CHart survey

8/7/2019 CHart survey

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chart-survey 1/5

Description

This section is from the book "Banking Principles And Practice", by Ray B. Westerfield.Also available from Amazon: Banking principles and practice.

Movement Of Reserve RatioThe movement of the reserve ratio of a banking system does not necessarily serve in all cases

as a true index of strength. The ratio may increase as the result of an increase in cash reserve

even though the holdings of paper may be non-liquid, or the ratio may decline as the result of

the liquidation of credit at a time when the portfolio is in a satisfactory state and when thereserve is sufficient to meet all probable demands of depositors and noteholders. In other

words, in estimating the reserve strength the character of the secondary reserve should beconsidered.

The history of the required and actual reserves is shown in Figure 7. The process by which

the gold of the country was concentrated in the federal reserve banks during 1917,1918, and1919 has been described earlier in this chapter. The tide of gold shipments turned against our

country during 1919 and 1920, and most of the net exports were taken from the reserve banks. Throughout the period of the war and into 1920 theliabilities of the federal reserve

banks for notes and deposits increased quite steadily. Until May, 1919, the accumulation of

gold more than supplied the amount of reserve required by law and the volume of excess

reserves ("free gold," as it is called) was only slowly diminished. The reserve ratio, however,

declined meanwhile, but at a moderate rate. But after May, 1919, the conjunction of risingliabilities and declining reserves caused a rapid decline in the reserve ratio, until in February,

1920, the free gold was wiped out and an actual deficit temporarily existed. This served as adanger sign and the federal reserve authorities became more active in stopping expansion.

Figure 7. Graphic Chart Showing Reserves of the Twelve Federal Reserve Banks



The expansi n from September, 1917, to May, 1919, was almost entirely based upon "war paper." This term si nif ies notes of the member banks in favor of the federal reserve banks

and accompanied with the collateral of Li ber ty bonds, Victory notes, or cer tif icates of indebtedness, by which the member banks borrowed from the reserve banks. Af ter May,

1919, war paper was contracted, and expansion came through bills discounted for member

banks and purchased in the open market. The expansion af ter the armistice was encouraged

by the prevalence of rediscount rates lower than market rates of money, so that it was prof itable to use the federal reserve banks as a source of funds. (See "Discount Operations of

the Federal R eserve Banks," Chapter XX.)

Source: http://chestofbooks.com/finance/banking/Banking-Principles-And-Practice-2/Movement-

Of-Reserve-Ratio.html (6 Jan 2010)

Table 1 shows the number processed through the system, not individuals. There is no record of

individual numbers, however Government data shows that between these ages each offendercommits an average 2.5 offences so applying this to those convicted we reach a figure of 6,382.

Adding the Hearings and Adult figures together we estimate that in 2006/07 our target group

consisted of 7,578 individuals across Scotland.

Table 1 also shows that a small minority of proceedings (12%) result in a custodial sentence with

most sentences applied in the community 7. This reflects the wide spectrum of offending behaviours

and highlights that a large proportion are relatively minor.

Offending patterns, particularly for males, are closely age related and 18 is the peak age for

offending in Scotland. Figure 1, illustrating the offending rate per 10,000 population, shows this

clearly. The reasons for offending behaviour are complex, but maturity and factors linked to 'settling

down' ( i.e. employment and relationships) have been identified as key factors in desistence

amongst males. The figure also shows that the proportionate decline in the offending rate is much

more dramatic for men, halving between the ages of 18 and 30.

chart graphic

Source: Scottish Government (2007/08 dataset)



What about demographic profile and geographical spread?

The 2006/07 data for all young offenders ( i.e. those under 21) shows that 19% of the offender group

was female. The latest Children's Hearing information shows that 25% of those referred for

offending behaviour were females. For those in custody the gender gap is more significant. Of the476 inmates aged 16-18 on 26 th March 2008 only 20 were female. However, women who are in

prison tend to have multiple and complex support needs which are distinctive and which are

considered later in the report.

Analysis of the same dataset shows that the proportion of this offending age group from Black and

Minority Ethnic ( BME) backgrounds is small. Analysis of the prison reception data for 2007/08 shows

that of 4,279 receptions 66 were from BME communities.

In terms of geography, the most recent available data shows that the five local authorities with the

highest number of 16-18s in the justice system are:

* Glasgow (2,200)

* Edinburgh (1,411)

* South Lanarkshire (1,145)

* Fife (1,056)

* East Ayrshire (909)

A table showing the full range of offending rates amongst 16-18s by local authority is attached as

Appendix 4.



http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Img/297498/0086242.gif (picture graphic)

Source: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/12/18103851/2

Chart of The U.S. Pri e Rate vs The 1-

Month LIBOR vs 3-Month LIBOR vs The Fed Funds

Target Rate



This chart shows the relationship between the Federal Funds Target Rate (FFTR),

the U.S. Prime Rate, the 1-Month LIBOR rate and the 3-Month LIBOR rate since December 1, 1999.

The U.S. Prime Rate = (FFTR + 3)

Chart updated on January 5, 2011

Source: http://www.wsjprimerate.us/usprimerate-vs-libor-vs-fedfundstargetrate-chart.htm

(8 Jan 2011)

Documents

CHart survey