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Florida Sea Grant College Program • http://www.flseagrant.org • SGEB 60

Charles Jacoby

Linda Walters

Shirley Baker

Karen Blyler

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Acknowledgments

We thank Mike Spranger for his encouragement

throughout the development of this primer.

Steve Kearl and Dorothy Zimmerman provided

valuable editorial input.

The authors

Charles Jacoby is an Assistant Professor and

Extension Specialist in the Department of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences at the University

of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.

Shirley Baker is an Assistant Professor in the

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences at

the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.

Linda Walters is an Assistant Professor in the

Department of Biology at the University of

Central Florida in Orlando, Florida.

Karen Blyler is the Coordinator of Education and

Training in Aquatic and Environmental Science

for the Florida 4-H Youth Development Program

at the University of Florida in Gainesville,

Florida.

Photo credits

Cover, upper left: Phyllorhiza punctata, an Indo-Pacific jellyfish now found in large numbers around the Gulf of Mexico.

(Photo courtesy Dauphin Island Sea Lab)

Cover, center left: Perna viridis, an Indo-Pacific mussel that became established in Tampa Bay and has spread around Florida and into Georgia.

(Photo courtesy U.S. Geological Survey)

Cover, lower left: Pterois volitans, an Indo-Pacific fish often kept in saltwater aquaria that is now found along the east coast of the United States.

(Photo courtesy J.E. Randall)

Cover, bottom half: Aerial photograph of an explosion of the Australian spotted jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) in the Gulf of Mexico.

(Photo courtesy Dauphin Island Sea Lab)

Page 1, upper right: Pterois volitans, an Indo-Pacific fish often kept in saltwater aquaria, is now found along the east coast of the United States.

(Photo courtesy J.E. Randall)

Funding and support

This publication was supported by the National

Sea Grant College Program of the U.S.

Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under

NOAA Grant No. NA16RG-2195. The views

expressed are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reflect the views of these

organizations.

The Florida Sea Grant College Program, the

Southeast Regional Aquatic Nuisance Species

(ANS) Education and Outreach Network, a

partnership between the Sea Grant College

Programs in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and

Mississippi, UF/IFAS Extension and the

University of Central Florida provided support

for the development of this document.

Additional funds to support publication of this

document were provided by the Tampa Bay

Estuary Program.

1A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

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What areinvasive species?

People apply a confusingand muddled collection ofwords to invasive species.

A glossary found on pages14 and 15 providesdefinitions for key termsused in this publication.

Figure 1. Rate of new invasions by marine

invertebrates and seaweeds in the U.S. coastal

zone from 1790 to 1999 (374 total invasions).

Source: Ruiz et al., 2000; Carlton, 2001.

nvasive species haveentered an area that isnot part of their natural

range. They represent one type ofalien, non-native, nonindigenousor introduced species. In contrast,native or indigenous species occurin an area naturally. Invasivespecies that are native or intro-duced differ from beneficial nativeand non-invasive species becausethey can or do cause harm to theeconomy, the environment orhuman health. Typically, invasionsinvolve the spread of an introducedspecies. Natural vectors, such asstorms, or vectors associated withhuman activities may causeintroductions and subsequentinvasions by moving species alongpathways. Human introductionsmay be intentional or uninten-tional, and both types of introduc-tions can cause bioinvasions. Wecan add a political bent to thediscussion by applying the termexotic to species that have entereda new country and using the termtransplanted for species moved tonew areas within the same country.

Whatever definitions we choose,we should all be concerned aboutinvasive species and the harm theycause. First, we want to avoidharmful consequences fromintroductions. Second, our actionsor activities can spread invasivespecies, so we are responsible formanaging both introductions andany consequences. Managinginvasive species will not simply bea matter of banning all introduc-tions because all of us benefit fromsome introductions and manyintroductions are accidental orunintentional. We can improve ourmanagement of invasive species by

looking at the history of speciesintroductions, the harm caused byinvasive species, how invasivespecies are introduced and becomeinvasive, and how we can manageour own actions and activities tohelp solve the problem.

How long have invasivespecies been around?People began introducing species assoon as they could travel. Forexample, beginning around 1500,Europeans transported Old Worldspecies to their new settlements inthe Western Hemisphere andelsewhere. The manifests fromColumbus’ second and subsequentvoyages indicate deliberate trans-port of species regarded as poten-tial crops and livestock.

Humans continue to dispersespecies, and the worldwide increasein plant, animal, and microbialintroductions roughly tracksthe increase in humantransport and commerce. Inparticular, the meteoricgrowth of global commercein the past 200 to 500 yearshas produced numerousopportunities for bioticinvasions. During this timespan, the scope, frequencyand impact of people’sdeliberate and accidentalmovements of organismsundoubtedly dwarf theeffects of natural forcesduring any 500-year periodin the earth’s history. Forexample, introductions tocoastal habitats in theUnited States have increasedover 100-fold in the last200 years (Figure 1).

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Throughout history, we haveaccidentally and deliberately intro-duced numerous species. Ourtendency to accidentally or deliber-ately introduce invasive speciesvaries among types of organisms(Box 1). The number of deliberatelyintroduced species that becomeinvasive emphasizes the fact that notall pests arrive unheralded andinconspicuously. Many of our worstproblems are the product of ourown deliberate but flawed plans.

Box 1.

Deliberate and accidental introductions ofinvasive species.

deliberate introduction of few, if any, invasivemicroorganisms, although we introducedyeasts for fermentation and mutualists, suchas the symbiotic, mycorrhizal fungi found inplant roots

deliberate introduction of some insects thathave caused adverse consequences, such asbumblebees in New Zealand, but the majorityof invasive insects have probably beenintroduced accidentally

deliberate introduction of a few marineinvertebrates, such as the Pacific oysterimported from Japan to Washington state,but a growing number of invaders, such asthe zebra mussel, have arrived accidentallyas contaminants in ballast water andthrough other vectors

deliberately introduced most invasivevertebrates, principally fish, mammals andbirds, although some of the worst vertebrateinvaders have been spread accidentally, suchas rats, brown tree snakes and sea lampreys

deliberately introduced many, if not most,plant invaders, including water hyacinth,melaleuca trees, salt cedar and other seriouspests, although some invasive plants havebeen accidentally introduced as contami-nants among crop seeds and other cargo

What harm do invasivespecies cause?

Introduced species typically donot survive and reproduce; there-fore, they seldom establish themselvesand become invasive (Figure 2).Introductions can be viewed as anecological parallel to Russianroulette. We ‘load bullets into agun and spin its cylinder’ bymoving species beyond theirnatural ranges. Then, we ‘pull thetrigger’ by introducing species into

Figure 2. Steps in becoming an invasive species.

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3A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Box 2.

Examples of how invasive species harmpopulations.

Asian chestnut blight fungus arrived in New York Cityon nursery stock early in the 20th century and, withina few decades, the blight had spread and destroyedalmost all the American chestnuts that had oncedominated forests in the eastern United States(disease)

predatory Nile perch introduced into Africa’s LakeVictoria has eliminated or gravely threatens morethan 200 of the 300 to 500 native species of small,cichlid fishes (predation)

feral and domestic cats introduced to every part ofthe world have depleted breeding populations ofseabirds and endemic land birds on oceanic islandsand contributed significantly to the extinction ofsix endemic birds in New Zealand and at least sixspecies of Australian rodent-like marsupials(predation)

North American gray squirrels replace the nativered squirrels in Britain because they forage moreefficiently (scramble competition)

succulent ice plant, Carpobrotus edulis, forms a matthat shades native plants in coastal California andremoves scarce water that the native species need(scramble competition)

introduced ant species – the red fire ant, theArgentine ant and the big-headed ant – allsignificantly reduce native ant populations byaggression (interference competition)

Quackgrass damages crops, and it may do so byproducing phytotoxins (interference competition)

hybridization with the introduced North Americanmallard threatens the genetically distinct existenceof both the New Zealand gray duck and the Hawaiianduck (interbreeding)

North American cordgrass, carried in shipping ballastto southern England, hybridized with nativecordgrass and one hybrid underwent a geneticchange to produce a fertile, highly invasive speciesof cordgrass (interbreeding)

females of the European mink, already gravelythreatened by habitat deterioration, hybridize withmales of introduced North American mink resultingin aborted embryos and a loss of eggs thatexacerbates their decline (interbreeding)

parasitic wasps imported to the United States tocontrol the alfalfa weevil were originally ineffectiveagainst the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, but, fifteen yearslater, the wasps appeared to have evolved aresistance because 95% of their eggs were survivingin the larvae of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil(evolution)

new ranges and take our chances onwhether they cause harm by estab-lishing and spreading. As in anygame of chance, the outcome of agiven round is uncertain. We mayintroduce numerous species or onespecies numerous times and suffer nosignificant consequences, or we mayintroduce a single species once andgenerate immense harm. In general,species cause harm by affecting plantand animal populations or commu-nities, ecosystems and ecosystemservices, or our economy.

Effects on populationsInvasive species often affect

populations or interbreeding groupsof organisms. They typically causeextirpation or losses at the local level,but they possess the potential tocause extinction or losses at theglobal level. Extinction becomes avery real possibility for endangered,threatened or rare species. Invasivespecies typically affect native popula-tions through six types of ecologicalinteractions (Box 2).

Invasions by pathogens canseverely impact native species. Forexample, we all know of plantdiseases that have spread readily,especially those that affect crops,livestock or pets. We also couldinclude effects on human healthhere, such as concerns about ballastwater introducing cholera in places itis not normally found.

Invaders can directly removenative species by predation andgrazing. Historically, people haveintroduced many animals inattempts to make new places morelike ‘home.’ Even today, we continueto release domesticated animals intonew places where they can causesignificant harm.

