CHEILOSCOPY AS A TOOL FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION

JOSÉ ZOBEL BERRIOS

MARTHA CASAÑAS GARCIA

JORGE MESA MOJICA

AILENTACO MUJICA

MANUEL GONZALEZ PEÑALVER

JORGE LUIS FIGUEROA JAURE

TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC AND INVESTIGATIONS UNIT

OF THE STATE OF CARABOBO

ATTORNEY GENERAL’S OFFICE

This article was originally published in the Attorney General’s Office Magazine Nro. 14 July/December 2013, p. 111-131.

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Attorney General’s Office Directorate General for the Assistance of the Criminal Investigation

CHEILOSCOPY AS A TOOL FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION

JOSÉ ZOBEL BERRIOS

MARTHA CASAÑAS GARCIA

JORGE MESA MOJICA

AILENTACO MUJICA

MANUEL GONZALEZ PEÑALVER

JORGE LUIS FIGUEROA JAURE

TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC AND INVESTIGATIONS UNIT

OF THE STATE OF CARABOBO

ATTORNEY GENERAL’S OFFICE

ABSTRACT

Cheiloscopy is a dental identification method used in Criminalistics, based on the study, registry and classification of the grooves present in the mucous membrane of the lips.

The validity of Cheiloscopy as an identification method is equaled to the validity of dactyloscopy, due to its similarity in the characteristics of both lip prints and fingerprints: they are unique, invariable, permanent, and classifiable.

Recent studies show a possible hereditary pattern of the lip grooves. This work analyses such studies in order to determine the possible application of Cheiloscopy to other areas of identification.

It is interesting to notice the lip characteristics present in the human being: personal, individual, easy to visualize, and, nonetheless, few applications are recognized for it. There are several studies that reveal hereditary factors in lip prints. It would be very relevant to consult and/or determine its level of veracity, so as to increase the number of applications of cheiloscopic identification in the cases of Civil, Criminal and Labor Law.

KEY WORDS:

Criminalistics, lips, latent prints, special activations, human identification.

1.- INTRODUCTION

Identification is the process through which the identity of a person is established. These characteristics make a person unique. Also, identification consists in determining the traits or set of qualities that set them apart. It’s about establishing if a person or thing is what it’s supposed to be or what is being searched (Grimaldo, 2010); (Merabishivili, 2006); (Negre, 2004).

Identification has been, and currently is, one of the great goals of Legal Medicine. It is a wide problem that has both been the cause and the consequence of the creation of two intertwined great disciplines: Forensic Anthropology and Criminalistics. The former reaches the stage of identification through the study of a live subject, of the body and of cadaveric remains, but not exclusively in the process of investigation of a crime. However, Criminalistics is included in the criminal field and, thus, is always part of a crime (Grimaldo, 2010); (Merabishivili, 2006); (Negre, 2004).

Thoinot, (1916), distinguished a medical-legal identity of a judicial identity. The first one is based on determining the general physical characteristics of people: age, gender, size and ethnic group; and of the particular characteristics. It could be argued that its objective is to assign an anthropological name. Judicial identity is the application of the medical-legal identity to criminal identification.

Merabishivili (2006) argues that for the identification of live subjects,several techniques are implemented that range from the somatic description and physiognomic characteristics, graphological and voice studies,palatoscopy, Cheiloscopy, and, more recently, the study of genetic material (DNA). On the other hand, in the identification of recent bodies, it is possible to apply somatic and physiognomic description techniques, as well as palatoscopy, Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy. In these cases, DNA techniques could also be applied. In terms of the identification of skeletons and cadaveric remains, in which the aforementioned techniques cannot be implemented, the author indicates that due to the fact that all soft tissue has disappeared, techniques specific to forensic anthropology are applied.

2.-CHEILOSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION

The term Cheiloscopy comes from the Greek cheilos (lips) and skopein (to examine), and thus it can interpreted that it refers to the study of the characteristics of the lips (thickness, disposition of corners and lip prints), and in a more strict sense, to the pattern of grooves (elevations and depressions) of the mucous membrane of the lips, based on the configuration of the lip prints with forensic purposes, in procedures for the identification of an individual (Marin and Moreno, 2010). Also, lip prints may be latent when they are covered with saliva, which is of great value as it contains genetic material (Carvajal, 2005).

In terms of lip prints, Moya, (1994), argues that the groves of the lips are unchanging, permanent and different from one individual to another, with the exception of monozygotic twins.

