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8/9/2019 CHE Fall 2014 Hydro & Solar 2X Grey Scale
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Hydro & Solar
Energy Technology & Policy
Fred C. Beach, Ph.D.
CHE 359/384 & EER 396, Fall 2014
U.S. Energy Use
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Hydroelectric Power
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Hydroelectric Power Is Robust and Efficient
Source: Army Corps of Engineers
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Hydroelectric Power Is a Function of Height
and Volume Power production requires
height differences
large volumes of water
P 10 H Q [kW]
H = head (m) (height of water)
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
Source: Army Corps of Engineers
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Dams Can Be Massive Powerplants
Grand Coulee Dam (6.5 GW, Columbia River)
Hoover Dam(2.1 GW, Colorado River)
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Austins Dam Used To Be The Worlds Largest
The Great Dam Across the Colorado River,At Austin Texas
Scientific American
September 1892
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Austins Dam Used To Be The Worlds Largest
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Dams Can Also Be Very Small
500 sites in WA
alone
14 GW of apps
pending with FERC
Easier siting thanlarge dams
Source: WSJ
Hydroelectric Power Has Many Benefits
Reliable
Very efficient
Quick start-up/turn-off times
Low emissions during generation
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Dams Serve Several Purposes
Flood control
Water storage
Irrigation
Recreation
Navigation
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Hydroelectric Power Has Many Drawbacks
Disturbs ecosystems (fish migration, etc.)
salmon ladders to go upstream
fish-friendly turbines to go downstream
Creates evaporation from lakes
About half of national capacity is already built
Silting might limit lifetimes to ~100 years
maybe not renewable?
Source of GHGs (CO2and CH4from decaying vegetation)
hard to quantify
End-of-life planning not built into project development
how do you decommission a dam?
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Dams Disturb Vast Expanses of Land and
Sometimes Collapse
Johnstown, PA 1869
2,209 people killed
Santa Clarita, CA 1928
600 people killed
Austins has failed twice
formed Red Bud Isle
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Austins Dam Has Collapsed Multiple Times
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The Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of
Reclamation Are Responsible for Most US Dams
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Much of the Hydroelectric Buildout Occurred
in From the 1930s to the 1970s
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Large Dams in the 1930s & 1940s Were Built
For Economic Development and for WWII
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Dams Can Also be Weapons
ISIS Seizes Mosul Dam
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Solar Power
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There Are 3 (or more) Technologies in Solar
Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Direct electricalproduction Radiant to electrical energy conversion (re)
Works with reflected/scattered light
Very sensitive to cloud cover
Solar thermal: Radiant to thermal (rt)
Passive heating of water, homes, greenhouses,
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): to create steam
Radiant to thermal to mechanical to electrical energy
conversion (rtme)
Requires direct normal radiation (often in arid areas)
Usually has thermal storage built in
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And 3 (or more) Applications in Scale
Utility Scale 100s of KWs to MWs
Can be Simple Tracking or Fixed PV
Can Be Concentrated PV or Solar Thermal
Commercial/Industrial Scale:
10s of KWs to a Few MW
Generally Simple PV, Some Concentrated Solar
Residential Scale:
A few KW to ~10KW Almost Solely PV but some Solar Thermal
Mostly Fixed but some tracking
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Solar Has Many Benefits
Fuel is free
Renewable
Inexhaustible
Matches well with peak demand
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Solar Has Drawbacks
Expensive capacity
Variable (but somewhat predictable) ~14-33% capacityfactor
Seattle, WA with fixed-tilt panels: 14% capacity factor
Phoenix, AZ with 2-axis tracking: 33% capacity factor
Lower efficiency than power plants (10-20%)
Benchtop efficiency >40%
Much of the sun is where people arent
But that is changing as people move to the sun-belt
Land intensive
But, dual-use with urban rooftops
Source: DoE, Solar technologies Market Report, 20089/29/14 23
Solar Basics Some Trigonometry Required
Solar Flux is Roughly Fixed
Only ~1000W/m2Reaches Us
Our Latitude Only Makes it WorseSo We Angle the Panels
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Solar Basics The Earth Rotates!
And the Axis Isnt Vertical With Respect to the Axis of Orbit!