Nonindigenous species also harmnatives by competing for scarceresources in what ecologists callscramble competition. Invasivespecies often seem capable of outcompeting native species by seques-tering water, nutrients or food more

efficiently. For example,invasive plants typically outcompete natives by shadingthem or using scarce water.

When a species interfereswith or harms another in thecompetition for resources,ecologists call it interferencecompetition. Invasive speciesclearly demonstrate this tactic.For example, many invasiveanimals exhibit aggressivebehavior that drives nativeanimals out of their naturalranges, and invasive plants mayproduce toxins (phytotoxins)that inhibit the success ofnative plants.

Invasive species can alsoeliminate native species byhybridizing with them. Suchinterbreeding is a particulardanger when the native popu-lations are endangered, threat-ened or rare. Hybridizationbetween a nonindigenousspecies and a native one caneven produce a new invasivespecies. In addition, hybridiza-tion can threaten a nativespecies even when the hybridsdie, simply because crossbreed-ing reduces the number of newoffspring added to the species’own population.

Finally, invasive species canevolve new ways to threatennatives after establishment.Plants and animals exhibitremarkable capacities todevelop resistance or otherways to overcome the defenseserected by native species.

Effects on communities,ecosystems and ecosystemservices

In the direst situations,invasive species threaten todisrupt both communities,which are formed by groups ofpopulations, and entire ecosys-tems, which are natural sys-tems that produce and recycle

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Effects on economiesPublic and governmental support

for the prevention or control of inva-sions often falters because most peopledon’t understand or appreciate thecomplex links between nature and oureconomies. Invasive species posethreats to biodiversity and processes inecosystems, and these threats translatedirectly into economic consequences,such as losses of crops, forests, fisheriesand grazing lands. However, theeconomic consequences of bioticinvasions are poorly explored andquantified. Although we have anec-dotal evidence of local and evenregional costs from invasive species, welack clear, comprehensive informationon these costs at national and globallevels.

Biotic invasions cause three maintypes of economic impact. First,invasive species reduce potentialeconomic output by reducing theproduction, survival and fitness ofcrops, domesticated animals andfisheries. Second, we suffer direct costsassociated with combating invasions,including all forms of quarantine,control and eradication. Combatinginvasive species that are threats tohuman health, either as direct agentsof disease or as vectors or carriers ofdisease-causing parasites, represents athird category of costs.

These costs form a hidden butonerous ‘tax’ on many goods andservices. Tallying these costs representsa formidable task. One group recentlyattempted to tabulate the annual costof all nonindigenous species in theUnited States. They estimated thatnonindigenous weeds that affect cropscost agriculture about $27 billion peryear, based on a potential crop value of$267 billion. Loss of forage and theapplication of herbicides to weeds inrangelands, pastures and lawns cost afurther $6 billion each year. When thegroup combined these types of directlosses with indirect costs for activitiessuch as quarantine, the total cost of allnonindigenous species (plants, animalsand microbes) exceeded $138 billion

more energy and other resources thanthey import (Box 3). Invasive plantsdemonstrate these threats best. Typi-cally, invasive plants change ecosys-tems by using significant amounts ofwater, occupying space and shadingnatives, providing poor habitat andforage for native animals, or alteringfire regimes. In fact, many invasiveplants wreak havoc on ecosystems byfostering more frequent or intense firesthat they withstand better than keynative species. The paperbark tree, aMelaleuca species, has this effect inFlorida, as do numerous invasivegrasses worldwide. Grasses, in particu-lar, produce a great deal of flammablestanding dead material, dry outrapidly, and resprout quickly afterfires.

Invasive plants may also alterecosystems in more insidious ways. Forexample, they may change the cyclingof nutrients in a way that encouragesinvasions by other plants, or they maypromote invasions by non-nativeanimals. In some cases, alien plantsand animals combine to create apositive feedback loop with the plantproviding food for the animal and theanimal distributing the plant’s seeds.

In some places, invaders causeecosystem changes that profoundlyalter the landscape and the ecosystemservices we value. For example, blue-grass in Kentucky and some otherecosystems we take for granted in theUnited States are actually a result ofsuccessful invasions by species intro-duced by colonists. Overall, ourknowledge of invasions is poor, butknown invasions raise the concern thatthe current pace and extent of inva-sions may significantly influence otheragents of global change in an unpre-dictable manner. For example, we mayalter the global carbon cycle byconverting diverse forests to grasslands.Grasses create less tissue or biomass sothey use and sequester less carbondioxide. Less carbon in plants meansmore carbon dioxide in the atmo-sphere, which may accelerate globalwarming and the attendant conse-quences.

Box 3.

Examples of how invasive species harmcommunities, ecosystems and ecosystemservices.

Australian paperbark or melaleuca treesreplaced cypress, sawgrass and othersouth Florida natives at the rate of20 hectares per day resulting in about160,000 hectares that provides poorhabitat for many native animals, useshuge amounts of water, and intensifiesfire regimes

a vine-like perennial shrub from SouthAmerica, Chromolaena odorata or Siamweed, aggressively suppressesregeneration of primary forest in bothAsia and Africa and provides feedingniches that sustain other pests

a highly invasive neotropical shrub,Lantana camara, increases theoccurrence of sleeping sickness amonganimals and humans by serving asadditional habitat for the tsetse fly thatnormally lives along East Africanstreams

a small tree native to the Canary Islands,Myrica faya, is transforming the entireecosystem in Hawaii VolcanoesNational Park by fixing nitrogen andcausing a 90-fold increase in suppliesof this scarce nutrient, which encouragesmany other introduced plants to enterthe ecosystem

Myrica also attracts the introducedJapanese white-eye, the mostdestructive bird invader in nativeHawaiian forests, and the white-eyeexacerbates ecosystem changes bydispersing Myrica seeds

the Bluegrass Country of Kentuckyinvokes images of a pastoral or pristinesetting; however, bluegrass is a Eurasianinvader introduced during Europeansettlement and land clearing after whichit replaced the original open forest,savanna, and understory of wild rye andpossibly canes

burning of forests and introduction ofAfrican grasses to the Amazon basincreates grasslands that contain muchless plant biomass and sequester lesscarbon, which could exacerbate thebuildup of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere and influence the globalclimate

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5A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

per year. By any standard, such costsare formidable, even for a productive,industrialized society such as theUnited States.

These estimates illustrate theanecdotal and preliminary nature ofour current understanding of theeconomics of invasions. One solutionwould be a more frequent applicationof economic tools such as cost:benefitanalysis when considering proposals toimport species for perceived economicbenefit. When it comes to futuremovements of species, society needs toconsider results from analyses likethose provided for hydroelectric dams,canals, airports, and other projectswith potential environmental conse-quences. Scientists predict thatcost:benefit analysis of many deliber-ately introduced invaders woulddemonstrate forcefully that their coststo society swamp any realized orperceived benefits.

Those are terrestrial andfreshwater examples.What about impacts oncoastal and marine waters?

The economic and ecological effectsof coastal and marine introductions arenotoriously difficult to estimate, anddetailed estimates have not been madefor the waters of the United States. Inany estimate, negative and positiveeffects must be considered. Negativeeffects include revenues lost due to thedestruction of fisheries; loss of otherresources due to predation, competi-tion, or disease; the cost of removingintroduced fouling organisms fromhundreds of thousands of recreationalvessels; and the costs associated withthe damage to pilings and otherstructures by introduced wood-borers.Positive effects include the value offisheries based on non-native speciesand the aesthetic value of introducedspecies, even if the public does notknow that the species are introduced.A further challenge is estimating thepotential effects of cryptogenic specieswhose origins are uncertain. For

example, we are uncertain about theorigins of ‘killer dinoflagellates’ in thegenus Pfiesteria and many toxic algalblooms or red tides. Overall, informa-tion indicates that coastal and marineintroductions have vast negative effectson the economy of the United States.In addition, funds diverted to researchand control of introduced speciescould have been used for other pur-poses. Between 1999 and 2001, thecosts for research and control related tothree Pacific coast introductionsequaled nearly one-third of all thefunds available through the Sea GrantCollege Program for an entire decadeof research and education on intro-duced species.

Although poorly documented,introduced marine species fundamen-tally alter the biodiversity of coasts inthe United States and around theworld. Invasive species often outcompete native species either in ascramble for resources or throughinterference competition. In someecosystems, the introduced speciesbecome so dominant that findingnative species becomes an elusive goal.Overall, the effects of introducedspecies rank second to habitat destruc-tion as a threat to biological diversity.Communities and ecosystems are alsoaffected by introductions of newpredators, competitors, disturbers,parasites and diseases. These introduc-tions lead to vast alterations in speciesinteractions and to changes in nutrientcycling and energy flow that result incascading and unpredictable effectsthroughout entire communities.Although no one has determined theactual economic impact, certainindicators suggest that species intro-duced into coastal and marine systemsmay cost the United States hundredsof millions of dollars every year.

Although our knowledge of impactsfrom introductions is poor, we nowknow that numerous species have beenor are being introduced to the coastaland marine ecosystems of the UnitedStates (Box 4). Hundreds of intro-duced species occur in the United

Box 4.

