Charles D. Reilly

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

M. RONNIER LUO is a Professor of Colour Science at flection and interreflections, object identification, extrac-tion using object invariants (color and geometric) , andthe Colour and Imaging Institute, University of Derby in

Great Britain. He received a B. S. in Fiber Technology physics based vision related to image understanding. Hereceived a B. S. degree from Han-Kuk Aviation Collegefrom the National Taiwan Institute of Technology, Tai-

wan in 1981 and a Ph. D. in Colour Physics from the in 1984 and an M. S. in 1987 from Korea Advanced Insti-tute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in mechanicalUniversity of Bradford in Great Britain in 1986. He has

published numerous articles in the areas of color measure- engineering, Seoul, Korea. Since 1993, he has been work-ing toward a doctorate degree in KAIST, Seoul, Korea.ment, color difference, color-appearance modeling, and

color reproduction. He is the Chair of the Colour Mea- IN SO KWEON is the Department Head of the Depart-surement Committee (CMC) U. K. and an active member ment of Automation and Design Engineering, and an asso-of six technical committees of the CIE. He was the recipi- ciate professor in the Department of Electrical Engi-ent of the 1994 Bartleson Award for his work in color neering at KAIST. He received B. S. and M. S. degreesscience. ROBERT G. W. HUNT is a color consultant and in mechanical design and production engineering fromalso Visiting Professor of Physiological Optics at the City Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1983, and aUniversity, London. Earlier he was an experimental offi- Ph. D. degree in robotics from the Robotics Institute atcer at the Ministry of Supply and a scientist, then Director Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, inof Research at Kodak Research Laboratories, Harrow. He 1990. Before joining KAIST, he was a visiting scientistreceived a B. S. and an A. R. C. S. in physics and a in the Information Systems Laboratory at Toshiba Re-D. I. C. in technical optics, all from Imperial College of search and Development Center, and he worked on behav-Science and Technology, University of London. He was ior-based mobile robots and motion vision research. Hisalso awarded a Ph. D. in 1953 and a D. S. in 1968 from current research interests include invariant based visionthe University of London. Dr. Hunt has written several for recognition and assembly, 3D sensors and range databooks and numerous article on color vision, color repro- analysis, color modeling and analysis, robust edge detec-duction, and color measurement, as well as teaching many tion, and moving object segmentation and tracking. Dr.courses both in academia and industrial short courses. He Kweon is a member of ICASE, IEEE, and ACM. YANGis an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, SEOCK SEO is currently Director of the Signal Pro-Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, Fellow of the Physi- cessing Laboratory of SAIT. His current research interestscal Society, Fellow of the Royal Television Society, Hon- include color processing, object based image and audioorary Fellow of the British Kinematograph Sound and signal compression related to international standardiza-Television Society, and Honorary Member of the Society tion (MPEG, JPEG), color vision, and image understand-for Imaging Science and Technology. ing. He received a B. S. degree in electronic engineering

from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1973From 1996 to 1997, ALEXANDER P. PETROV, Ph. D.,and a Ph. D. degree from Pennsylvania State Universitywas a visiting professor in the Signal Processing Labora-in the United States, in 1990.tory at SamSung Advanced Institute of Technology

