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ODUM-FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGYSecond Editioni-A popular college text, this bookgives the student a clear picture of the interrelation-ships operating amonig plants. animals, microorgan-isms and his fellow man. It explains 'what nature"does" as vell as how she "looks."' Presentinig a wellbalanced synthesis of the entire field of ecology, thetextbook combines the funtctional and the descrip-tive, the aquatic and terrestrial, as well as the basicand applied aspects of the subject. Outstandingchapter coserage inclludes: the scope of ecology-

energy in ecological systems-organization at thespecies population, interspecies population and com-munity levels-freshwsater ecology mariine ecology-terrestrial ecology-application of ecology tonatural resources, to public health and welfare andto human society radiation ecology.

By EUGENE P. ODUM, Alumni Foundation Professor ofZoology, University of Georgia, Athens; in Collaborationwith HOWARD T. ODUM, Director, Institute of Marine Sci-ence, University of Texas, Port Aransas. 546 pages, with160 illustrations. $7.50. Seconid Edition.

VILLEE, WALKER AND SMITH-GENERAL ZOOLOGYHere is a superbly illustrated presentation of modern zoology. discussions of one or more typical species. The vertebratesThis text gives the college student a skillful blending of are introduced with a detailed considerationi of the frog asbroad biological principles with a thorough examination of representative. Both the vertebrate and invertebrate sectionscarefully chosen representative animals. You will find a point out not merely the anatomy of the animals described,progressive study of protoplasni, cells and tissues and the but also the habitat, mode of life and role in the biological

. . .. 1 . .L .communitv.physiologic mechanisms all animals have in common- crespiration, locomotion, digestion, etc. Each major inverte- By CLAUDE VILLEE, Harvard University; WARREN F. WALKER, Jr.,

e p m i Oberlin College; and FREDERICK E. SMITH. University of Michigan. 877brate pbzylum is considered in a separate cbapter featuring pages, with 444 illustrations. $7.50.

FISHER & KITZMILLER-LAB EXERCISES IN GENERAL ZOOLOGYThis helpful manual gives students a firm basis for labora-tory work in zoology. Designed to closely follow Villee,Walker and Smith's "General Zoology" (above), it can beused effectively with any zoology text. Emphasis is placed onprinciples and functions, not just the dissection of animals.The comparative approach is stressed throughout. The firstsection of the manual surveys the animal kingdom and in-cludes all the "classical" animals necessary to a beginningcourse in zoology. The second part is devoted to the com-

parative anatomy of organ systems both vertebrate and in-vertebrate. Interesting exercises consider: organic evolution;natural history; symbiosis; survey of the animal phyla; mus-cular systems; gametogenesis; embryonic development;genetics; parasitology; reproduction; etc.

By HARVEY I. FISHER, Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Zoology,Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; and JAMES B. KITZMILLERPh.D., Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Illinois. 227pages, illustrated. $4.00.

NOLLER-CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSSeconid Edition-Designed for an intensive basic organiccourse. this text is ideal for students majoring in chemistryor allied sciences. Current concepts of mechanisms are ex-plained and emphasized. Compounds are discussed in thelight of the theory of gross structures. Dr. Noller's correla-tion of physical and chemical properties is extremely clear.By carefully blending theoretical and practical organic chemis-try, he stimulates student interest in the mechanisms of

reactions and maintains this interest throughout the entiretext. Excellent coverage includes: absorption of electromag-netic radiation-anhydro sugars-behavior of small ring com-pounds natural gases, petroleum and derived products-esters waxes, fats and oils-derivations of carbonic acid andthiocarbonic acid carbohydrates-aromatic amines-etc.

By CARL R. NOLLER, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, Stanford Univer-sity. 978 pages with 106 illustrations. $9.00. Second Edition.

NOLLER-TEXTBOOK OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRYSecontd Edition-A careful abridgement of Dr. Noller's long-er volume (above), this text maintains the same excellentbalaniee between theoretical and practical organic chemistry.It is ideally suited to organic chemistry courses of 90-100hours for both chemistry majors and non-chemistry majors.Dr. Noller emphasizes current explanations of physical proper-ties, in order to give the student a clear picture of the nature

of the forces holding atoms and molecules together. Valuablediscussions cover: conformation, inclusion compounds, oxida-tion mechanisms, insulin, tranquilizer drugs, ferrocene,oxytocin, silicon compounds, tropolones, aldosterone, lano-sterol, polyisoprene and urethan rubbers, boron and alum-inum compounds, epoxy and polyester resins, etc.