Facts about marine invasions.

a tropical seaweed, Caulerpa taxifolia,developed tolerance for coldertemperatures while growing in public andprivate aquaria in Europe, and, when itescaped into the northwest Mediterranean,its new tolerance of winter temperatureshelped it blanket large stretches of theseafloor and threaten nearshore plantpopulations

the European periwinkle, introduced to NovaScotia around 1840, grazes heavily onshoreline plants that trap and holdsediments. As a result, many coastal inletstransformed from mudflats and saltmarshes to rocky shores

introduced species foul jetties, marinas andbuoys with the result being changes in foodwebs and energy flow that further stresstroubled fisheries

introduced species of crabs, mussels, clams,jellyfish, seagrasses and marsh grasses formconspicuous parts of marine ecosystemsfrom the Hawaiian Islands to the PacificNorthwest, south to San Francisco Bay andsouthern California, east to the Gulf ofMexico, and north to Chesapeake Bay andNew England

Puget Sound, in Washington State, Coos Bay,in Oregon, and Chesapeake Bay, in Virginiaand Maryland, harbor at least 50, 60 and43 non-natives respectively

more than 175 species of introduced marineinvertebrates, fish, algae and higher plantslive in San Francisco Bay alone

in San Francisco Bay alone, an average ofone new introduction becomes establishedevery 14 weeks between 1961 and 1995

new introductions and establishments occurin the United States in 2000–2001, with:

vast numbers of Pacific spotted jellyfish(Phyllorhiza punctata) invading the Gulf ofMexico

billions of small carnivorous, Europeanflatworms (Convoluta convoluta) appearingin the Gulf of Maine

the Asian whelk (Rapana venosa) becomingmore abundant in Chesapeake Bay

the Japanese mahogany clam (Nuttalliaobscurata) reaching southern Oregon

the brown mussel (Perna perna) invadingthe Gulf of Mexico

thousands of Asian shore crabs(Hemigrapsus sanguineus) in Long IslandSound

the Mediterranean green seaweed(Caulerpa taxifolia) and the Asian kelp(Undaria pinnatifida) appearing insouthern California

thousands of farmed Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) escaping into the Pacific

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States’ waters, and the rate of knownintroductions has increased exponen-tially since the 18th century, with nosigns of leveling off. Unfortunately, theexact number of coastal and marineintroductions remains unknown for avariety of reasons. For example, weseldom know the origin and history ofcoastal or marine species. Scientistsprobably overlook introductions ofboth microscopic species and groups oforganisms that are difficult to identify.Some introduced species are cryptoge-nic, which means they look similar tonative species and can only be distin-guished by genetic analyses. A declinein coastal and marine exploration andreduced training in systematics andtaxonomy contribute to confusionabout the precise number of marineintroductions. Overall, we seemdetermined to play ecological roulettewith introductions of marine species.

How are species introducedinto coastal and marinesystems?

Every day, a large number of human-mediated vectors move thousands ofcoastal or marine organisms around theworld and introduce them into newareas. Recent events underscore theneed for effective education and man-agement programs that increase aware-ness of how our activities result inintroductions. Species arrive in UnitedStates’ waters from virtually everyregion of the world after traveling alongnumerous trade routes that continu-ously change. At a given coastal site inthe United States, our activities andactions create the potential for numer-ous, repeated and frequent introduc-tions of non-native species. An exami-nation of some of the key vectorsillustrates the extent and depth of thechallenges we face.

Ballast water and foulingorganisms from ships

Today, more than 45,000 commer-cial, cargo-carrying vessels and hun-dreds of thousands of recreational

vessels ply the world’s seas. Thesevectors transport a diverse array ofmarine life at unprecedented rates(Box 5). In a variety of ways, thesevessels carry living aquatic organismsfrom fresh, brackish or marine water,across and between oceans, or alongcoastlines. An arriving vessel may be avirtual ‘floating biological island,’ withhundreds of species living both on andin the ship.

Since the 1880s, most ships carryballast water. Ballast water pumped orfed by gravity into a vessel compen-sates for the lack of cargo, maintainsthe trim and draft of the vessel, andenhances stability and operationalefficiency. Most ships, even those withcargo, carry some ballast water. A shipmay take on ballast water in port or atsea. The water is held in ballast tanksor floodable cargo holds. A ship maydischarge all or some of its ballastwater when it arrives at its next port.Before water became commonly usedas ballast, ships were loaded withrocks, sand, soil or almost anythingcheap and heavy. Movement of ‘dryballast’ spread thousands of species ofinsects and other arthropods, mollusksand plants. In contrast, ballast watertends to spread saltwater species fromfour communities:

plankton: organisms that driftpassively or swim modestly;nekton: species that swim freely;fouling: organisms (includingbacterial films) that attach to thevertical walls and horizontalstructures in the ballastcompartments; andbenthos: organisms that dwell onthe bottom, such as beds of marineworms and associated species andthe encysted, or resting, stages ofplant plankton (phytoplankton) andanimal plankton (zooplankton).Ballast is not the only means by

which ships carry marine life fromforeign shores to the United States.Fouling organisms attached to theoutside of vessels can also invade newregions. For the past 500 years, tens ofthousands of vessels have formed a

Box 5.

How many and what kinds of species occurin ballast water?

studies in the United States, Germany,Scotland, Wales, Australia and HongKong, reveal that ballast water cancontain representatives of all majorand most of the minor groups ofmarine life

many species travel as larval, or dispersal,stages, and then they become bottom-dwelling organisms as adults

examples of commonly transportedspecies include sea anemones, worms,barnacles, crabs, snails, clams, mussels,oysters, bryozoans, sea urchins, seasquirts and algae

other species, such as diatoms, dino-flagellates, copepods and jellyfish,travel as adults in ballast water

certain viruses and the bacteria thatcause cholera epidemics have also beendetected in ballast water

overall, organisms in ballast waterrange in size from microscopic virusesand bacteria to fish 12 inches (30 cm) orlonger

we probably transport at least7,000 different species of marine life inballast water each day

ballast water, carrying all these non-native species arrives in the UnitedStates at the rate of 2 million gallonsper hour

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conveyor belt between North Americaand the rest of the world by transport-ing species that could not survivedrifting on their own across the highseas. Historically, barnacles, mussels,hydroids, algae and other marineorganisms formed fouling assemblagesthick enough to harbor free-livingspecies, such as crabs and fish. Modernships continue to carry fouling organ-isms on their hulls, rudders, propellersand propeller shafts, as well as inseawater piping systems (includingballast intake screens) and their seachests, the water compartmentsbetween the outside of ships and theballast pumps. Sea chests, in particu-lar, accumulate organisms that wouldnot survive on the hull of the ship, andthey are now suspected of playing asignificant role in introductions.Antifouling paints, which are toxic tomarine life, discourage or prevent theattachment of fouling organisms.Regulations that protect the environ-ment by decreasing use of certainpaints may increase the presence offouling populations. For example,paints containing tributyl tin (TBT)probably will be banned internation-ally. In Australia, decreased use ofpaints with TBT has already increasedship fouling. Further studies areneeded to determine if there is acorrelation between decreased use ofTBT-based paints and increasedintroductions from ship fouling.

Both ballast water and ship foulingmay combine to introduce somespecies of marine life. Ballast water andthe organisms in it are introducedwhen they are discharged as a shiploads cargo. Organisms attached toships’ hulls or sea chests must repro-duce, become dislodged or swim offthe ship in order to be introduced.Many organisms, including barnacles,mussels, hydroids, sea squirts and algae,can be introduced by both mechanisms.

Dry docks, drilling platforms andmaritime activities

Increases in international commerceand reliance on offshore oil, gas and

7

Box 6.

Examples of introductions related tofisheries activities.

intentional introduction of Atlanticstriped bass (Morone saxatilis) to thePacific coast in the 1870s represents astriking example of creating a newfishery

live Atlantic lobsters (Homarusamericanus) purchased at the airport inBoston or New York are released insouthern California waters hours laterby people who would prefer to let theshellfish live rather than eat them

seaweed used to pack bait-worms fromthe Atlantic coast apparently leads tothe introduction of the European shorecrab (Carcinus maenas) on the Pacificcoast

live and healthy softshell, blue crabs(Callinectes sapidus) from ChesapeakeBay have been bought in San Franciscofish markets and occasionally releasedinto California waters by the public

proposals to revitalize the waningoyster industries in the Gulf of Maineand Chesapeake Bay have focused onthe use of non-native species withresistance to the diseases that killednative Chesapeake Bay oysters

Virginia placed sterile stocks of theJapanese oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis)in Chesapeake Bay in 2001

Maryland did not participate in thestocking experiment because ofpotential liabilities if some individualsrevert to a reproductive state, establishwild populations and spread to statesand jurisdictions that do not want non-indigenous oysters

this incident points out the difficultiesof managing introduced species underthe current regulatory system

other resources generate a concomitantincrease in the movement of dry docksused to float and repair ships andsemi-submersible, self-propelleddrilling and production platformsused for discovery and extraction ofresources. These structures haveabundant subsurface space for foulingcommunities and ballast watersystems.

Other maritime activities can alsotransport and introduce species.Examples include the long-distancemovement of navigation buoys, marinafloats, amphibious vessels and sea-planes.

Fisheries activitiesMarine life is dispersed through a

wide range of fisheries activities(Box 6). These activities fall into twobroad categories: intentional releases,whether legal or illegal, and accidentalreleases.

The wisdom of deliberately intro-ducing non-native species has beendebated for a long time. In the19th century, many ‘acclimatizationsocieties’ and government agenciesintentionally released non-nativespecies into United States’ waters to‘improve nature’ or start new fisheries.Today, we make far fewer purposefulattempts to sprinkle exotic marinespecies into the wild. Current propos-als to introduce species often focus onusing individuals that cannot repro-duce because they are sterile or becausetemperatures and other conditions forreproduction are not right. Concernsremain because individuals couldadapt to new temperature regimes andother conditions, and individuals maynot remain sterile. Regardless, peoplestill deliberately transport an unknownnumber of species and individuals on adaily basis. These animals are trans-ported for direct consumption as liveseafood, for use as live bait with‘freshening’ in the marine environ-ment, or with the intent or hope ofstarting a new fishery. We have no dataon the scale of illegal attempts to startnew fisheries by introducing species.