(SAIT) in Korea. There he worked on perceived illumina-TUNG-CHANG HSEUE received an M. S. degree intion measure and estimating surface color from the imageelectrical engineering from National Tsing Hua Univer-irradiance equation that he proposed and is the foundationsity, Hsinchu, Taiwan in 1996. YU-CHUAN SHEN re-of the article in this issue. After his returned to Russia, Dr.ceived a B. S. degree from National Cheng Kung Univer-Petrov died suddenly in January 1998. A more detailedsity, Tainan, Taiwan in 1990 and a M. S. degree frombiographical sketch is included in the Necrology sectionNational Tsing Hua University in 1992, both in electricalof this issue. CHANG YEONG KIM is a Senior Re-engineering. Presently he is a Ph. D. candidate in thesearcher in Signal Processing Laboratory of SAIT. SinceDepartment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing1987, he has been working for SAIT in the field of colorHua University. Mr. Shen is a member of the Chinesecorrection technology of devices, color error diffusion forImage Processing and Pattern Recognition Society. Heinkjet printers and displays based on device calibrationreceived an Excellent Paper Award of the ‘‘Dragon To-technology, and color WYSIWYG between color printertem’’ Thesis Award from ACER Co., in 1992, and anand display devices. His main interests include a colorExcellent Student Paper Award from the Chinese Bio-constancy model combined illuminant perception with themedical Engineering Society Annual Symposium, inphysic-based analysis based on recognition specular re-1995. His current interests focus on human-based colorinformation processing, including color ( image) pro-

q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. cessing, color science, color psychophysics, fuzzy set the-

133CCC 0361-2317/98/030133-05Volume 23, Number 3, June 1998

/ 8A1B$$1953 04-30-98 12:03:51 crra W-Color Res

ory, and pattern recognition. PO-CHI CHEN received a manager of the color technology sub-project in the ‘‘5Year Computer Peripherals Key Component Develop-B. S. degree in electrical engineering from the Nationalment Program.’’ His main interests are in color reproduc-Tsing Hua University in 1984. From 1984 until 1987 hetion processing, analysis of color input/output devices,worked at the Electronic Research and Service Organiza-and device-independent color processing.tion of the Industrial Technology Research Institute as a

design engineer. In 1989, he received an M. S. degreeMIGUEL SORIANO is a lecturer at the University of

from the Institute of Computer Science and Information Almeria, Spain. He received a Ph. D. degree in pharmacyEngineering at National Chiao Tung University. Since in 1994. His thesis research, supervised by Drs. G. Del-1989, he has been working toward a Ph. D. degree in gado, E. Gamiz, and R. Delgado, was related to the inter-the same institute. His current research interests include national harmonization of standards for talc for pharma-computer vision, machine learning, knowledge discovery ceutical use. MANUEL MELGOSA, Ph. D., is an associ-in databases, and color science. WEN-HSING HSU re- ate professor in the Department of Optics at the Universityceived a B. S. in Electrical Engineering from National of Granada in Spain. His research is centered on color-Cheng Kung University in 1972, and M. E. and Doctor difference evaluation and applied colorimetry. Sinceof Engineering degrees in Electrical Engineering from 1995, he has served as an Optical Society Delegate to theKeio University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1978 and 1982, respec- Inter-Society Color Council. In 1997, together with twotively. In 1982 he joined the Department of Electrical other members of the Optics Department, he was awardedEngineering at National Tsing Hua University and is cur- the Peter Abel Award from the German Association ofrently a professor there. He also joined the Institute of Contact Lens Specialists and Optometrists. MANUELInformation Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, R.O.C., SANCHEZ-MARANON, Ph. D., is an associate professor

in the area of soil science at the University of Almeria,as associate research fellow in 1984 and is currently aSpain. He has worked widely in the field of soil color,research fellow there. Since August 1990, he has beenand is currently interested in colorimetry of mineral mate-the Deputy General Director of Opto-Electronics and Sys-rials and their relationship with composition, particle size,tems Laboratory, of the Industrial Technology Researchand structure. GABRIEL DELGADO has been an associ-Institute. Dr. Hsu has been recognized with many awardsate professor in the Department of Soil Science and Ag-including: a Technology Discovery Award from the Sunricultural Chemistry at the University of Granada, Spain,Yat-Sen Cultural Foundation (1986), an Outstanding Per-since 1987. His main research interests are the evolutionson on Information Science, in the Republic of Chinaof soils and the study of biomineralization by bacteria in(1986), one of the ten outstanding engineers in the Re-soils. ENCARNACION GAMIZ, Ph. D., is also an associ-public of China by the Chinese Institute of Engineersate professor in the same department as Dr. Delgado.(1988), Outstanding Research Awards from the NationalSince 1987 she has been working on different aspects ofScience Council, Republic of China (1988, 1989, andphyllocilicate minerals, both in soils and in terms of their

