development of ovarian follicles.

• Function of oxytosin Function of oxytosin • Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterine Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterine

muscles during child birth and initiates muscles during child birth and initiates ejection of milk from mammary gland .ejection of milk from mammary gland .

• Function of vasopressin (ADH)-Function of vasopressin (ADH)-antidiuretic hormone.antidiuretic hormone.

• It stimulates reabsorption of water and It stimulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the kidney tubules and electrolytes from the kidney tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through thereby reduces loss of water through urine .(diuresis)urine .(diuresis)

THE PINEAL GLANDTHE PINEAL GLAND

• The hormone of pineal gland is The hormone of pineal gland is melatonin .melatonin .

• Melatonin plays an important role in Melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of a 24 – hr rhythm of the regulation of a 24 – hr rhythm of our body .So it is known as our body .So it is known as biological biological clock of the human body .clock of the human body .

• Melatonin also influences Melatonin also influences metabolism , pigmentation , menstrual metabolism , pigmentation , menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability.cycle as well as our defense capability.

THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND

• Has two lobes and situated on either Has two lobes and situated on either side of the trachea .side of the trachea .

• Isthmus Isthmus • The two lobes of thyroid gland are The two lobes of thyroid gland are

interconnected by thin flap of interconnected by thin flap of connective tissue called isthumus.connective tissue called isthumus.

• Hormones of thyroid Hormones of thyroid – Teraiodothyronine Or Thyroxine (T4)Teraiodothyronine Or Thyroxine (T4)– Triiodothyronine (T3)Triiodothyronine (T3)

• Functions of thyroid glandFunctions of thyroid gland• It regulates basal metabolic rate.It regulates basal metabolic rate.• It maintains normal body temperature .It maintains normal body temperature .• It controls the metabolism of carbohydrates , proteins It controls the metabolism of carbohydrates , proteins

and fats.and fats.• It controls blood- bone calcium level.It controls blood- bone calcium level.• Goiter Goiter • Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone

synthesis in thyroid .synthesis in thyroid .• Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in

hypothyroidism hypothyroidism and and enlargement of theenlargement of the thyroid thyroid glandgland commonly called goiter .So we should eat commonly called goiter .So we should eat iodised salts.iodised salts.

• Cretinism Cretinism • Hypothyroidism during pregnancyHypothyroidism during pregnancy causes causes

defective development and maturation of the growing defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth , mental retardation , baby leading to stunted growth , mental retardation , low intelligence , abnormal skin , deaffnes etc.known low intelligence , abnormal skin , deaffnes etc.known as cretinismas cretinism

• Myxoedema Myxoedema • Hypothyroidism in adults leads to protruded Hypothyroidism in adults leads to protruded

eyes , oedema in the face known as eyes , oedema in the face known as myxoedema.myxoedema.

• Hypothyroidism in adult women cause Hypothyroidism in adult women cause irregular menstrual cycle .irregular menstrual cycle .

• Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism • Hyperthyroidism is the increase of thyroid Hyperthyroidism is the increase of thyroid

hormones than normal level .hormones than normal level .• This occurs due to cancer of thyroid glands or This occurs due to cancer of thyroid glands or

development of nodules of the thyroid gland .development of nodules of the thyroid gland .• Thyrocalcitonin Thyrocalcitonin • The protein hormone secreted by the The protein hormone secreted by the

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland is known parafollicular cells of thyroid gland is known as thyrocalcitonin.as thyrocalcitonin.

• Calcitonin regulates blood calcium level.Calcitonin regulates blood calcium level.

PARATHYROID GLANDPARATHYROID GLAND• Four parathyroid glands are present on Four parathyroid glands are present on

the back side of thyroid gland the back side of thyroid gland • The hormone of parathyroid gland is The hormone of parathyroid gland is

parathyroid hormone (PTH)parathyroid hormone (PTH)• Functions of parathyroid hormoneFunctions of parathyroid hormone• PTH increases blood calcium level by the PTH increases blood calcium level by the

release of calcium ions into the blood release of calcium ions into the blood from bones .PTH also stimulates from bones .PTH also stimulates reabsorption of calcium by the renal reabsorption of calcium by the renal tubules and increases calcium absorption tubules and increases calcium absorption from the digested food .from the digested food .

THYMUSTHYMUS • It is situated on the dorsal side of the It is situated on the dorsal side of the

heart and aorta.heart and aorta.• The hormones of thymus The hormones of thymus is is thymosins .thymosins .• Thymus is degenerated in old individuals Thymus is degenerated in old individuals

resulting in a decreased production of resulting in a decreased production of thymosins .As a result , the immune thymosins .As a result , the immune response of old persons become weak.response of old persons become weak.

• Functions of thymosinFunctions of thymosin• Thymosins play a major role in the Thymosins play a major role in the

differentiation of T- lymphocytesdifferentiation of T- lymphocytes , , which provide which provide cell mediated immunity .cell mediated immunity .