8 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Such attempts may be a significantsource of introductions, given theease with which people bring livingorganisms into the United States intheir luggage.

The distinction between inten-tional and unintentional introduc-tions becomes blurred when weinclude innumerable incidents inwhich the public releases living,nonindigenous organisms withoutany particular future intent. After aday’s fishing, fishermen may discardleftover bait-worms and the seaweedthey were packed in, which containsnumerous other live organisms thatcan become invasive. As a vector,fishermen move relatively smallamounts of material and few species,but they demonstrate that a smallvector may not be a minor one if itleads to major introductions. Thissituation raises the challenge ofwhether to prioritize managementaccording to the volume of trafficthrough a vector or the number ofspecies that are transported. Thesale of live seafood in markets whereit is not native represents anothertroublesome vector. Laws mayrequire private persons or publicagencies to obtain permits beforereleasing animals to deliberatelystart a fishery, but seafood consum-ers can release animals withoutbeing aware of or affected by suchrequirements.

Aquarium industry and theavailability of living marineorganisms on the Internet

In the United States, theaquarium industry sells an unknownnumber of invertebrates, fish, algaeand seagrasses as ‘pets’ or ‘displays.’Tropical and subtropical speciesform the bulk of the imports, buttemperate species are also traded. Afew species are regulated, such aspiranhas, but most imports are notrestricted. Although the organismsare not imported for release into thewild, in the southern half of theUnited States, subtropical and

tropical fish represent an abundantand diverse component of fishcommunities. Data indicate thataccidental or deliberate releases ofaquarium species may contributeto this situation (Figure 3).

In addition to marine lifeavailable for home aquaria, a longlist of other marine organisms canbe purchased for education andresearch on scores of websites. Thefate of these organisms remainslargely in the hands and control ofthe public, educators orresearchers with few, if any,regulatory constraints and little orno information about the potentialconsequences of accidental ordeliberate releases.

Other vectorsA variety of additional vectors,

such as disposal of dredge spoil,beach renourishment andmovement of recreationalequipment, have been invoked atone time or another to explain theappearance of new species. Thesignificance of these vectors mayvary regionally or locally, withbursts of activity related to specialor focused events. Biocontrol, orthe release of one species to controlanother, has not been tried in theoceans, but it is increasingly atopic of discussion.

Floating marine debris as apotential vector for introductionsrepresents another area ofincreasing concern, especially inthe Pacific Ocean. Large numbersof fishing nets drift in the Pacificand come ashore covered withmarine organisms in places like theHawaiian Islands.

Coastal dispersal ofintroductions

Once a new species has arrivedand become established in theUnited States, it may dispersealong the coastline by naturalmeans. It may float or drift as aplanktonic larva, or it can be

8

9A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 9

Figure 3. Sources of introductions in Florida. The large contribution by aquarium

releases is unusual. Source: USGS, 2001.

attached to floating materials suchas seaweeds, seagrasses, and marinedebris. Human-mediated vectorscan also transport a new speciesalone or in combination withnatural means.

Most research efforts focus onmechanisms that could bring new,exotic species into United States’waters. As a result, few data ad-equately describe or quantify hownew invaders spread along a coast-line. Such data are critical topredict both the rate and directionof spread.

The number and diversity oftransport vectors

In the past 200 years, thenumber of vectors transportingmarine species has steadilyincreased. In 1800, only twomechanisms, ship-hull fouling andballast rocks, were available to movethe European shore crab (Carcinusmaenas) across or between oceans.By 1900, three additionalmechanisms became available:ballast water, intentional movementas food, and the importation ofoysters for aquaculture. By theyear 2000, ten human-mediatedmechanisms could move the crabaround the world. Six new vectorswere added to the previous vectorswith ballast rocks being no longer

used. Crabs were moved as bait, asaquarium species, as part of theschool-educational market, asresearch animals, accidentally withlobster shipments, and along withpetroleum production platforms.

The stage for new invasions isconstantly set and reset becausenumerous transport mechanismscome into play on an hourly basis.Numerous ships and seaplanesreach coastal sites in the UnitedStates. Marina floats drift in fromdistant harbors. Live, non-native,marine organisms are purchased forfood, for use as bait or as pets.Educational institutions, researchinstitutions and public aquariahold a large variety of living, exotic,marine organisms. A large seafoodrestaurant overlooking the waterimports live Maine lobsters,wrapped in fresh, invertebrate-laden seaweed. In a nearby saltmarsh or estuary, restoration ofimportant plants may beunderway, using stocks andsediments shipped from distantlocations. Today, more species andmore individuals of those speciesare transported because of theincreasing diversity of vectors.Moreover, the fact that mostspecies can now be introduced bymany different vectors makes theprevention of introductions an evengreater challenge.

10 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Box 7.

Generalized characteristics of successfulinvasive species.

high rate of reproduction

colonizing disturbed habitats beforeother species

short generation time

long life span

high dispersal rate

single-parent reproduction by a femalethat has eggs or is pregnant

asexual reproduction

high genetic variability

phenotypic plasticity, which means itchanges form in response to environ-mental conditions

broad native range

abundant in native range

tolerant of a wide range of conditions

habitat generalist, which means it livesin a variety of habitats

broad diet

gregarious, which means it lives ingroups

benefits from living with humanswithout causing us harm, that is livesas a commensal

Figure 4. Key Federal departments and their responsibilities for invasive species.

Box 8.

Generalized characteristics of habitatssusceptible to invasion.

climatically similar to the originalhabitat of invader

recently disturbed by humans ornatural events

low diversity of native species

absence of predators that will eat theinvading species

absence of native species similar inecology or morphology (form orstructure) to the invader

absence of predators or grazers similarto the invader so food sources are naive

absence of fire so the invader will notneed to adapt to this disturbance

simple food web with few connectionsso the invader will not be competingwith many other species

10

Source: Invasive Species: Federal and Selected State Funding to Address Harmful Nonnative Species,

GAO/RCED-00-219 (Washington, D.C.: Aug. 24, 2000).

Why can’t we just excludepotential invaders?

Management of invasive specieswould be far simpler if we couldidentify potential invaders and wherethey might become established beforewe have a problem. Scientists havelisted characteristics of both potentialinvaders (Box 7) and places susceptibleto invasion (Box 8), but using thesegeneric lists to manage invasive speciesproves to be difficult.

Applying the generic lists proves tobe difficult because:

species may only display one of thetypical characteristics;many species do not display any ofthe characteristics in their nativehabitat;invasions may involve a particularlyinvasive species, a particularlyvulnerable habitat, or both; andthe causes of most invasions areunknown because they were noticedonly after they occurred.

Who’s managing all of this?Management of invasive species

occurs at the international, nationaland state levels. Internationally, thefocus has been on ballast water,endangered species, agricultural pestsand human health (see Appendix A).Terrestrial and freshwater speciesremain the dominant concerns at alllevels, but concerns about saltwaterspecies are increasing.

Within the United States, invasivespecies management is being addressedby coordinated efforts across multipleagencies (Figure 4). The coordinationis to be conducted through the Inva-sive Species Council, a national man-agement plan and the Invasive SpeciesAdvisory Committee (Figure 5).Further coordination regarding aquaticnuisance species and linking to statesand regions occurs through theAquatic Nuisance Species Task Forceand its regional panels. In addition,

11A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Figure 5. Formation and roles of the Invasive Species Council and InvasiveSpecies Advisory Committee.

11

Source: National Invasive Species Council

12 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Box 10.

What can I do about introduced species incoastal and marine systems?

You can:

never release aquarium species, bait,fish, water garden plants or other plantsand animals into the wild

remove attached plants and animalsfrom boats, trailers, SCUBA gear, anchorsand all other equipment

drain water from boats, live wells andbilges before entering new areas

only release ballast water as directedby the United States Coast Guard

never use non-native species for bait

Box 9.

Incidences that illustrate a need for effectivevector awareness and management tools.

1989 seaweed with bait

Seaweed used as packing for baitworms from Maine is discarded inSan Francisco Bay. As a result, thecarnivorous European shore crab(Carcinus maenas) and the Atlanticrocky shore snail (Littorina saxatilis)invade the Pacific Coast.

1992 illegal live imports

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheirsinensis) is discovered in SanFrancisco Bay. Illegally imported liveanimals from Asia are interceptedat California airports.

1998 historic battleship

To soak the hull in freshwater, theUSS Missouri is moved into theColumbia River prior to heading forthe Hawaiian Islands. However, thelower hull remains in saltwater, andas a result, the Mediterranean mussel(Mytilus galloprovincialis) establishesin Pearl Harbor and colonizes theballast tanks of a submarine.

1998 mariculture

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) escapefrom farms in the Pacific Northwest.

2000 marina floats

Floats are towed at sea from NewJersey to Massachusetts eventhough they are encrusted withfouling organisms, including theAsian Crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus).

2000 home aquarium

The Mediterranean green seaweed(Caulerpa taxifolia) is apparentlyreleased from a home aquariuminto a lagoon near San Diego. Itcreates a well-established popu-lation and eradication efforts follow.

2000 live seafood

A hotel sushi bar releases live,Japanese freshwater crabs (Geothel-phusa dehaani) into Lake Las Vegasin Nevada, and they are later foundwalking around.

2001 raw shellfish

New Jersey embargoes 6,000 casesof raw clams from China, which werelabeled ‘cooked.’ Hepatitis A virus isfound in the shellfish.

A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS12

states are appointing people todeal with invasive species anddeveloping management plans inconcert with national efforts (seeAppendix B).