1990), and a Best Paper Award from the Chinese Institutepharmaceutical applications. She is a member of the

of Engineers (1989). His research interests include image Group of Experts N7 9 for the European Pharmacopoeiaprocessing, pattern recognition, parallel algorithm, neural Commission for the Talc Monograph (International Har-computer, and fuzzy theory. He is a member of the Insti- monized Pharmacopoeia) . RAFAEL DELGADO, Ph. D.,tute of Electronics, Information, and Communication En- is a full professor in the Department of Soil Science andgineers, Information Processing Society of Japan, and Agricultural Chemistry at the University of Granada inIEEE of United States. YUAN-TE LIU was graduated Spain, and the Head of Geopharmaceutical and Soil Sci-from National Tseng-Hua University with B. S. and M. S. ence Research Group of this department. Currently he isdegrees in electrical engineering in 1984 and 1991, re- working on various aspects of phyllosilicate minerals,spectively. In 1991, he began working at Opto-Electronics such as composition properties or genesis in soils. He isand Systems Laboratories of the Industrial Technology also a member of the Group of Experts N7 9 for theResearch Institute, where he is responsible for setting up European Pharmacopoeia Commission for the Talc

Monograph (International Harmonized Pharmacopoeia) .the Color Laboratory. In 1992, he became the project

IN THIS ISSUE

age (CIE) has been involved with the evaluation of im-With the growing number of computer applications inages in different media. In 1990, CIE TC 1–27 issuedwhich color is a critical factor, there has been an increaseguidelines to encourage research studies that could thenin concern about the color match between what is seenbe used by the committee in their work. In ‘‘Cross-Mediaon the computer display and printed images. A technical

committee of the Commission Internationale de L’Eclair- Performance Evaluation of Color Models for Unequal

134 COLOR research and application


Luminance Levels and Dim Surround,’’ by Tung-Chang cult for observers to make such matches, because theobserver must first look at one color, then time must beHseue, Yu-Chuan Shen, Po-Chi Chen, Wen-Hsing Hsu,allowed for the observer to adapt to the new viewingand Yuan-Te Liu, the authors report on their research,conditions before looking at the second color and stillwhich followed the TC 1–27 guidelines and should addhold in memory the first color. For accuracy and consis-to the body of data available for study.tency, it is important that the observer be adapted to theAnother technical committee of the CIE (1.34) hasilluminant under which the observations occur. In thisbeen examining color-appearance models. In 1996, thearticle, M. Ronnier Luo and Robert W. G. Hunt describeCommittee members decided to try to combine the bestan index, which would provide a numerical method thatfeatures of the current models into one high-performancecould replace the difficult visual observations of themodel. It was also agreed that the model should have twoamount color samples change in appearance when theversions, a comprehensive version for general use and ailluminant changes.simple version for use in specified limited conditions. At

For the next article we move from color inconstancythe CIE Division 1 meeting in Kyoto, Japan in May 1997,to observers’ judgments relating to color constancy. Now,TC 1.34 on Colour Appearance Models adopted the sim-in ‘‘Perceived Illumination Measured,’’ A. P. Petrov,plified version as an interim model (CIECAM97s). ThreeC. Y. Kim, I. S. Kweon, and Y. S. Seo seek to addressarticles in this issue are related to this new color-appear-a different but related capability of human vision: theance model.estimation of illuminant properties from a reflected-lightThe first two articles describe the model and the verifi-image. If certain color relationships exist among the partscation of its performance. In the first article, Drs. M.in a scene, a human viewer sees these parts as beingRonnier Luo and Robert W. G. Hunt present the compo-reflecting objects under a single illumination—the per-nents of the CIE 1997 Colour Appearance Model andceived (inferred) illumination of the scene. However, ifdescribe the steps needed to implement the model in bothan object is brighter than would be permitted by ordinarythe forward and reverse modes. In the second article,reflectances under the inferred illumination, such an ob-‘‘Testing Colour Appearance Models using Correspond-ject is seen as self-luminous or fluorescent. Experiments