Cheiloscopic identification has been equaled to dactyloscopic identification as their characteristics as an identification register are similar, and thus Cheiloscopy is considered a valid technique for the identification of people. The characteristics of lip prints are (Briem, 2011):

• UNIQUE

From the bibliographic point of view it has been accepted that no two cheiloscopic prints are the same, with the exception of monozygotic twins. Lip prints are unique and do not change throughout the life of the person, with the exception of modifications caused by age, and referred to the size of the print (extension and thickness of the lips) (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• PERMANENT

Since the formation of the lips, between the fourth and fifth month of intrauterine life, lip grooves remain unchanged in shape and location throughout the life of the individual (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• INVARIABLE

It has been proven that the characteristics of the lips in their mucous portion recover completely after suffering alterations and/or pathologies associated to the lips, such as: scars, herpes, etc.; and the disposition and shape of the grooves do not vary due to environmental factors. For this reason, they are considered to be immutable (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011); (Hirth, 1997). However, it should be taken into account that the cutaneous portion of the lips is susceptible to variations, once they have been affected by a scar.

• CLASSIFIABLE

There are several classifications for lip prints. (Briem, 2011).

2.1.- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE LIPS

The labial area is the surface covered by skin and mucous membrane that forms the oral sphincter. It is comprised by the lips, upper and lower, separated by the buccal notch (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

The upper lip extends from the base of the nasal septum to the corner, and is separated from the cheeks by the nasolabial grooves. The lower lip goes from the corner to the mentolabial fold, and borders with the cheeks on the commissural groove. (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

There are two kinds of membranes in the lips: cutaneous and mucous; and the two of them together form awavy whitish line called labial cord, especially visible on black ethnic groups, (Moya, 1994). The mucous part of the lips, known as Klein zone or pink zone, is of great value for Cheiloscopy studies. This area is marked by a series of small variable vertical grooves, branched, and located on the upper lip to the sides of the labial tubercle. On the lower lip these grooves can be seen all over it, and are considered unchangeable phenotypes (with the exception of homozygous twins), and permanent throughout the life of the individual, just like fingerprints and palatal wrinkles, (Moya, 1994).

VARIATIONS ACCORDING TO THICKNESS

• Thin lips, typical of white and Caucasian ethnic groups. In these cases, the subnasal space and the lower cutaneous lip are usually long. (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• Medium lip, with a more rounded pink zone from 8 to 10 millimeters thick. This is the most frequent type, (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• Thick or very thick lips, swollen or very voluminous, with the labial cord very well defined due to the eversion of the edge of the orbicularis muscle. Characteristic of black ethnic groups, (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• Mixed lips, corresponding to Eastern or negroid ethnic groups, (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

VARIATIONS OF THE COMMISSURE

• Horizontal • Folded • Elevated

Just like the rest of the organism, the lips can suffer several alterations, which are of great interest for cheiloscopic identification. The existence of a scar, of an infectious process, among other factors, are particular traits and, thus, reduce the possibility of identification error, (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Echavarne, 2011).

From the medical standpoint, to explore the lips these should be in a position of rest, in other words, together and relaxed. This way it is possible to detect anomalies in the shape, size, position and occlusion. When lip prints are studied it is possible to value the shape, size, and position of the lips, and detect, based on that information, the existence of any anomaly, (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011); (Carvajal, et al., 2005).

2.2.- CONSIDERATIONS ON LIP PRINTS

The mucous membrane of the lips presents a series of grooves or vertical folds of variable depth, which morphology and distribution determines the formation of variable drawings. These folds occupy the whole extension of the lower mucous lip, while in the lower these are located on both sides of the labial tubercle. The importance of these drawings is such that most authors consider that Cheiloscopy focuses exclusively on the study of these drawings, and does not include the individual variations of other lip elements, (Negre, 2004).

Lip prints may be visible or latent. Latent prints (from the Latin latere, to be hidden, not showing on the outside) are those that manifest themselves when the lips are covered in saliva. These are “traits that are invisible to the naked eye”, and unfortunately could be overseen at the scene of a crime. Visible prints can be seen because they are colored, in most cases, with lipstick, (Negre, 2004).