By CARL R. NOLLER, Ph.D. 654 pages, illustrated. $7.00 Second Editionz.

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LettersColor Phenomena

Recently I reported [Sci. Amnerican202, 168 (1960)] that many of thecolors described by Land Could be ob-tained binocularly in a procedure thatWas essentially the sanie as that of N.Gesch\xind and J. R. Segal [Scienice131, 608 ( 1960)1. Additional unreport-ed results indicate that a 'natural imagesituation' is not necessary for the ap-pearance of colors in a binocular setup.In the attempt to isolate a critical vari-able and, moreover, to obviate the needfor transparencies, I drew two circles inIndia ink on a white card. The centersxxere so spaced that when stereoscopicfLtsion occLurred the subject saxv twoconcentric circles. When a red filter(Wratten 25 A) is placed before oneeve, the circle stimulating the othere've (no filter) is dark red, and theother circle is green. Changes in theintensitv of light can change the greento blule. This result appears to be acase of siMltaftaneous contrast and, ofCourse, is related to colored shadows.The fact that G. L. Walls [P.v cchol.Butll. 57, 29 ( 1960)] has reinterpretedLand's m1ajor results in ternms of siiinil-taneous contrast suggests a principle forexplaining the colors obtained by maeand by Geschwind and Segal.

For an additional point of possibleinterest I repeated J. L. Broxxns pro-cedture [Science 131, 155 ( 1960))] ster-eoscopicallv. Brown used a iiiechanicalchopping device for alterniatelx inter-rupting the two light beams projectingregistered images on a screen. W'ithoutany filters, Brown reported the uIsualvariety of colors and hues. When I triedthis procedure I cdid not obtain ainxcolors at all.

NIC uHOLAS PAsToRFEDepartment of P,s-ychology,Qlueenis Colleg,e, Flush't ig, Newt, Yor-k

The Term "Cosmoparticle"

A nmeteorite has been defined as "asolid body of subplanetary tiiass thateither is in space or has conic there-tfroni, is falling or has fallen as a dis-crete unit onto the Ealrth or onto somiieother astrononiical body, and still re-tains its essential cosniic character.Since there seenis to be sonie need nowfor a teriii to include all particles ofslubneteoritic mass, it is proposed thatthe word cosmioparticle be used for thispurpose. A cosniioparticle niay be de-fined as "a discrete niaterial entity ofsubmiieteoritic niass. either in space orhaving conie therefrom."

Cosiiioparticles may be "free" orindividual niolecules or atonis or molec-ular or atomic constituents of anykind-ions, atomllic nuclei, protons, neuL-trons, electrons, positrons, and so on.Cosiiioparticles and meteorites, as heredefined, evidently together comprise allmaterial entities below the category otplanet.

FREDERICK C. LEONAR)Departmnent of A stroJnomny,Univlersity of Californi1ia, Los Angeles

Stochastic Models

The article on stochastic models otpopulation dynaimics by Jerzy Ney-man and Elizabeth L. Scott [Scienice130, 303 (1959)] contains the state-mlent, "with a little luck in attractinothe attention of more workers in thefield, the process of clustering, with itsfurther theoretical developmiients, mayeasily beconie the basis of a new theorxwhich we like to call indeterministiccosmiiology." An offer from these par-ticular statisticians to devote theirenergies to cosmlology shouLld not gowxithout comnilent at a time when mqoreand iiiore observational data will becoming out of this nation's spacCscience program for use in analysis andtesting ot various models.

The claim by Neynman and Scott thatan indeterministic model will solve soiiieproblemls in cosmology that the deter-nministic iiiodel is incapable of solvinggoes counter to the feeling of mlany inthe physical sciences who reject anxresearch not aimiied at comlplete tinder-standing. xhich, to them, means a( de-terniinistic mlodel. Any model that isnot determiiinistic is not consideredrealistic. An explanation in stochastictermiis is no explanation at all. Kno\,\il-edge mLust be g(ained with a determiiin-istic mlodel at every step of the wax.An untortunate result of this attituLdeis that difficulties in a limited area ofa given field of research can sloxw doxwnprogress in the entire field until thedifficulties are completely resolved ina determiiniistic manner. This is likenot allowing the use of x to representan unknowrn quantity, denying the useof algebra. and insisting that all prob-lems must be solved through the miorerealistic arithmetic mlethods. Also tin-fortunate is the fact that frequentlxthere is no mleeting of minds in argu-ments on this point because these n -

plicit assumtlptions or subconscious con-victions do not come to the surfaceand the controversy centers aroundisecondary concepts that follow fromtheiii.Now let us look at the other side of

