CHE4250 Chp 1 Notes(1)

8/9/2019 CHE4250 Chp 1 Notes(1)

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CH4250: Polymers for Nanotechnology

Dr. Wang, Mingfeng

! School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang

Technological University

! Office: N1.2-B2-22

! Email: [email protected]

! Consultation: By email appointment

CH4250_chp-1_Introduction

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Course Schedule

Lecture: Thursday, 14:30-16:30; Venue: CBE-LT

Tutorial: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30; Venue: CBE-SR3

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General Information

" Website: Go to Edventure to receive updates, download notes, etc.

" Recommended textbooks:

Polymer Chemistry , 2nd Ed, by P. C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge

" Course grading:

Assignments: 20%; Quiz: 20% (open book); Final Exam: 60% (open book).

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Points to note

" Read the notes before coming to class

" Work together in your group, and help one another

" Summarize the content every 5-6 lectures

" Don’t take short cut, participate in your learning process

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Polymers meet nanotechnology: An introduction

" What are polymers?

" Why are polymeric materials important?

" How to make polymers? (Polymer Chemistry)

" How to characterize polymers (structures and properties)? (Polymer

physics and engineering)

" What is nanotechnology? Why is it important? How is it evolved and

developed?

" Current topics and future trends in polymer science and nanotechnologies

Polymers Nanotechnology??

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What are Polymers?

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Polymer products: a big deal

• Light weight

• Mechanic flexible • Low cost

• Synthetic variety

Why polymers?


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Definition of “Polymer”

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by chemical bonds.(from Wikipedia)

MM

M M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M MM

M MM

MM

M

M

M

M

Monomer Polymer

The term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics.


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History of Polymers

Before 1940 - the Presynthetic Materials Age:

• Prehistoric Times:Tool-oriented stone, bronze, and iron ages.

• Early 20th Century:Materials available: Steel, glass, wood, stone, brick, cotton, woolBasically divided into metals, ceramics, and natural polymers

After 1940 - the Age of Synthetic Materials:

• Synthetic polymers developed-

Macromolecular hypothesis of Staudinger accepted ca 1930

• Synthetic solid state materials developed e.g. Si, GaAs, ceramic high Tc

superconductors etc)

• Applications as fibers, plastics, adhesives, elastomers, resins and many excitingrecent areas (devices, nanoscience)

• Replacement of metals and ceramics due to ease of processing and low density

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A story about the foundation of polymer science

Hermann Staudinger, 1953

http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html

Father of Macromolecular Chemistry

In a paper entitled "Über Polymerisation," Staudingerpresented several reactions that form high molecularweight molecules by linking together a large numberof small molecules. During this reaction, which hecalled "polymerization," individual repeating units are

joined together by covalent bonds.

"My colleagues were very skeptical about this change, and those who knew mypublications in the field of low molecular chemistry asked me why I was neglecting this

interesting field and instead was working on a very unpleasant field and poorly definedcompounds, like rubber and synthetic polymers. At that time the chemistry of thesecompounds often was designated, in view of their properties, as Schmierenchemie('grease chemistry')."

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Heinrich Wieland, 1927 Nobel laureate in chemistry, wrote to Staudinger, "Dearcolleague, drop the idea of large molecules; organic molecules with a molecularweight higher than 5000 do not exist. Purify your products, such as rubber, thenthey will crystallize and prove to be low molecular compounds!"

A story about the foundation of polymer science (contd)

On December 10, 1953, Staudinger received his reward for the concept ofmacromolecules and his prolonged effort to establish the science of largemolecules when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry.

http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html

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Examples: synthetic polymers

H

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Examples: biopolymers

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Homopolymer vs. copolymers

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Polymer architectures

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Dendrimers

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Synthetic methods towards tailor-made polymers

"

Condensation polymerization

" Radical polymerization

" Anionic polymerization

" Cationic polymerization

"

Ring-opening polymerization (ROP)

" Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)

" Supramolecular polymerization

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Polymer states

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Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber , related to other aramids suchas Nomex and Technora. Developed at DuPont in 1965, this high strength material was firstcommercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spuninto ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material

components.

Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is 5 times stronger thansteel on an equal weight basis.[2] It is also used to make modern drumheads that withstand highimpact. When used as a woven material, it is suitable for mooring lines and other underwaterapplications. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar

Something more about Kevlar

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pz8Tjr1ToRk

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Hair Conditioning in Shampoo Formulations

Cationic polymer is commonly used as conditioning agents

in shampoo and conditioner formulations.

" Improve wet combability.

" Anti-static.

" Restore disrupted cuticle.

" Aid of active delivery (flocculation during rinsing).

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Commonly used cationic polymers

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Discovery of conducting polymers

Nobel Prize of Chemistry in 2000

Alan J. Heeger

Oxidation of polyacetylene with iodine results in a 108-fold increase inconductivity. The conductivity of this doped material can approach the

conductivity of the best available conductor, silver .

Polyacetylene

Hideki ShirakawaAlan G. MacDiarmid


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More metallic and semiconducting polymers

A. J. Heeger J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8475CH4250_chp-1_Introduction

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Applications of metallic and semiconducting polymers

Metallic and semiconductingpolymers

Chemical / Biological sensors

Solar cells / Photovoltaics

Light emittingdiodes

Field effecttransistors


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8S8tbQMp2k

Why plastic solar cells?

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!"

y p

Solution-processable (roll-by-roll printing)

Potentially low-cost

Mechanically flexible

Synthetic variety

Light-weight

-Conjugated polymers as semiconducting “ink”

Materials Efficiency Materials cost Installed cost $ / kWh

Poly-Si 12-14% Expensive $4-6/Wp $ 0.20-0.30Organic/Plastic 8-9% Cheaper $3/Wp or lower $ 0.15 or lower


Applications of plastic solar cells: a promising future

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Applications of plastic solar cells: a promising future


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What’s

Nanotechnology?

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S i d t t l i d d t

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Semiconductor nanocrystals: size-dependentoptical properties

Just tuning the size! !

1 nm = 1 " 10-9 m


Revolution of carbon nanomaterials: From fullerenes to

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Revolution of carbon nanomaterials: From fullerenes tocarbon nanotubes, graphenes and beyond

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Acm_bH413wk

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Nanocapsules

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Polymers meet Nanotechnology

! !

Polymers meet nanotechnology: An example

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F. Wudl, A. J. Heeger et al., Science 1992, 258, 1474

Flexible, and printable polymer solar celldemonstrated by Siemens AG, Germany.

Interface

Polymers meet nanotechnology: Other polymernanocomposites

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From conventional electronic devices to the future

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http://creativesatworkblog.com/2011/10/new-screen-technologies-may-change-computer-usage/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cf7IL_eZ38#t=319CH4250_chp-1_Introduction

Bi b bl ilk b d

Flexible electronic devices from hard inorganic materials

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Flexible silicon electronics

http://rogers.matse.illinois.edu/research/unusual-format-electronics.php

Bio-resorbable, silk-basedelectronics for neural monitoring

J. A. Rogers et al. Science 2010, 327 , 1603


Summary

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"

Knowledge of polymers: history and advances; polymer architecture,structures; commonly used polymers and their applications.

" Knowledge of nanomaterials/nanotechnology and their impact.

" Appreciate the important of nano-length scale on the physical properties

of synthetic and biological systems.

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Take home questions

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1. How to define “Polymers”? What are their implication and impact onhuman being’s living?

2. How to define “Nanotechnology”? What are their implication andimpact on human being’s living?

3. What are new opportunities at the interface between “Polymers” and“Nanotechnology”?

Take-home questions

Documents

CHE4250 Chp 1 Notes(1)