ing-Color and Magnitude-Estimation Data Sets,’’ theperformed by Petrov, et al. examine some properties of

same authors report on comparisons of CIECAM97s withthe perceived illumination, revealed by the conditions un-

six other models. der which patches in a scene do or do not appear fluores-The third article is ‘‘A Chromatic Adaptation Trans- cent. Their approach is almost unique [but see Speigle

form and a Colour Inconstancy Index.’’ When an observer and Brainard, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 13, 436–451 (1996)looks at a sample under one illuminant, then looks at for a related approach]. Future work will reveal morethe sample under another illuminant and judges the color about how the visual system infers illuminant from aappearance to be unchanged, we say that color constancy reflected-light scene.has occurred. However, in most situations some changes The final article in this issue describes a unique newin color appearance do occur. One of the components of industrial application involving the use of color indicesCIECAM97s is a chromatic adaptation transform, which in quality control. In ‘‘Whiteness of Talcum Powders aswas originally developed as part of the work of the Colour a Quality Index for Pharmaceutical Uses,’’ M. Soriano,Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and M. Melgosa, M. Sanchez-Maranon, G. Delgado, E.Colourists. This transform can be used by itself to calcu- Gamiz, and R. Delgado describe research that analyzedlate corresponding colors under different illuminants. the correlation between pharmacopoeia tests of industrialWhat are corresponding colors? A pair of corresponding talcum powders and the color of the talcum powder. Thecolors consists of a color observed under one set of condi- relationships found were so strong that they suggest thattions and another color that has the same appearance as the instrumental measurement of color and the establish-the first when observed under another set of conditions ment of color limits could be useful as an indicator of

purity and suitability of talc.(such as viewed under a different illuminant) . It is diffi-

NECROLOGY

The Godlove nominating committee cited Reilly forCharles D. Reilly‘‘his long-term contributions to the field of color sci-

Charles (Chuck) D. Reilly, who retired as a Research ence.’’ He was the co-inventor and major contributor toFellow from DuPont’s Engineering Physics Laboratory the development of the Cube Root Coordinate System,in 1983 and was the 1987 recipient of the ISCC Godlove the basis for the CIELAB 76 Equations and all modernAward, died Saturday, December 13, 1997 at his home extensions like CMC and CIE-94. He led the DuPont

development of many color instruments, as well as thein Longmont, Colorado.

135Volume 23, Number 3, June 1998


color science underlying their technology. The ‘‘Col- entrance exams and provided perhaps the best and thebroadest education in natural sciences, especially in phys-ormaster’’ and ‘‘Du Color’’ colorimeters are two exam-

ples of such devices, which gained wide use internation- ics and mathematics. Sasha Petrov graduated from MFTIone year ahead of his class ( the first such occurrence atally.

During his 30-year career, Chuck was considered espe- the time), passed a series of exams in theoretical physicsdesigned by Prof. Landau for young theoreticians andcially productive in adapting basic science to the manu-

facturing world. He was directly involved with research known as ‘‘Landau’s minimum,’’ and defended a thesisthat was judged by many to be at a Ph.D. level. In histhat led to major improvements in the measurement and

control of coloring processes used in finishes, textile fi- thesis, which he later turned into a sole author publication,he proved that the so-called ‘‘Rosenblatt perceptron,’’bers, plastics, pigments, printing and lithographic prod-

ucts, photo products, and dyes. which was all the rage in the cybernetics of the time, isimpossible in principle.In addition to his technical contributions, Chuck de-