The Practicality/Utility of Solar Depends
Geographic Location: Lower latitudes receive more sunlight
Climate: Can affect generation as well as demand
Electricity Cost: Some regions have very low cost alternatives
Norway High Latitude, very low annual insolation
Cold Climate so Heating & Cooling demands are out of phase with generation Very abundant and cheap Hydro-Power resources
Caribbean Islands
Low Latitude, very high annual insolation Warm Climate so Heating & Cooling demands are in phase with generation Very expensive electricity (imported Oil, Coal, & Gas for power plants)
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America is a Large Country with 8 Climate Zones
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Concentrated Solar Power
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Concentrated Solar
Primarily Utility Scale
Requires at LeastSingle Axis Tracking
Can be PV or Thermal
Concentrated Solar Thermal Mechanical
Capital Intensive
Requires at Least Single AxisTracking
Can Provide Power at Night
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Concentrated Solar Thermal Electric
Primarily Utility Scale
Requires Dual Axis Tracking
Limited to Solar Hours
Best in High Solar Potential Areas
Concentrated Solar PV
Parabolic Concentrator
Trough Concentrator
Spherical Concentrator
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Concentrated Solar PV & Thermal
11 m2Parabolic Dish
2 KW Electric Generation 5 KW of Hot Water 7 KW Total Energy Capture (64% Efficiency)
Solar Thermal Chemical?
Concentrated SolarUsing Thermal EnergyTo convert Natural GasTo Syngas
Perhaps an Oil FieldApplication?
Combine Free Solar Energywith Free NatGas (otherwiseflared) to produce SynGas (adiesel substitute) to fuel
vehicles and/or generators inthe oil fields.
Anyone care to start acompany with me?
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Solar Photovoltaic
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To Track or Not to Track, That is the Question
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Daily Versus Annual Average
Two Axis Tracking, Annual Min & Max
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Fixed South Facing, Annual Min & Max
Actual Results May Vary
Added Complexity
Added Cost
Added Maintenance
With Panel Prices Dropping, is itCheaper to just install MorePanels?
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Solar Resources Vary Geographically
Solar PV Module Prices Drop Over Time
Source: NREL9/29/14 42
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Solar PV Panel Prices Drop Over Time
Source: NREL
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>6 fold reduction in Silicon Cost ($0.53 to $0.08)
Solar PV System Prices Drop Over Time
Source: SEIA
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~4kW Residential Solar US vs FRG (2012)
Source: NREL
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$3/W
$0.5/W
$5/W
$2/W
Solar PV Continues to Improve
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Solar PV in the Future Will Have Better
Performance Characteristics
Flexible panels (for backpacks, clothes, etc.)
Thinner layers (paints, asphalts, etc.)
Carbon based (instead of silicon based)
Based on infrared (IR) so they work at night
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Maybe Infrared Solar Panels That Work At
Night Will Be The Wave Of The Future
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Index
solar_
data$gh_
rad_
avg
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00
Global Horizontal
Diffuse Horizontal
Direct
Ultraviolet
Infrared
RadiationIntensity(W/m2)
Source: Rhodes & Webber, 20139/29/14 48
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Utility Scale PV Versus Private PV
Buy/Lease the Land
Build the Support Structure
Buy & Install the System
Build Transmission to Grid
Utility Scale PV Versus Private PV
With Existing Residential,the Land, Structure, &Transmission are Already inPlace.
Buy & Install the System
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So Why is Utility Scale PV Cheaper?
Where are the costs for: Land Structure
Transmission????
Texas Solar Insolation
Source: NREL
[NREL]
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Concentrated Solar Power
And we now have the Infrastructure to tap it
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Austin Energy Bets Big On Solar
Austin Energy is positioned to exceed its overall 200 MWsolar goal with a new Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) forup to 150 megawatts (MW) of solar energy to be built inWest Texas by Sun Edison.
The 25-year contract is for the output of two solar farms and willcost $21 million annually for 25 years for a total estimatedamount of $525 million. Long-term fixed pricing will be in therange of $45 to $55 per MWh and are among the lowest solarprices available in the solar industry today.
Texas Could Bet Big On Solar
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North Africa Has Fantastic Solar Potential
North Africa Could Bet Big On Solar
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