• It also promote production of antibodies It also promote production of antibodies to provide to provide humoral immunity humoral immunity .Hence .Hence thymus is known as thymus is known as throne of immunity.throne of immunity.

ADRENAL GLANDADRENAL GLAND

• One pair of adrenal glands are One pair of adrenal glands are present on the anterior part of each present on the anterior part of each kidney.kidney.

• It has two parts outside It has two parts outside adrenal adrenal cortex cortex and central and central adrenal adrenal medullamedulla . .

• Layers of adrenal cortex Layers of adrenal cortex • zona glomerulosa (outer layer)zona glomerulosa (outer layer)• zona fasciculate (middle layer)zona fasciculate (middle layer)• zona reticularis (inner layer )zona reticularis (inner layer )• Hormones of adrenal cortex Hormones of adrenal cortex • The hormones of adrenal cortex are called The hormones of adrenal cortex are called

cortico steroids .There are three types of cortico steroids .There are three types of cortico steroids.cortico steroids.

• mineralo corticoids eg . mineralo corticoids eg . aldosterone aldosterone

• glucocorticoids eg. Cortisone glucocorticoids eg. Cortisone , cortisol, cortisol

• gonadocorticoids eg. gonadocorticoids eg. Testosterone , estrogenTestosterone , estrogen

• Functions of mineralocorticoids Functions of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)(aldosterone)

• It regulates water and electrolyte balance in It regulates water and electrolyte balance in the body .the body .

• It increases blood Na+ level .It increases blood Na+ level .• It decreases blood K+ level It decreases blood K+ level • Functions ofFunctions of glucocorticoids (cotisol)glucocorticoids (cotisol)• It raises blood glucose level .It raises blood glucose level .• It stimulates gluconeogenesis , lipolysis and It stimulates gluconeogenesis , lipolysis and

proteolysis .proteolysis .• It inhibit cellular uptake and utilization of It inhibit cellular uptake and utilization of

aminoacids .aminoacids .• It produces antiinflamatory reactions and It produces antiinflamatory reactions and

suppresses the immune response .suppresses the immune response .• It stimulate RBC production .It stimulate RBC production .• Function of gonadocorticoids Function of gonadocorticoids • Gonadocorticoids involve in the development of Gonadocorticoids involve in the development of

secondary sexual characteristics .secondary sexual characteristics .

• Hormones of adrenal medulla Hormones of adrenal medulla – adrenalin (epinephrine )adrenalin (epinephrine )– noradrenalin (norepinephrine)noradrenalin (norepinephrine)

• These hormones are commonly called as These hormones are commonly called as catecholaminescatecholamines

• Adrenaline Adrenaline is commonly called as is commonly called as emergency hormones or hormones of emergency hormones or hormones of fight or flight .fight or flight .

• Functions of adrenaline .Functions of adrenaline .• Increase blood glucose level .Increase blood glucose level .• Rise blood pressure Rise blood pressure • Increase heart beat Increase heart beat • Constricts skin and visceral muscles .Constricts skin and visceral muscles .• Raising of hairs .Raising of hairs .• Dilation of pupil .Dilation of pupil .• Increase respiration , sweating etc.Increase respiration , sweating etc.

PANCREASPANCREAS

• Pancreas has both Pancreas has both exocrine and exocrine and endocrine parts.endocrine parts.

• Endocrine part of pancreas is Endocrine part of pancreas is Islets Islets of Langerhans.of Langerhans.

• Islets of Langerhans has two types of Islets of Langerhans has two types of cells – cells – alpha cells and beta cells.alpha cells and beta cells.

• Alpha cells secretes glucagons Alpha cells secretes glucagons • Beta cells secretes insulinBeta cells secretes insulin

• Functions of insulin Functions of insulin • Insulin decreases blood glucose level by Insulin decreases blood glucose level by

various methods . Hence insulin is a various methods . Hence insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone .hypoglycemic hormone .

• Insulin stimulates conversion of glucose to Insulin stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen known as glycogen known as glycogenisisglycogenisis

• Insulin promotes synthesis of fat from Insulin promotes synthesis of fat from glucose .glucose .

• Enhance cellular glucose uptake and Enhance cellular glucose uptake and utilization .utilization .

• Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus • Hyposecretion of insulin leads to the rise of Hyposecretion of insulin leads to the rise of

blood glucose level known as diabetes mellitus blood glucose level known as diabetes mellitus ..

• Symptoms include excessive thirst , frequent Symptoms include excessive thirst , frequent and excessive urination , sugar appears in the and excessive urination , sugar appears in the urine urine (glycosuria(glycosuria ) )

• Insulin therapyInsulin therapy is the treatment for this . is the treatment for this .

TESTISTESTIS • Testis functions as sex organ and endocrine Testis functions as sex organ and endocrine

gland .gland .• The The leydig cells or interstitial cells leydig cells or interstitial cells of testis of testis

produce group of hormones called produce group of hormones called androgens androgens mainly mainly tesosterones.tesosterones.