2.3.- CLASSIFICATION OF LIP PRINTS

2.3.1. CLASSIFICATION BY MARTIN SANTOS

This author proposed a classification in two groups, according to the elements that comprise it: (Grimaldo, 2010); (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

• Simple. Only one element in its shape. o Straight line o Curved line o Angular line o Sinusoidal line

• Compound. Two or more different shapes.

o Lines with two branches o Lines with three branches

2.3.2. CLASSIFICATION BY SUZUKI AND TSUCHIHASHI (FIGURE 1)

Based on the different shapes and courses followed by the grooves in the lip prints. Type I: Complete verticals Cover all the extension of the lip. Type I’: Vertical incomplete

Type II: Branched or forked. Branches on its path. Type III: Crossed. Blade-shaped. Type IV: Reticulated. Type V: Other shapes.

FIGURE 1.CLASSIFICATION BY SUZUKI.TAKEN FROM “LEGAL AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY”. MOYA PUEYO, VICENTE, B. ROLDAN GARRIDO, J.A. SANCHEZ SANCHEZ ED. MASSON 1994. ON:

L’IDENTIFICATIONCHEILOSCOPIQUEENMEDICINA LEGAL: PRESS MED 1973.

2.3.3. CLASSIFICATION BY RENAUD

Divides the upper lip in two parts. “D” right, “I” left (initials in uppercase letters), and divides the lower lip in “d” right, and “I” left (the initials in lowercase letters). Reanaud classifies the marks of the prints into ten types, and gives them a letter, which will be in lowercase for the upper lip, and uppercase for the lower lip. When designating a print, first will be the letter representing the lip, if its uppercase it will upper lip, and if its lowercase it will be lower lip; and immediately after, the mark of the print will be added, which in this case will be represented in lowercase letters for the upper lip, and uppercase letters for the lower lip, in order to differentiate the lip and its mark. This is the most widely used system, (Grimaldo, 2010); (Negre, 2004); (Moya, 1994); (Briem, 2011).

FIGURE 2.CLASSIFICATION BY RENAUD.TAKEN FROM “LEGAL AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY”. MOYA PUEYO, VICENTE, B. ROLDAN GARRIDO, J.A. SANCHEZ SANCHEZ ED. MASSON 1994. ON:

L’IDENTIFICATIONCHEILOSCOPIQUEENMEDICINA LEGAL: PRESS MED 1973.

2.3.4. CLASSIFICATION BY AFCHARBAYAT (MOYA, 1994)

This classification is based on the folds and cracks of the lips, and is divided into six groups:

Type A1. Perpendicular to the mouth, straight and clear, run through the lip. Type A2. Disappear before getting to the labial limit. Type C. Converging cracks. Type D. Netcracks.

Type E. Cracks that cannot be morphologically characterized.

FIGURE 3. DIFFERENT FORMS OF LABIAL COMMISSURES. TAKEN FROM “LEGAL AND FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY”. MOYA PUEYO, VICENTE, B. ROLDAN GARRIDO, J.A. SANCHEZ

SANCHEZ ED. MASSON 1994. ON: L’IDENTIFICATIONCHEILOSCOPIQUEENMEDICINA LEGAL: PRESS MED 1973.

2.4. TYPES OF LABIAL IMPRESSIONS

2.4.1. VISIBLE IMPRESSIONS

These are the lip prints produced when the lips are covered with conventional lipstick, which when in contact with a surface, transmit its characteristics, showing the grooves to perform the identification study, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

2.4.2. PLASTIC IMPRESSIONS

These are the prints found on soft substances, such as cheese, butter, among others. It shall be considered that the print found is a negative impression of the grooves of the mucous, and thus a color inversion has to be performed (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

2.4.3. LATENT IMPRESSIONS

These are the prints left by labial eminencies when the lips are covered with saliva or with non-colored balm bars, and that due to their transparency cannot be observed without applying revealing treatment, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

In terms of their revealing, some authors recommend a treatment similar to that of fingerprints; however, others recommend a specific treatment for lip prints, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

2.5.- PROCESSING OF LIP PRINTS

The study of lip prints comprises three aspects. On the one hand, the analysis of the components of the lipstick allows for the identification of the type of cosmetic used. On the other, the matching of indubitable lip prints with those related to a criminal case, allows to establish a relationship between the person and the place. Lastly, when latent prints are involved, the step previous to those mentioned above consists on revealing the existence of such print.

Criminalistics investigation of lip prints has two possible courses. When the lip print is visible and of good quality, that is to say, allows distinguishing the lines of the mucous lip, it constitutes an indubitable element that may be compared with an indubitable print of the suspect or victim. In these cases, a personal identification can be carried out, and it has the same value of Dactyloscopy. When the print is partial, or when the drawing cannot be seen, but only the profile of the lips, cheiloscopic identification is very difficult, unless there is a very individual characteristic, (Kasprzak, 2000).

