CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDS – BONDS – CovalentCovalent

Chapter 6Chapter 6

6.2 BONDING – journal 26.2 BONDING – journal 2

Show all of the steps needed to bond Show all of the steps needed to bond Sodium and Bromine.Sodium and Bromine.

Show all of the steps needed to bond Show all of the steps needed to bond Magnesium and Fluorine.Magnesium and Fluorine.

What is the full definition of an ionic What is the full definition of an ionic bond?bond?

Why do elements bond?Why do elements bond? Answer the question for Figure 10 on Answer the question for Figure 10 on

page 166 of your book.page 166 of your book.

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number of valence electrons.number of valence electrons.

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

Therefore, chemical bonding Therefore, chemical bonding and reactivity depend on an and reactivity depend on an element’s electron element’s electron configuration.configuration.

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: Which group does this describe?Which group does this describe?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

What do elements with What do elements with UNSTABLE UNSTABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONSELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS do? do?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

They BONDThey BOND COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARINGthrough electron SHARING

Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in their highest energy levelstheir highest energy levels

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARINGthrough electron SHARING

What type of element is Hydrogen?What type of element is Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

What element is this?What element is this?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How many electrons are How many electrons are

shared in each picture?shared in each picture?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

Two = A PAIRTwo = A PAIR This is called a SINGLE This is called a SINGLE

COVALENT BONDCOVALENT BOND

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

Each atom shares AN EQUAL numberEach atom shares AN EQUAL number

of electrons to fill its outer shellof electrons to fill its outer shell

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

This is how you DRAW a This is how you DRAW a

SINGLE COVALENT BONDSINGLE COVALENT BOND

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

A single line means each atom sharedA single line means each atom shared

one electron each to get full.one electron each to get full.

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How would you show the bond between How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Carbon and Hydrogen?

BREAK FOR THE BONDING BASICS SHEETBREAK FOR THE BONDING BASICS SHEET

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How would you show the bond between How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Carbon and Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How would you DRAW the bond between How would you DRAW the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Carbon and Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

What kind of bond would 2 oxygen What kind of bond would 2 oxygen atoms form?atoms form?

COVALENTCOVALENT

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How many electrons does each atom How many electrons does each atom need?need?

TWOTWO

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How many TOTAL electrons are shared?How many TOTAL electrons are shared? FOURFOUR

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How would you draw this?How would you draw this?

This is a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. 2 pairs This is a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. 2 pairs sharedshared

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

What kind of bond would 2 nitrogen What kind of bond would 2 nitrogen atoms form?atoms form?

COVALENTCOVALENT

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How many electrons does each atom How many electrons does each atom need?need?

ThreeThree

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How many total electrons are shared?How many total electrons are shared? Six (three pairs)Six (three pairs)

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How would you draw this?How would you draw this? This is a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 3 pairs This is a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 3 pairs

sharedshared

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

Sometimes electrons are NOT SHARED Sometimes electrons are NOT SHARED EQUALLYEQUALLY

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

This is called a POLAR COVALENT This is called a POLAR COVALENT MOLECULEMOLECULE

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

The molecule has a negative side and The molecule has a negative side and positive sidepositive side

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

The molecule has a negative side and The molecule has a negative side and positive sidepositive side

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

Whenever electrons are SHARED, the Whenever electrons are SHARED, the thing that is formed is called a MOLECULE.thing that is formed is called a MOLECULE.

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

How do you write the Chemical Formula How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE?for a MOLECULE?

6.2 BONDING6.2 BONDING

How do you write the Chemical Formula for How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE?a MOLECULE?

HH22

OO22

CHCH44

FF22

NN22

BONDINGBONDINGHOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE?HOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE?

HH22OODihydrogen oxideDihydrogen oxide

COCO22

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCaCOCaCO33

Calcium carbonateCalcium carbonateHClHCl

Hydrogen ChlorideHydrogen ChlorideHNOHNO33

Hydrogen nitrateHydrogen nitrate

Building Covalent Building Covalent MoleculesMolecules

Number of shared

electrons

Name of bond Shown in a structural formula by what symbol?

Shown in a model by how many of what item?

2 SINGLE ----- ONE STICK

4 DOUBLE === TWO SPRINGS

6 TRIPLE === THREE SPRINGS

Building Covalent Building Covalent MoleculesMolecules

3BLUEN

2SILVERS

2REDO

1YELLOWH4BLACKC

Number of covalent bonds needed to get a full outer shell = number of holes

Lewis DotColorElement

Building Covalent Building Covalent MoleculesMolecules

Suppose you need to make three Suppose you need to make three covalent bonds to get a full outer covalent bonds to get a full outer shell. What are three ways of shell. What are three ways of covalent bonding involving covalent bonding involving combinations of single, double, and combinations of single, double, and triple bonds that you could use?triple bonds that you could use?

Building Covalent Building Covalent MoleculesMolecules

When you build a good model what When you build a good model what happens to the holes in the atomic happens to the holes in the atomic models?models?

THEY ARE FULLTHEY ARE FULL

CO2

AtmosphereUses: Photosynthesis Propellant Paintball Airsoft

carbon dioxide

NH3

Sea water salt marshesUses: Fertilizer cleaner explosives

chemical warfare (mustard gas)ammonia

H2SProduct of decaying

Uses: Law enforcement , Small amounts used in certain novelty

items

rotten egg gas

C4H10

Fossil FuelCooking fuel lighters aerosol spraybutane

C3H8

Earths CrustFuel power grillspropane

CH4

Earths Crust deep in the oceanHeating cooking Car fuelmethane

N2

Atmosphere Living OrganismsPlant food gunpowder rocket fuel

ammonianitrogen

O2

Atmosphere Crust Living thingsUses: Rocket Boosters And Fuel respiration photosynthesis Cryo-Storageoxygen

H2OF: Atmosphere Crust Living ThingsUses: Respiration Photosynthesis water

Structural formulaChemical FormulaWhat is used for or where is it found?

Molecule’s name

CHCH33CHCH22OHOH

CHCH33COOHCOOH

HH22OO22

Challenge MoleculeChallenge Molecule