Management plans at all levelstypically recognize prevention or

control of introductions as thekey to success. Once a speciesestablishes and spreads,eradication or control become farmore costly and less likely.Surveillance for nonindigenousspecies and rapid removal beforethey establish and spread is thesecond best defense. Managementplans also recognize the need forresearch, education and outreach.Gathering and disseminatingbetter information can help usmanage invasive species. Forexample, informed decision-makers should make betterchoices about large-scale,intentional introductions, and aninformed public can modify theirbehavior to prevent small-scale,intentional or accidentalintroductions.

Along with others, theNational Sea Grant CollegeProgram and its state programscontribute to management efforts(see Appendix C). For example,the National Sea Grant CollegeProgram awards grants forresearch and outreach related toinvasive species. Partnershipsamong other Sea Grant CollegePrograms, such as Alabama,Florida, Louisiana andMississippi, coordinate effortsdealing with invasive species intheir coastal and marine systems.Key projects include workshopsto help formal and non-formaleducators incorporate invasivespecies into their classroomactivities.

Certainly, we can find timeswhere our management of coastaland marine invasive species fails(Box 9). All of us can helpimprove future efforts (Box 10).

13A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Bibliography

Benson, A.J., P.L. Fuller and C.C. Jacono. 2001. Summary report ofnonindigenous aquatic species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4.United States Geological Survey, Gainesville, Florida. 68 pp.

Benson, A.J., D.C. Marelli, M.E. Frischer, J.M. Danforth and J.D. Williams.2001. Establishment of the green mussel, Perna veridis (Linnaeus 1758)(Mollusca: Mytilidae) on the west coast of Florida. Journal of ShellfishResearch 20: 21–29.

Carlton, J.T. 2001. Introduced species in U.S. coastal waters: environmentalimpacts and management priorities. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington,Virginia. 29 pp.

Carlton, J.T. and J.B. Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport ofnonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78–82.

Florida Invasive Species Working Group. 2002. Statewide invasive speciesstrategic plan for Florida 2002. Florida Invasive Species Working Group,Tallahassee, Florida. 44 pp.

Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel. 2001. Gulf of Mexico Regional Panel: AquaticNuisance Species Annual Report 2001. Gulf of Mexico Program, StennisSpace Center, Mississippi. 22 pp.

Mack, R.N., D. Simberloff, W.M. Lonsdale, H. Evans, M. Clout and F. Bazzaz.2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences andcontrol. Issues in Ecology 5: 1–21.

Meinesz, A., J. de Vaugelas, B. Hesse and X. Mari. 1993. Spread of theintroduced tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in northern Mediterraneanwaters. Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 141–147.

National Invasive Species Council. 2001. Meeting the invasive species challenge.National Invasive Species Council, Washington, D.C. 74 pp.

Pederson, J. (editor). 1999. Marine bioinvasions: proceedings of the First NationalConference. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sea Grant CollegeProgram, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 427 pp.

Ruiz, G.M., P.W. Fofonoff, J.T. Carlton, M.J. Wonham and A.H. Hines. 2000.Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparentpatterns, processes, and biases. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics31: 481–531.

Shafland, P.L. and W.M. Lewis. 1984. Terminology associated with introducedorganisms. Fisheries 9: 17–18.

United States General Accounting Office. 2002. Invasive species: clearer focusand greater commitment needed to effectively manage the problem. UnitedStates General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. 103 pp.

Williams, J.D. and G.K. Meffe. 1998. Nonindigenous species. In: Mac, M. J.,P. A. Opler, C. E. Puckett Haecker, and P. D. Doran. Status and trends of thenation’s biological resources. 2 vols. United States Department of the Interiorand United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 570 pp.

A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 13

14 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS14

Glossary

alien species. Any species that is not native to a given ecosystem, includingseeds, eggs, spores, or other material capable of propagating the species.

ballast water. Water used to adjust the trim and stability of a vessel.

biocontrol. The release of one species in an effort to control another.

bioinvasions. Introductions assisted by humans and natural range expansions.

community. A group of populations that occupy the same area and interact.

cryptogenic species. A species that may be introduced but we cannot distinguishit from similar natural populations without genetic analyses.

ecosystem. Natural systems that produce and recycle more energy and otherresources than they import.

ecosystem services. Things or activities that we value and would not havewithout a healthy ecosystem to support them.

endangered species. A species under threat of imminent extinction.

established. A nonindigenous species that produces self-sustaining populationsor a species that is naturalized.

exotic species. A species that has been introduced into a country that does notcontain any of its natural range.

extinction. The complete global disappearance of a species.

extirpation. The local disappearance of a species, as opposed to extinction.

fouling organism. Animals and plants, such as barnacles, mussels and seaweeds,that attach to human-made substrates, such as piers, navigation buoys andthe bottoms of ships.

grazing. Feeding on plants.

hybridize. To interbreed.

indigenous species. A species that has not been introduced but ratherhistorically occurred or currently occurs in an ecosystem.

intentional introduction. The purposeful import, introduction or transplant of anonindigenous species into an area or ecosystem where it was not previouslyestablished.

interference competition. Interactions during the pursuit of resources, such asspace, food or water, in which one species interferes with or harms another.

introduced invasive species. Species that undergo population explosions andcause harm after being transported to a new area by human actions oractivities.

introduced species. A species whose presence in a given region can be traced tohuman actions or activities that dispersed it across natural geographicbarriers or produced conditions favorable to its growth and spread.

15A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

introduction. The movement of an animal to an area outside its natural rangethrough human activities.

invasion. The spread of a species to a new area due to natural causes or humanintroduction.

invasive species. A species that causes or is likely to cause harm to the economy,environment or human health.

native species. A synonym for indigenous species.

native invasive species. Species that get into modified habitats by their ownmeans and then go through population explosions and cause harm.

naturalized. A synonym for established.

natural range. The area occupied by a species other than where it has beenintroduced.

nonindigenous species. A synonym for alien species.

non-invasive species. A nonindigenous species that does not spread but remainslocalized within its new environment.

non-native species. A synonym for alien species.

pathogen. A specific agent that causes a diseases, such as a bacterium or virus.

pathway. The route or geographic corridor for an invasion.

pest. Can be treated as a synonym for invasive species.

population. An interbreeding group of organisms.

predation. Feeding on animals.

scramble competition. Interactions during the pursuit of resources, such asspace, food or water, in which one species captures the resources withoutinterfering or harming another.

threatened species. Any species that is likely to become endangered within theforeseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

translocation. A synonym for introduction.

transplanted species. A species moved from its natural range to another areawithin the same country.

unintentional introduction. An introduction resulting from activities other thanthe purposeful or intentional movement of a species, including transport inballast water or in water used to transport plants or animals for aquacultureor other purposes.

vector. A method of introduction.

A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 15

16 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS16

Appendix A. International laws and conventions related to invasive species.

Web site

http://www.fao.org/legal/treaties/004t-e.htm

http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/About_Antarctica/Treaty/Flora_and_Fauna.html

http://www.ramsar.org/index.html

http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsp/biologic.html

http://international.fws.gov/laws/citestxt.html

http://www.cms.int/

http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/antarctic.marine.resources.1980.html

http://www.univie.ac.at/RI/KONTERM/intlaw/konterm/vrkon_en/html/doku/unclos.htm

http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/antarctic.treaty.protocol.1991.html

http://www.biodiv.org/

http://unfccc.int/

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm

http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/quarantine.of.plants.1959.html

Relevance

prevent introduction and spread ofpests affecting plants

require permits for introduction ofnonindigenous plants and animalsinto the Antarctic Treaty Area

protect wetlands from variousthreats including invasive species

prohibit development, production,stockpiling, acquisition or retentionof microbial or other biologicalagents that are not for peaceful use

regulate invasive species notcovered by other agreements

prevent, reduce or control factorsthat endanger any species,including introduced exotic species

prevent changes or minimize therisk of changes in the Antarcticmarine ecosystem including theeffects of alien species

prevent, reduce and control theintentional or accidental introduc-tion of potentially harmful speciesto the marine environment

require permits for introducingspecies to Antarctica

prevent introductions or control oreradicate alien or modified speciesthat threaten ecosystems, habitats,species or human health

stabilize and eventually reducegreenhouse gas concentrations thatraise temperatures, change rainfallpatterns and induce or exacerbateinvasions

protect animals or plants frompests and diseases

apply quarantine to prevent theintroduction of plant pests,diseases and weeds

Agreement

International Plant ProtectionConvention (IPPC)

Agreed Measures for theConservation of Antarctic Faunaand Flora

The Convention on Wetlands(Ramsar Convention)

Biological Weapons Convention(BWC)

Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species(CITES)

Convention on MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals

Convention on the Conservationof Antarctic Marine LivingResources

United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Protocol to the Antarctic Treatyon Environmental Protection

Convention on BiologicalDiversity (CBD)

Framework Convention onClimate Change

Agreement on the Application ofSanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures (SPS Agreement)

Agreement concerning Coopera-tion in the Quarantine of Plantsand their Protection against Pestsand Diseases

17A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 17

Agreement

Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of InternationalWatercourses

Biosafety Protocol (Protocol tothe CBD)

European and MediterraneanPlant Protection Organization

Protocol Concerning SpeciallyProtected Areas Wildlife to theConvention for the Protectionand Development of the MarineEnvironment of the WiderCaribbean Area

North American Agreement onEnvironmental Cooperation

North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA)

Convention on Great LakesFisheries Between the UnitedStates and Canada

United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development(UNCED)

World Trade Organization(WTO) – formerly GATT

International Maritimeorganization

United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development(UNCED)

Global Programme of Action forthe Protection of the MarineEnvironment from Land-basedActivities

International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) Resolution

Relevance

prevent the introduction of speciesinto an international watercourse

control transboundary movementof living, modified organisms

prevent introduction and spread ofpests and diseases of plants andanimals

prevent intentional or accidentalintroduction of harmfulnonindigenous or geneticallyaltered species into the CaribbeanRegion

develop recommendationsregarding harmful exotic species

require notice of intent to restrictimports

control and eradicate the non-native, highly invasive Atlantic sealamprey from the Great Lakes

control invasive species and theirimpacts

require notice of intent to restrictimports

deal with ballast water as a vectorfor invasive species

protect forests against invasivespecies

recognize invasive species as animportant threat

reduce risk of introductions

Web site

http://www.un.org/law/ilc/texts/nnavfra.htm

http://www.biodiv.org/biosafety/

http://www.eppo.org

http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/legislation/spaw.html

http://www.cec.org

http://www.sice.oas.org/tradee.asp

http://www.glfc.org/pubs/conv.htm

http://www.igc.org/habitat/agenda21/

http://www.wto.org/wto/english/docs_e/legal_e/final_e.htm

http://www.imo.org

http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-3annex3.htm

http://www.unep.org/unep/gpa/pol2a.htm

http://www.icao.int/

18 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS18

Appendix B. Experts on invasive species in the United States. (Source U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; compiled November 2003).