2.6.- PRINT LIFTING AND PHYSICAL REVEALING

In order to take a lip print, cocoa butter or some other lip balm shall be placed over the lips of the person from which the print is to be taken, avoiding excess that could later interfere with the quality of the print lifted. Then, a piece of semi-glossy white piece of cardboard has to be placed on the surface of the lips, applying gentle and uniform pressure on them, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

Once the impression of the lips has been taken, a sable brush is used to impregnate the print with mechanical revealing powder, which can be: judeam bitumen, bone char, titanium oxide, activated charcoal, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011). The quality of the lip impression depends on the chemical composition that originated it, environmental conditions of storage, and time elapsed, (Briem, 2011).

Prints may be determined if taken 24 hours post mortem, although there would be the need for more studies under environmental conditions. In order to take a good print, it is important to clean the area of residues and blood. It shall be dry, and a thin layer of lip balm shall be applied, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011); (Carvajal, et al., 2005); (Pinzon et al., 2009).

2.7. REVEALERS

These are all the substances or methods used to make hidden prints visible. The revealing of lip prints is the process which, like the revealing of fingerprints, uses different products to make a printed image visible, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

2.7.1. PHYSICAL REVEALERS

Most physicalrevealers can be found in the form of powder. The use of these substances is the most common and simple revealing technique. Among the most used physical agents are black powders that are useful for the revealing of lip prints, present on clear surfaces, such as black smoke, powdered graphite (plombagina), bone char (char ivory), lead carbonate (not in use anymore due to the toxicity of lead), judeam bitumen (color dark burdeos), cobalt oxide, black magnetic reagent (silver nitrate or titanium oxide). For transparent or dark surfaces, grey powders, such as aluminum powder, metallic silver, silver nitrate, silver carbonate, or magnetic powder. For dark surfaces, white powders can also be used, such as calcium carbonate, barium sulphate, calcium carbonate and lycopodium; and grey powders, such as aluminum powders and silver revealer. Other revealing agents of different colors that have been reported in the literature are dragon red and bismuth subcarbonate, (Marin and Moreno, 2010). However, it must be taken into account that no mechanical action revealer is useful to reveal lip prints on fabric, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

These powders are applied using a sable brush on a semi-glossy piece of cardboard that has been put into contact with the lips impregnated with some type of lip balm, so as to visibly reveal the lip print, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

2.7.2. CHEMICAL REVEALERS

This type of revealing is based on chemical reactions that give way to the manifestation of the print. Generally, it can be considered that chemical revealers are better than physical revealers, when the objective is revealing latent prints on porous surfaces or old prints, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011). Chemical agents are used today and in most revealing techniques as they cause a molecular chemical reaction, which effect produces a change in the color of the print. Among these revealers are sublimated iodine, ninhydrin, cyanoacrylate, silver nitrate, and crystal violet, (Marin y Moreno, 2010).

2.7.3. NEW TECHNIQUES

The use of some dental printing material has been found in the literature, with the objective of getting study models, after positivizing such impression. Among the materials mentioned are alginate and silicone. The latter can preserve the quality of the impression, and can be used to make several models of study. However, alginate has a more limited shelf life, as it has a dehydration level that causes volumetric changes in it, (Negre, 2004); (Briem, 2011).

Laser revealing: whenever it is necessary to reveal latent lip prints on highly valuable objects, or objects that cannot be moved, or that should not be manipulated, laser equipment is used (Scenoscope, for instance). This equipment can be used to look for prints in paintings or in any other work of art. (Briem, 2011).

Biometric systems: Computer software has been recently created for the better study of the grooves of the mucous lip and its impressions. These systems are based on the application of technology that uses original human characteristics to automatically identify an individual. It has sensors that select the physical characteristics and turns them into digital patterns, in order to quickly make a comparison with the patterns stored in the computer, and make the individual identification, (Lee et al., 2009). One of such systems, specifically created for lip prints, is Queilosoft, designed in Mexico just a few years ago. This software allows for the loadingof digital pictures into the computer, dividing the lips into octagons, and allowing for a detailed study of the lip print. The problem with this system is its high cost, (Briem, 2011).