• Functions of androgens Functions of androgens • Stimulates male sexual characteristics and Stimulates male sexual characteristics and

expression of secondary sexual characteristics .expression of secondary sexual characteristics .• Regulate the development and maturation of Regulate the development and maturation of

accessory sex organs like epididymis ,vas accessory sex organs like epididymis ,vas deferens , seminal vesicles , prostate gland etc.deferens , seminal vesicles , prostate gland etc.

• Stimulate muscular growth , growth of facial Stimulate muscular growth , growth of facial and axillary hair , aggressiveness , low pitch and axillary hair , aggressiveness , low pitch voice .voice .

• It stimulate spermatogenesis It stimulate spermatogenesis

OVARYOVARY• Females have a pair of ovaries located in the Females have a pair of ovaries located in the

abdomen.abdomen.• The hormones of ovary are The hormones of ovary are estrogens estrogens and and

progesterone.progesterone.• Corpus luteum Corpus luteum • After ovulation , the ruptured follicle is converted to a After ovulation , the ruptured follicle is converted to a

structure known as corpus luteum , which secretes structure known as corpus luteum , which secretes progesterone .progesterone .

• Functions of estrogens Functions of estrogens • Estrogens stimulates growth and development of Estrogens stimulates growth and development of

female secondary sex organs and characters like high female secondary sex organs and characters like high pitch voice , puberty etc.pitch voice , puberty etc.

• Regulates female sexual behaviour .Regulates female sexual behaviour .• Regulate mammary gland development .Regulate mammary gland development .• Functions of progesterone Functions of progesterone • It helps to maintain pregnancy .It helps to maintain pregnancy .• Stimulate mammary gland for the formation of Stimulate mammary gland for the formation of

alveoli , for storing milk and milk secretion.alveoli , for storing milk and milk secretion.

Hormones Of Heart , Kidney And Hormones Of Heart , Kidney And Gastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract

Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)• It is the hormone secreted by atrial wall of It is the hormone secreted by atrial wall of

heart .heart .• When blood pressure increases ANF is secreted When blood pressure increases ANF is secreted

and which causes the dilation of blood and which causes the dilation of blood vessels .This reduces the blood pressure .vessels .This reduces the blood pressure .

Erythropoietin Erythropoietin • It is the hormone secreted by the It is the hormone secreted by the

juxtaglomerularjuxtaglomerular cells of kidney.cells of kidney.• It stimulates It stimulates erythropoiesis (erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)formation of RBC)

Hormones of Hormones of gastrointestinal tractgastrointestinal tract

hormones hormones Orgin Orgin function function

Gastrin Gastrin stomach stomach Secretion of Secretion of gastric juice gastric juice

Gastric Gastric inhibitory inhibitory peptide(GIP)peptide(GIP)

Or Or enterogastronenterogastrone e

duodenum duodenum Inhibition of Inhibition of gastric juice gastric juice

Secretin Secretin duodenum duodenum Secretion of Secretion of pancreatic pancreatic juice juice

cholecystokincholecystokinin in

duodenum duodenum Release of Release of bile bile

Classification of hormones Classification of hormones on the basis of chemical on the basis of chemical

naturenature Name of hormone Name of hormone Examples Examples

Peptide ,polypeptide Peptide ,polypeptide ,,

Protein hormones Protein hormones

Insulin , Insulin , glucagon ,pituitary glucagon ,pituitary hormones hormones

Hypothalamic Hypothalamic hormones hormones

Steroids Steroids Cortisol , Cortisol , testosterone , testosterone , estradiol , estradiol , progestrone progestrone

Iodothyronines Iodothyronines Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones

Aminoacid Aminoacid derivatrives derivatrives

Epinephrine Epinephrine

MECHANISM OF HORMONE MECHANISM OF HORMONE

ACTIONACTION • Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by

binding to specific proteins called binding to specific proteins called hormone receptors hormone receptors located in the target tissues.located in the target tissues.

• Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of Hormone receptors present on the cell membrane of target cells are called target cells are called membrane bound receptors .membrane bound receptors .

• The receptors present inside the cell are called The receptors present inside the cell are called intracellular receptors .intracellular receptors .

• At the target tissues hormone binds with the receptor At the target tissues hormone binds with the receptor leading to the formation of leading to the formation of hormone receptor hormone receptor complex .complex .

• Hormones which interact with membrane bound Hormones which interact with membrane bound receptors generate receptors generate secondsecond messengers messengers like like cyclic cyclic AMP, IP3, Ca++ AMP, IP3, Ca++ etc.etc.

• These second messengers regulate cellular metabolism.These second messengers regulate cellular metabolism.• Hormones like steroid hormones which interact with Hormones like steroid hormones which interact with

intracellular receptors regulate gene expression by the intracellular receptors regulate gene expression by the interaction of hormone receptor complex with the interaction of hormone receptor complex with the genome genome

Mechanism of action of a protein Mechanism of action of a protein hormonehormone

Mechanism of action of a steroid Mechanism of action of a steroid

hormonehormone