ST

AL

AK

AZ

AR

CA

CO

CT

DE

FL

GA

HI

ID

Name and Title

Vernon Minton

John CarltonChief, Field OperationsDivision

Bob Piorkowski

John Sisk (alternate)

Larry Riley

Marc Dahlberg(alternate)

Brian Wagner

Susan Ellis

Nate Dechoretz(alternate)

Gary Skiba

Arthur RocqueCommissioner

Jeff Tinsman

Lynn GriffinEnvironmentalAdministratorKurtis Gress (alternate)EnvironmentalAdministratorDaniel Roberts Jr.Research Scientist

Ted Hendrickx

Domingo Cravalho Jr.

Bill HortonFishery Coordinator,Anadromous FishFred PartridgeFishery Coordinator,Resident FishGlen SecristChief, Bureau ofVegetation Mgmt.

Agency

Alabama Departmentof Conservation &Natural ResourcesAlabama Departmentof EnvironmentalManagement

Alaska Department ofFish and GameOffice of the Governor

Arizona Game andFish CommissionArizona Game andFish Commission

Arkansas Game andFish Commission

California Departmentof Fish and GameCaliforniaDepartment of Foodand Agriculture

Colorado Division ofWildlife

Connecticut Departmentof EnvironmentalProtection

Delaware Division ofFish and Wildlife

Florida Department ofEnvironmentalProtectionFlorida Department ofEnvironmentalProtectionFlorida Fish andWildlife ConservationCommission

Georgia Departmentof Natural Resources

Hawaii Department ofAgriculture, PlantQuarantine Branch

Idaho Department ofFish and Game

Idaho Department ofFish and Game

Idaho StateDepartment ofAgriculture

Address

21055 Mildred CaseyGulf Shores, AL 36547

2204 Perimeter RoadMobile, AL 36615

P.O. Box 25526Juneau, AK 99802P.O. Box 110001Juneau, AK 99811-0001

2221 West Greenway RoadPhoenix, AZ 85023-43992221 West Greenway RoadPhoenix, AZ 85023-4399

915 East Sevier StreetBenton, AR 72015

1416 Ninth StreetSacramento, CA 958141220 N. StreetRoom A-357Sacramento, CA 95814

6060 BroadwayDenver, CO 80216

79 Elm StreetHartford, CT 06106

89 Kings HighwayDover, DE 19901

3900 Commonwealth Blvd. MS 47Tallahassee, FL 32399-30003900 Commonwealth Blvd. MS 47Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000100 Eighth Avenue SESt. Petersburg, FL 33701

2123 U.S. Hwy. 278 SESocial Circle, GA 30025

701 Ilalo Street,Honolulu, HI 96813-5524

600 S. Walnut, P.O. Box 25Boise, ID 83707

600 S. Walnut, P.O. Box 25Boise, ID 83707

2270 Old Penitentiary Rd.Boise, ID 83712

Telephone

334-968-7576

334-450-3400

907-465-6109

907-465-3500

602-789-3258

602-789-3260

877-847-2690ext. 22

916-653-8983

916-654-0768

303-291-7466

860-424-3001

302-739-4782

850-487-2231

850-487-2231

727-896-8626

770-918-6418

808-586-0858

208-334-3791

208-334-3791ext. 234

208-332-8536

Facsimile

334-968-7307

334-479-2593

907-465-2604

907-465-3532

602-789-3265

602-789-3265

501-776-8362

916-653-8256

916-653-2403

303-291-7104

860-424-4051

302-739-6780

850-922-5380

850-922-5380

603-971-2386

706-557-3040

808-586-0864

208-334-2114

208-334-2114

208-334-4062

e-mail address

rvminton.amrdgs@gulftel.com

jcc@adem.state.al.us

robertp@fishgame.state.ak.us

john_sisk@gov.state.ak.us

lriley@gf.state.az.us

mdahlberg@gf.state.az.us

bkwagner@agfc.state.ar.us

sellis@dfg.ca.gov

ndechore@cafa.ca.gov

Gary.Skiba@state.co.us

arthur.rocque@po.state.ct.us

jtinsman@state.de.us

Lynn.Griffin@dep.state.fl.us

kurtis.gregg@dep.state.fl.us

dan.roberts@fwc.state.fl.us

ted_hendrickx@dnr.state.ga.us

pqdcrav@elele.peacesat.hawaii.edu

bhorton@idfg.state.id.us

fpartridge@idfg.state.id.us

gsecrist@agri.state.id.us

19A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 19

ST

IL

IN

IA

KS

KY

LA

ME

MD

MA

Name and Title

Mike ConlinChief,Division of FisheriesResourcesPat Charlebois(alternate)Vice Chair,Great Lakes Panel

Gwen WhiteProgram StaffSpecialistRandy Lang (alternate)

Marion ConoverChief of FisheriesKim Bogenschutz(alternate)

Tom Mosher

Ted Crowell

Len BahrExecutive Assistant

Dugan S. Sabins(alternate)

Mark McElroy

Roy BouchardBiologist IIIPeter ThayerMarine ResourcesSpecialistJohn McPhedranInvasive SpeciesCoordinator

Karen Eason

Edith ThompsonInvasive SpeciesPolicy Coordinator

Susan Snow-CotterAssistant Director

Jim Straub

Jason BakerNonpoint MonitoringCoordinator

Agency

Illinois Department ofNatural Resources

Illinois Natural HistorySurvey, Lake MichiganBiological Station

Indiana Department ofNatural Resources, Divisionof Fish and WildlifeIndiana Department ofNatural Resources, Divisionof Fish and Wildlife

Iowa Department of NaturalResourcesIowa Department of NaturalResources

Kansas Department ofWildlife and Parks

Kentucky Department ofFish and Wildlife Resources

Office of the Governor

Environmental ProgramLouisiana Department ofEnvironmental QualityLouisiana Department ofWildlife and Fisheries

Maine Department ofEnvironmental ProtectionMaine Department ofMarine Resources

Department of EnvironmentalProtection, Bureau of Landand Water Quality

Maryland Department of theEnvironmentMaryland Department ofNatural Resources

Massachusetts Coastal ZoneManagement Program

Massachusetts Departmentof EnvironmentalManagementExecutive Office ofEnvironmental Affairs,Office of Coastal ZoneManagement

Address

600 North Grand Ave.West Springfield, IL 62706

400 17th StreetZion, IL 60099

402 West Washington St.273WIndianapolis, IN 46204402 West Washington St.273WIndianapolis, IN 46204

502 9th StreetDes Moines, IA 503191436 255th StreetBoone, IA 50036

P.O. Box 1525Emporia, KS 66901

1 Game Farm RoadFrankfort, KY 40601

625 North Fourth StreetSuite 1127Baton Rouge, LA 70802P.O. Box 82178Baton Rouge, LA 70810

2000 Quail DriveBaton Rouge, LA 70898

State House Station 17Augusta, ME 04333P.O. Box 8Boothbay, ME 04575

State House Station 17Augusta, ME 04333-0017

2500 Broening HighwayBaltimore, MD 21224580 Taylor Ave., E-1Annapolis, MD 21401

251 Causeway StreetSuite 900Boston, MA 02114131 Barnum RoadBuilding 3701Devens, MA 01432251 Causeway StreetSuite 900Boston, MA 02114-1219

Telephone

217-782-6424

847-872-0140

317-232-4093317-233-5468

317-232-4094

515-281-5208

515-432-2823

316-342-0658

502-564-7109ext. 467

225-342-3968

225-765-0246

225-765-2336

207-287-7798

207-633-9539

207-287-6110

410-631-3611

410-260-8555

617-626-1202

508-792-7716

617-626-1204

Facsimile

217-785-8262

847-872-8679

317-232-8150

317-232-8150

515-281-6794

515-432-2835

316-342-6248

502-564-6508

225-342-5214

225-765-0617

225-765-5176

207-287-7191

207-633-9579

207-287-7191

410-631-3873

410-260-8596

617-626-1240

617-626-1240

e-mail address

mconlin@dnrmail.state.il.us

charlebo@uiuc.edu

gwhite@dnr.state.in.us

rlang@dnr.state.in.us

marion.conover@dnr.state.ia.us

Kim.Bogenschutz@dnr.state.ia.us

tomm@wp.state.ks.us

ted.crowell@mail.state.ky.us

lenb@dnr.state.la.us

dugan_s@deq.state.la.us

meclroy_mg@wlf.state.la.us

roy.bouchard@state.me.us

pete.thayer@state.me.us

john.mcphedran@state.me.us

reason@mde.state.md.us

ethompson@dnr.state.md.us

susan.snow-cotter@state.ma.us

jim.straub@state.ma.us

jason.baker@state.ma.us

20 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS20

ST

MI

MN

MS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NH

NJ

NM

Name and Title

Roger EberhardtOffice of the GreatLakesEmily Finnel (alternate)Office of the GreatLakes

