I
I. Chemical Bonding Review-Cross out A. Bonding Theory: atoms
gain, lose or share (simultaneously attract) protons,
neutrons, electrons in order to achieve the proton, neutron,
electron
configuration of a noble / alkaline gas.
I. Ionic bonds -
Metal elements tend to lose / gain electrons to
form positive / negative ions of a larger / smaller radius
compared to the parent atom when combined with a nonmetal
element
which tend to lose / gain electrons to form positive / negative
ions
of a larger / smaller radius compared to the parent atom
25
16
25 +2 charge 16-2 charge
Mg O Mg
O
12
8 12
8
Fill in:
_12p, _13n, 12_e _8__p, _8___n,_8__e _12p,_13n,_10e
_8_p,__8n,_10e
Draw in the electrons +2 -2
Put in superscripts
1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 1s22s2 2px22py1 2pz1 1s22s22px22py22pz2
1s22s22px22py22pz2
1s2 2s2 2p63s2 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p6
1s22s22p6 [ 10Ne ]3s2 [ 2He ]2s22p4
[ 2He ] 2s2 2p6 [ 2He ] 2s2 2p6
Electron Dot Diagrams
+2 -2 Mg O Mg { O }2. Covalent bonds-
nonmetal / metal elements to nonmetal / metal elements
which share / transfer electrons in order to obtain the electron
configuration
of a halogen / noble gas. The nucleus of one atom is attracted
to the electron
of a second atom while the nucleus of the second atom is
attracted to the electron of the first atom.
a) nonpolar covalent bond : relatively equal / unequal
sharing
electronegativity differences 0 to .4 approximately
Electronegativity is a relative measure of the attraction for
electrons in a covalent bond.Electronegativity Table1H2.22He
0
3Li.984Be1.65B2.06C2.67N
3.08O3.49F4.010Ne0
11Na.9312Mg1.313Al1.614Si1.915P2.216S2.617Cl3.018Ar0
19K.8220Ca1.021Sc1.122Ti1.523V
1.624Cr1.725Mn1.626Fe1.827Co1.928Ni1.929Cu1.930Zn1.731Ga1.832Ge2.033As2.234Se2.635Br2.836Kr0
37Rb .8238Sr.9539Y1.240Zr1.341Nb
1.642Mo2.243Tc2.144Ru2.245Rh2.346Pd2.247Ag1.948Cd1.749In
1.850Sn2.051Sb2.152Te53I2.754Xe0
55Cs .7956Ba.8957La*
1.172Hf1.373Ta
1.5
74W1.775Re1.976Os2.277Ir2.278Pt2.279Au2.480Hg1.981Tl1.882Pb1.883Bi1.984Po2.085At2.286Rn0
87Fr.7088Ra.9089Ac**
1.1104Rf105Db106Sg107Bh108Hs109MtUunUuuUubUuqUuhUuo
Lanthanides
*58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd65Tb66Dy67Ho68Er69Tm70Yb71Lu
Actinides
**90Th91Pa92U93Np94Pu95Am96Cm97Bk98Cf99Es100Fm101Md102No103Lr
Periodic Table Trends Metals tend to have large___ atomic radii,
require less___ ionization energy, have low__ electronegativities,
few _valence electrons which they tend to _lose______.
Non-metals tend to have _small___ atomic radii, require more
ionization energy, have high electronegativities, __4__or more
_valence_ electrons which and tend to gain or share electrons.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity Differences
H
H
2.2 2.2
=__0____?
Electron dot diagram
H H H H H H
Electronegativity
Electronegativity Difference H
S 2.2 _2.6___
= ___.4__?
Electon dot diagram
H H S H S H S
H H
b) polar covalent bond : relatively equal / unequal sharing
electronegativity differences .5 to 1.6 approximately
Electronegativity
Electronegativity Difference
2.2
3.0
_.8_____
Electron Dot Diagram
H N H N H +
H
H+
H 3. Metallic Bond
Metals require small / large amounts of energy t remove the most
loosely
held electrons ( ionization energy / electronegativity) and also
have
small / large attraction for electrons in a chemical bond. (
ionization energy / electronegativity)
Metal atoms are held together because their strongly / loosely
held valence
electrons form a sea of mobile / stationary electrons that hold
the rest of the
atom ( essentially negative / positive ions ) in a regular
geometric
pattern
Metals are solids/ liquids / gases at room temperature except
for mercury
which is a solid / liquid / gas at room temperature
Metals are brittle / malleable Metals are dull / have a
luster
Metals are poor / good conductors of heat and electricity Type
of BondType of ElementsElectronegativity Ranges
Nonpolar CovalentNonmetal to Nonmetal0 to .4
Polar CovalentNonmetal to Nonmetal
.5 to 1.6
IonicMetal to nonmetal
>1.6
MetallicMetal to metal
Bonding Types
ElementsElementBond
Electronegativies
Type of Covalent
Types Type
Bond
C to H
_nm_ _nm_ _C_
_2.2_ _2.6 ___0.4 NPCNa to Cl_m__ _nm_ __I__
_____ ____ ____
_____I___
Li to Li_m___ _m___ M_ _____ ____ ____
_____M____
Br to Br_nm_ _nm_ _C_
__2.8 _2.8 0_
____NPC__
H to S
__nm nm _ C_
__2.2 __2.6__0.4 _____NPCF to F
__nm__ nm _C__
_4___ __4_ __0_
____NPC__
Ag to Ag__m_ __m_ _M__
_____ ____ ____
_____M____
H to N
__nm __nm _C__
_2.2_ _3.0 __0.8
_____PC__
K to I
__m_ __nm __I_
_____ ____ ____
______I___
Fe to Cl__m_ _nm_ __I_
_____ ____ ____
______I___
H to O
__nm _nm___ C___
_2.2__3.5__ _1.3 _____PC____
Al to 0
__m_ _nm___ I_
_____ ____ ____
______I___
Au to Au__m__ __m__ M____ _____ ____ ____
______M___
N to N
_nm___ _nm___ C____ __3.0_3.0 0
____NPC_____
H to Cl_nm___ _nm___ C____ __2.2_ 3.0 0.8_
_____PC____
Ag to Br_m___ _m__ __M__ _____ ____ ____
______I___
O
Mg
O
Mg
2.1