3.-CHEILOSCOPY AND INHERITABILITY

There are some study hypotheses that relate the lip shape to inheritability, and the possibility of applying Cheiloscopy to the studies that determine paternity. Although this is still in its early stages, and the center of controversy, the authors advocating this hypothesis argue that:

…it has been observed that the lip grooves might be influenced by a hereditary factor. The drawings on monozygotic twins are similar to the drawings of one of the parents. For this reason, it could be applied to establish the paternity, just like with blood types… (Hirth et al., 1997).

Besides this confirmation, Negre Muñoz, (2004), expresses:

Lip prints are unique and do not change throughout the life of the person, with the exception of modifications related to age, size of the print (extension and thickness of the lips). The shape and location of the grooves are permanent, from the intrauterine formation until after death; although some authors do not believe that this point has been demonstrated, and argue that the drawings of lip prints vary with age…

For Sharma P. (2009), Cheiloscopy could have an application to determine the gender of an individual, and considers that the characteristics of Cheiloscopy are unique and individual.

Preserving the criteria of individuality of the individual, they intend to create a data base for all individuals in a certain location, in order to have a reference in civil and criminal disputes, (Knight, 1996). However, Sivapathasundharam et al., (2001), concludes that the reading of lip lines is not sufficiently clear, and thus personal identification is very difficult, unless some identifying trait is preserved in the individual, such as scares or cracks.

CONCLUSIONS

Cheiloscopic identification has proved to be a useful tool in the field of Criminalistics, as it has provided data that confirms the identification of a suspect, whenever their lip prints have been found at the scene of a crime.

When trying to equal lip prints to fingerprints, we find that they both have the following characteristics: unchangeable, permanent and classifiable. However, it can’t be said categorically that lip prints are unique, as apparently prints are similar among monozygotic twins.

Other authors argue that the hereditary factor of lip prints has to be made evident to make judicial investigations that yield clarifying results. It would be interesting to confirm the similarity of lip prints between ethnic groups, and ratify the ethnic determination in the prints of the lips.

Also, establishing the degree of the hereditary factor in lip prints would be of great value, as they have been considered a contributing element in determining paternity, just like blood types, and thus an investigative research would be necessary in this sense. If the inheritability of Cheiloscopy is determined, some valuable data would be contributed to the studies of modification and/or evolution of a certain population, as an answer to different factors of exposure, natural or artificial.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Give the study of Cheiloscopy the importance it really has, as it is similar to the study of fingerprints, and also allows us to make evident the carrying out of judicial investigations that yield clarifying results.

Do not dismiss the use of this useful tool, Cheiloscopy, in the field of Criminalistics, as it has proved to be a technique that provides data that confirms the identification and individualization of a suspect, whenever their lip prints have been found at the scene of a crime.

Create at the relevant Criminalistics offices files and registries with problem samples, and others already identified in cases already worked, and that would yield data of interest in this matter.

Foster the spreading of information related to this subject, as its scientific foundation is a useful tool in the Venezuelan criminal process.

APPLICATION OF CHEILOSCOPY TO A REAL CASE

In late 2000, at a well-known hotel of the capital of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, some of its employees, after noticing one of the guests from one of the suites had not been seen for several days, and there was no record of checking-out or exiting from the building, after several calls to the door and by phone, they decided to enter the room using an electronic key, and found the lady dead.

The finding was immediately reported to the Municipal Police of Chacao. Once the area of the event was safeguarded, and upon the arrival of the criminalistics unit of the Scientific Criminal Investigation Police at the time, they proceeded to perform the photographic recording of the conditions of the place and of the body, also sweeping the location (in search of hair follicles), which yielded several samples, as well as special activations, which produced several finger and palm traces, a procedure that also allowed to visualize a lip print on a cup, next to the body.

The samples collected were matched with the standards corresponding to the victim, and the identification was confirmed, with the exception of the lip prints, as the body was decomposed and this fact distorts or modifies the characteristic points. They decided to resort to pictures of the victim, which were subjected to close ups, with the participation of an anthropologist - the most suitable expert to make the corresponding comparison, and who was assigned to the Forensic Science Coordination. After evaluating said pictures, the anthropologist determined that they were indeed lip prints left by the deceased.

The contribution of the different criminalistically interesting elements that were carefully identified and processed from the elements contributed by the corresponding autopsy, and the absence of images that evidenced the entrance of other people into the room, allowed to conclude that it was a suicide caused by asphyxiation, by self-inflicted suffocation. This case was built by the National Division for Homicide Investigations, Caracas.

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