Jay RendallExotic Species ProgramCoordinatorDoug Jensen (alternate)Exotic SpeciesInformation CenterCoordinator

Phil BassDirector,Office of PollutionControlGale Martin (alternate)Executive DirectorDavid FelderBiologist,EnvironmentalScientist II

Sue Bruenderman

Tim GallagherResource ProgramBarbra MullinState WeedCoordinator

Steve Schainost

Anita Cook

Jon Sjoberg

Carol HendersonEcologistAmy SmagulaClean Lakes and ExoticSpecies ProgramCoordinator

Floyd YoderSupervisor,Seed Certification andControlRobert CarticaCoordinator

David SnyderBotanist

Brian Lang

Agency

Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality

Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality

Minnesota Department ofNatural Resources, Fish andWildlife DivisionMinnesota Sea GrantCollege Program

Mississippi Department ofEnvironmental Quality

Mississippi Soil and WaterConservation CommissionMississippi Department ofEnvironmental Quality

Missouri Department ofNatural Resources

Montana Department ofFish, Wildlife and ParksMontana Department ofAgriculture, AgricultureScience Division

Nebraska Game and ParksCommission

Nevada Division of Wildlife

Nevada Division of Wildlife

New Hampshire Depart-ment of Fish and GameNew Hampshire Depart-ment of EnvironmentalServices

New Jersey Department ofAgriculture, Division ofPlant Industry

Office of Natural LandsManagement

Office of Natural LandsManagement

New Mexico Department ofGame and Fish

Address

P.O. Box 30473Lansing, MI 48909-7973

P.O. Box 30473Lansing, MI 48909-7973

500 Lafayette RoadSt. Paul, MN 55155-4020

2305 East 5th StreetDuluth, MN 55812-1445

P.O. Box 10385Jackson, MS 39204

P.O. Box 23005Jackson, MS 39225-30054279 Forest ParkJackson, MS 39211

1110 College AvenueColumbia, MO 65201

P.O. Box 200701Helena, MT 59620P.O. Box 200201Helena, MT 59620-0201

2200 N. 33rd StreetLincoln, NE 68503

1100 Valley RoadReno, NV 895124747 Vegas DriveLas Vegas, NV 89108

2 Hazer DriveConcord, NH 033016 Hazer DriveP.O. Box 95Concord, NH 03302

P.O. Box 330Trenton, NJ 08625

22 South Clinton AvenueP.O. Box 404Trenton, NJ 0862522 South Clinton AvenueP.O. Box 404Trenton, NJ 08625

1085-A Richards AvenueSanta Fe, NM 87505

Telephone

517-335-4227

517-335-7927

651-297-1464

218-726-8712

601-961-5100

601-354-7645

601-664-3987

573-882-9880ext. 3239

406-444-2448

406-444-3140

402-471-5443

775-688-1532

702-486-5127

603-271-6649

603-271-2248

609-292-6075

609-984-1015

609-984-7849

505-476-8108

Facsimile

517-335-4053

517-335-4053

651-297-7272

218-726-6556

601-961-5337

601-354-6628

601-664-3938

573-882-4517

406-444-4852

406-444-7336

402-471-5528

775-688-1595

702-486-5133

603-271-6938

603-271-7894

609-292-4710

609-984-1427

609-984-1427

505-827-9956

e-mail address

eberharr@mi.us

finnelle@mi.us

jay.rendall@dnr.state.mn.us

djensen1@d.umn.edu

phil_bass@deq.state.ms.us

gmartin@mswcc.state.ms.us

David_Felder@deq.state.ms.us

bruendes@mail.conservation.state.mo.us

tgallagher@state.mt.us

bmullin@state.mt.us

schainost@ngpc.state.ne.us

acook@govmil.state.nv.us

chenderson@wildlife.state.nh.us

asmagula@des.state.nh.us

floyd.yoder@ag.state.nj.us

rcartica@dep.state.nj.us

dsnyder@dep.state.nj.us

blang@state.nm.us

21A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 21

ST

NY

NC

ND

OH

OK

OR

PA

RI

SC

Name and Title

Timothy J. SinnottBiologist 2

Gerald A. BarnhartAssistant Director ofFish and WildlifeWilliam J. Culligan(alternate)Supervising AquaticBiologist

Dean Horkavy

Terry SteinwandChief of FisheriesLynn Schlueter(alternate)

Gary IsbellExecutive Admin.,Fish Management andResearchRandy Sanders(alternate)Aquatic NuisanceSpecies ProgramAdministrator,Fish Management andResearch

Jeff Boxrucker

Andrew Schaedel

Mark SytsmaAquatic NuisanceSpecies CoordinatorTim ButlerManager,Noxious WeedsControl Program

Kelly BurchChief,Office of the GreatLakesEric ObertProgram Director,Pennsylvania Sea GrantLeo Dunn

Kevin R. CuteMarine ResourceSpecialist

Steve de Kozlowski

Agency

New York Department ofEnvironmentalConservationNew York Department ofEnvironmentalConservationNew York State Depart-ment of EnvironmentalConservation, Lake ErieFisheries Unit

North Carolina Division ofWater Resources

North Dakota Game andFish DepartmentNorth Dakota Game andFish Department

Ohio Department ofNatural Resources

Ohio Department ofNatural Resources, Divisionof Wildlife

Oklahoma Department ofWildlife Conservation

Oregon Department ofEnvironmental QualityPortland State University,Center for Lakes andReservoirsOregon Department ofAgriculture

Pennsylvania Department ofEnvironmental Protection

Penn State, Erie

Pennsylvania Department ofAgriculture, Bureau ofMarket Development

Rhode Island CoastalResource ManagementCouncil

South Carolina Departmentof Natural Resources, Landand Water Conservation

Address

625 BroadwayAlbany, NY 12233-4756

625 BroadwayAlbany, NY 12233-4756

178 Point Drive NorthDunkirk, NY 14048-1031

1611 Mail Service CenterRaleigh, NC 27699-1611

100 N. Bismark ExpresswayBismark, ND 58501-40957928 45th Street, NEDevils Lake, ND 58301

1840 Belcher Drive, GColumbus, OH 43224

1840 Belcher Drive, G3Columbus, OH 43224

500 East ConstellationNorman, OK 73072

811 SW 6th AvenuePortland, OR 972041025 Harrison StreetPortland, OR 97207-0751

635 Capital Street, NESalem, OR 97301-2532

230 Chestnut StreetMeadville, PA 16335

The Behrend CollegeStation RoadErie, PA 16563-01012301 North Cameron St.Room 311Harrisburg, PA 17110

4808 Tower Hill RoadWakefield, RI 02879

207 Canterfield RoadColumbia, SC 29212

Telephone

518-402-8970

518-457-5691

716-366-0228

919-715-5452

701-328-6313

701-662-3617

614-265-6345

614-265-6344

405-325-7288

503-229-6121

503-725-3833

503-986-4625

814-332-6816

814-898-6420

717-783-8462

401-783-3370

803-734-9114

Facsimile

518-402-9027

518-457-0341

716-366-3743

919-733-3558

701-328-6352

701-662-3618

614-262-1143

614-262-1143

503-229-6957

503-725-3888

503-986-4737

814-332-6125

814-898-6462

717-787-5643

401-783-3767

803-734-9200

e-mail address

txsinnot@gw.dec.state.ny.us

nydecdk@netsync.net

nysdecdk@netsync.net

dean.horkavy@ncmail.net

tsteinwa@state.nd.us

ischluet@state.nd.us

gary.isbell@dnr.state.oh.us

randy.sanders@dnr.state.oh.us

jboxrucker@aol.com

schaedel.andrew.l@deq.state.or.us

sytsmam@pdx.edu

tbutler@oda.state.or.us

kburch@state.pa.us

ecol@psu-edu

ledunn@state.pa.us

k_cute@crmc.state.ri.us

koz@water.dnr.state.sc.us

22 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERSA PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS22

ST

SD

TN

TX

UT

VT

VA

WA

WV

WI

WY

DC

Name and Title

Cliff Stone

William C. Reeves

Bruce A. MoultonProgram SpecialistLarry McKinney(alternate)Earl Chilton

Randy Randant

Michael HouserAquatic Biologist

Tom Wilcox

Scott SmithAquatic NuisanceSpecies CoordinatorRon D. Shultz(alternate)Executive PolicyAssistant to theGovernorPam MeachamAssistant AquaticNuisance SpeciesCoordinatorKathy HamelAquatic Plant Specialist

Brian McDonaldCoordinator NaturalHeritage Program

Ron MartinChair,Great Lakes PanelPhilip B. Moy(alternate)Fisheries Specialist

Mike StoneChief of Fisheries

Jon Siemien

Agency

South Dakota Departmentof Game, Fish and Parks

Tennessee WildlifeResources Agency

Texas Natural ResourcesConservation CommissionTexas Parks and WildlifeDepartmentTexas Parks and WildlifeDepartment

Utah Division of WildlifeResources

Vermont Department ofEnvironmental Protection

Virginia Department ofGame and Inland Fisheries

Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife

Washington Governor’sOffice

Washington Department ofFish and Wildlife

Washington Department ofEcology

West Virginia Division ofNatural Resources

Wisconsin Department ofNatural Resources

Wisconsin Sea GrantAdvisory Service

Wyoming Game and FishDepartment

District of ColumbiaDepartment of Health,Fisheries and WildlifeDivision

Address

1125 N. Josephine StreetChamberlain, SD 57325

P.O. Box 40747Nashville, TN 37204

P.O. Box 13087Austin, TX 78711-30874200 Smith School RoadAustin, TX 787444200 Smith School RoadAustin, TX 78744