the problem. Does a stochastic model

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really solve some problems or is itmerely a utilitarian way around them?Neyman and Scott seem to take eitherview at various times. In some of theirwritings they admit that their stochasticapproach may be at least partly utili-tarian. In other places they state thatthe people who espouse determinismare trying to explain an indeterministicworld with a deterministic model andso are doomed to failure. This canalienate some potential friends from thephysical sciences. In yet another placeNeyman calls such speculation idle.It may be idle technically but it canaffect cooperation among scientistsfrom different disciplines. A more ac-curate way of saying the same thingmight be that the utilitarian aspects inthe work of Neyman and Scott standup no matter how we view the basicnature of the universe. The randomportion of a stochastic model can beLlsed to describe: (i) a truly randomprocess; (ii) a process that appearsrandom to us; (iii) a process that istoo complex to be described completely.

If the world is basically indetermin-istic, the stochastic model can, ofcourse, be realistic. If the world isbasically deterministic, the stochasticmodel can still be thought of as autilitarian generalization of a determin-istic model. For example, when re-search reaches an impasse such as thecontradiction between the cosmologicalprinciple and local irregularities, onecan bypass it by the use of a stochasticmodel. The former impasse becomes an"island of indeterminism'" within anotherwise deterministic model. Such amodel can never explain in deterministicterms that part of the mechanismwhich has been assumed to be random.This statement is trivial but it doespoint up an important divergence in"parlance" between some theoreticalstatisticians and some physical scien-tists. To a statistician, any reductionof unexplained variation can be calledan explanation. He can happily referto an explanation of the behavior ofaggregates in an "island of indetermin-ism" while the physical scientist be-moans the fact that the behavior ofindividuals is unexplainable with sucha model.

Perhaps such divergence in views canbe reconciled. To a statistician, anyparticular model is highly expendable.As knowledge increases, one can con-struct newer models with a decreasingarea of indeterminism so that one ap-proaches a deterministic model. Theultimate degree of approach will dependupon the nature of ultimate reality. Ascientist can believe whatever he wishesabout the ultimate state of affairs andstill accept the stochastic model for itsutilitarian aspects. This should be com-forting to those in the physical scienceswho like to feel that they are now

1402

working with reality even though themodel they are using has replaced manyformer models and will itself inevitablybe replaced some day.

NICHOLAS E. MANOSNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, Washington, D.C.

Detecting Antibodies to Penicillin

The report by Marguerite Epp [Sci-ence 130, 1472 (1959)] that sera frompenicillin-allergic subjects agglutinateerythrocytes coupled to penicillin bymeans of a bis-diazotized-benzidinelinkage confirms results of my co-work-ers and me with the same method plusthe use of human antiglobulin (Coomb's)reagent as a final step to "develop" thereaction. As a matter of fact we believethat our procedure, as reported to thefirst Latin American Congress of Micro-biology (Mexico, 12-19 October 1958)and to the National Congress of Al-lergists (Toluca City, Mexico, May1958), avoids the necessity of makingthe "checkerboard" titration that Eppuses.

References to our work appear onlyin Spanish [reports and abstracts ofworks presented to the first Latin Amer-ican Congress of Microbiology (1958);F. Martinez and L. Martin Prensa med.Mex. 24, 245 (1959); M. Salazar Mallenand L. Ortiz, Alergia Rev. iberoamn.alergol. 7, 348 (1959); and the thesis ofL. Ortiz, University of Mexico (1959)].We believe that the description that

Epp gives of the method she uses andthe information given here will encour-age other investigators to take advantageof this first specific in vitro procedure,so useful in our hands, for diagnosingor confirming diagnoses of penicillinallergy.

M. SALAZAR MALLgNMedellin 94, Mexico City, Mexico

There are several points of impor-tance in M. Salazar Mallen's letterwhich, I think, should be made clear. Irather question his statement that the"checkerboard" titration to establishthe optimal ratio of penicillin to bis-diazotized-benzidine is unnecessary. Inpractice, there are variations in biologi-cal and chemical products. For ex-ample, the optimal ratio may vary asfollows: from 2.5 to 4.5 mgm of penicil-lin to from 0.25 to 0.5 ml of the dilutedchemnical compound. Moreover, themethod of Salazar Mallen and his col-laborators and that described by me dif-fer in principle. The former detects in-complete antibodies, whereas the proce-dure described in my report measurescomplete antibodies.

MARGUERITE EPPDepartment of Bacteriology, Universityof Saskatchewan, Saskatoon

SCIENCE, VOL. 131

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