1594 West North TempleSalt Lake City, UT 84116

103 South Main StreetBuilding 10NWaterbury, VT 05671-0408

4010 West Broad StreetRichmond, VA 23230

600 Capital Way NorthOlympia, WA 98501-1091

P.O. Box 43113Olympia, WA 98501-3113

600 Capital Way NorthOlympia, WA 98501-1091

P.O. Box 47600Olympia, WA 98504-7600

P.O. Box 67Elkins, WV 26241

101 S. WebsterP.O. Box 7921Madison, WI 53707705 Viebahn StreetManitowoc, WI 54220

5400 Bishop BoulevardCheyenne, WY 82006

51 N. Street, N.E.Room 5003Washington D.C. 20002

Telephone

605-734-4538

615-781-6575

512-239-4809

512-389-4636

512-389-4652

801-538-4760

802-241-3777

804-367-8998

360-902-2724

360-902-0676

360-902-2741

360-407-6562

304-637-0245

608-266-9270

920-683-4697

307-777-4559

202-535-2273

Facsimile

605-734-6691

615-781-6667

512-239-6195

512-389-4394

512-389-4405

801-538-4745

802-241-3287

804-367-2427

360-902-3845

360-902-0411

360-902-3845

360-407-6426

304-637-0250

608-267-2800

920-683-4776

307-777-4611

202-535-1373

e-mail address

Cliff.Stone@state.sd.us

breeves@state.tn.us

bmoulton@tnrcc.state.tx.us

larry.mckinney@tpwd.state.tx.us

earl.chilton@tpwd.state.tx.us

nrdwr.rrandant@state.ut.us

mikeh@dec.anr.state.vt.us

twilcox@dgif.state.va.us

smithsss@dfw.wa.gov

ron.shultz@ofm.wa.gov

meachpmm@dfw.wa.gov

kham461@ecy.ma.gov

bmcdonald@dnr.state.wv.us

martir@dnr.state.wi.us

pmoy@uwc.edu

mstone@state.wy.us

Msiemien@DCHealth.com

23A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Appendix C. Sources of information on introduced or invasive species, their management, and their use in research and education.

Description

Aquatic and marine species, all states

Marine species, New England only

Aquatic species, Gulf of Mexico states

Aquatic species, California only

Plants and insects, all states

Plants, all states

National Sea Grant College Program InvasiveSpecies Clearinghouse

National Invasive Species Council

National Invasive Species Council tool kit formanagers

National Biological Information Infrastruc-ture federal and state resources

National Biological Information Infrastruc-ture best management practices

Guidelines for working with microorganisms

Source

http://nas.er.usgs.govhttp://invasions.si.edu/http://www.anstaskforce.gov/http://www.sgnis.org/

http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies

http://nis.gsmfc.org/

http://www.elkhornslough.org/invader.htm

http://www.invasivespecies.org

http://invasives.eeb.uconn.edu

http://www.aquaticinvaders.org/nan_1d.cfm

http://www.invasivespecies.gov

http://www.invasivespecies.gov/toolkit/main.shtml

http://www.nbii.gov/geographic/us/state.html

http://www.nbii.gov/datainfo/bestpractices

National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1968. Guidelines for Research Involving RecombinantDNA Molecules. Published in the Federal Register May 7, 1986 (51FR 16958-16961)with additional major actions published on August 24, 1987 (52F 31838); July 29, 1988(53FR 28819); October 26, 1988 (53FR 43410); March 13, 1989 (54FR 10508);March 1, 1990 (55FR 7438); and August 11, 1987 (52FR 29800) with appendix P forplants and Q for animals.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1984. Coordinated Framework for Regulation ofBiotechnology. Published in the Federal Register December 31, 1984 (49FR 50856) andJune 26, 1986 (51FR 23302+).

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1986. Advance Notice of Proposed USDA Guidelinesfor Biotechnology Research. Published in the Federal Register June 26, 1986 (51FR23367-23393) and February 1, 1991 (56FR 4134-4149).

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1986. Introduction of Organisms and ProductsAltered or Produced Through Genetic Engineering Which are Plant Pests or for WhichThere is Reason to Believe are Plant Pests. Published in the Federal Register June 26, 1986(51FR 23352-23366) and June 16, 1987 (52FR 22892-22915).

Coulson, J. R., and R. S. Soper. 1989. Protocols for the Introduction of Biological ControlAgents in the U.S. Chapter I, pages 2-35 In: Kahn, R. P. (ed.). Plant Protection andQuarantine. Volume III Special Topics. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Office of Agricultural Biotechnology. 1988. USDAGuidelines for Research Outside the Laboratory Involving Biotechnology. Also FederalRegister June 26, 1986 (51FR 23367-23313) and February 1, 1991 (56FR 4134-4149).

A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS 23

24 A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS

Description

Guidelines for working with whole plantsand animals

International guidelines for working withnonindigenous species

Guidelines for working with pathogens

Source

Jennings, D. P., and J. A. McCann. 1991. Recommended Protocol for HandlingNonindigenous Aquatic Species. National Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, Gainesville, FL. 43-page manuscript.

http://www2.mcgill.ca/biology/phytotron/ipm_responsibilities.htm

European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. 1988. Code of Practice and Manual ofProcedures for Consideration of Introductions and Transfers of Marine and FreshwaterOrganisms. FAO. EIFAC. Occasional paper No. 23. 52 pages.

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 1982. Proposed Guidelines forImplementing the ICES Code of Practice Concerning Introduction and Transfer ofMarine Species. 23-page manuscript.

Anonymous. 1989. Operating Procedures for the Alma Quarantine Facility. Prepared forthe Alma Research Station, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. 16 pages typewritten.

Horner, R. W., and R. L. Eschenroder. 1991. Protocols to Minimize the Risk of IntroducingSalmonid Disease Agents with Importation of Salmonid Fishes. Draft manuscript.11 pages. Prepared for Great Lakes Fish Disease Control Committee. Pages 27-37.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1984. Biosafety in Microbiological andBiomedical Laboratories. 1st Edition (March 1984). U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta,Georgia 30333, and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

An additional 17 references on laboratory disease and pathogen control methods can befound listed in the Federal Register, May 7, 1986 (51FR 16965).

A PRIMER ON INVASIVE SPECIES IN COASTAL AND MARINE WATERS24

3

Can We Stop “Killer Algae” from Invading Florida?Several species of Caulerpa grow in Florida, and the state has ideal conditions for anintroduction of the now infamous invasive alga, Caulerpa taxifolia, which decimatedhabitats in the Mediterranean. Florida’s coastal residents can help prevent an invasion ofthis killer algae by following a few simple measures outlined in this full-color, 2-page factsheet. Contact Florida Sea Grant, (352) 392-2801, http://www.flseagrant.org. Singlecopies free, multiple copies have a charge. Request SGEF 155.

Are Native and Nonindigenous Seaweeds Overgrowing Florida’sEast Coast Reefs?Scientists are concerned that extensive blooms of the non-native, green algaCaulerpa brachypus will spread on Florida’s reefs unless the amount of nutrientsentering the sea can be reduced. This 2-page, color fact sheet describesmacroalgal blooms that have been found on Florida’s east coast reefs and wayscoastal residents can work to lower the nutrient loads that fuel them. ContactFlorida Sea Grant, (352) 392-2801, http://www.flseagrant.org. Single copiesfree, multiple copies have a charge. Request SGEF 156.

Don’t Release Non-Native Species —Water Gardeners/Aquarium HobbyistsMost aquarium and water garden plants and animals sold in pet shops are non-nativesimported predominantly from Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.This pair of two-sided, color rack cards explains the perils of releasing these non-nativeplants and animals into waterways and gives hobbyists safe alternatives for disposal.Contact Florida Sea Grant, (352) 392-2801, http://www.flseagrant.org. Single copiesfree, multiple copies have a charge.

Invasive Non-Native Plants Photo-MuralsTwo large, fully laminated photo-murals depict 75 invasivenon-native aquatic and terrestrial plants found in Florida andthroughout the U.S. All plants are depicted in large, strikinglyattractive color photographs. Free to Florida teachers andpublic agency trainers who request them in writing, onletterhead from APIRS Photo-Mural, Center for Aquatic andInvasive Plants, 7922 NW 71 ST, Gainesville, FL 32653.Copies can be purchased from the IFAS Extension Bookstore,(800) 226-1764, http://www.ifasbooks.ufl.edu.

Divers Alert! Dive CardYou can help prevent the spread of harmful marine invasives by reporting sightings ofintroduced species. This full-color, laminated card describes a variety of plants andanimals that are already present in Florida waters or likely to invade soon. It also givesdivers and boaters the Aquatic Nuisance Species toll free hotline and web site.

Green Mussel Alert Wallet CardInvasive green mussels appeared in Florida in 1999. These bright green shellfishcan grow densely on boats, buoys, and piers, and they may become pests thatcrowd out native oysters. This wallet card illustrates mussels and gives instructionsfor reporting their presence. Contact Florida Sea Grant, (352) 392-2801,http://www.flseagrant.org. Single copies free, multiple copies have a charge.

Educational Materials on Marine InvasivesPreventing or controlling introductions is the best defense against invasive species. Florida Sea Grant and itspartners provide these additional educational materials for coastal residents.

4

Science ServingFlorida’s Coast

PO Box 110409University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida 32611-0409

(352) 392-5870www.FLSeaGrant.org