voted much energy towards teaching a whole generation Despite all his early academic success, he was not al-lowed to stay in the Institute of Problems of Informationof younger DuPont scientists, in a quiet unassuming

manner. He was an advisor, sponsor, teacher, confidant, Transfer, where he did his thesis work, probably to a largeextent because of ethical and scientific disagreements withand role model to countless color scientists, who con-

tinue to contribute to the field through research, publica- his scientific advisor. So, despite his deep interest in theproblems of perception and cybernetics, he was forced totion, committee participation, and organizational leader-

ship. accept employment at an institution of a rather differentkind: Kurchatov Institute of Nuclear Energy (later theChuck was elected Fellow of the Optical Society of

America in 1978. He served with distinction on the OSA Russian Scientific Center, ‘‘Kurchatov Institute’’) , wherehe stayed for the next 32 years. At the Kurchatov InstituteUniform Color Scales Committee, resulting in a more

uniform color coordinate system intended to replace the he was hired as a mathematician (applied and pure mathe-matics, mathematical modeling of physical processes—Munsell System. He also received the Bruning Award

from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technol- in particular modeling of nuclear reactors—and latercomputer vision and image recognition). Although heogy in 1988 for his contributions to color science. In

1996, the DuPont Company honored Chuck Reilly with was never specifically trained as a mathematician, he wasprepared to carry out this job, partly because of thethe Lavoisier Medal, the company’s highest scientific

award, citing his achievements in the theory, instrumen- breadth of the education at MFTI and partly because hispersonal scientific interests were unusually wide. Never-tation, measurement, and control in applied optics and

color. theless, he carried his initial interest in biophysics andspecifically in visual perception through his whole lifeand continued to collaborate with the laboratory whereDAVID ALMAN

he started his scientific career and where he defended histhesis.

Alexander (Sasha) Petrov Later he became interested in the so-called ‘‘ill-posed’’problems in mathematical physics, and invented an ex-March 20, 1940–December 19,tremely powerful and original statistical approach to this1997difficult problem. This approach was so novel and power-ful that the academician Tichonov, one of the foremostAlexander (Sasha) Petrov, eminent Russian scientist, hu-

manist, and political dissident, passed away in December. mathematicians of this century and the author of classicalworks on ill-posed problems, said that finally somebodyHe made important contributions in differential geometry,

nonlinear differential equations, the geometry of visual did something decisive about them and suggested thatthis work should be counted as a Ph. D. thesis. Sashaspace, and color constancy (including the first algorithm

description for shape from colored shading.) quickly became widely respected in the Kurchatov Insti-tute and was unexpectedly invited to lead a new labora-Alexander (Sasha) Petrov was born on March 20, 1940

in Mongolia. His father was in the Russian Air Force and tory of applied mathematics and experimental analysis.This was extremely unusual, not only because it happenedhis mother was a nurse. His father fought in the first battle

against the Japanese at Chalkin–Gol in 1940 and then in the midst of wide-ranging layoffs in the Institute, butalso because he was unusually young for a head of thethroughout the war in battles with Nazi Germany.

Even as a young child Sasha Petrov stood out from his lab (30 years old) , his wife was Jewish, and he was nota Communist Party member. Do not forget that the insti-peers not only because of his abilities and good grades,

but as his teachers remarked then, also because of his tute was the place where the nuclear bomb was createdand, therefore, politically a highly sensitive place. Re-exceptionally original and striking way of thinking. After

graduating from high school, Sasha Petrov entered the garding membership in the Communist Party, not onlywas he not a member at the time when he became a labMoscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MFTI) —

probably the most prestigious institution of higher learn- leader, but he did not join the party later on, despite quitea lot of pressure from his superiors. In addition, his labing in the USSR. This school had exceptionally difficult

136 COLOR research and application


was the only one in the Institute of ten thousand people Over the years Sasha had interacted with many scien-tists all over the world. The pattern of discussions waswithout a single party member. Only the brilliance of hisalways the same. Sasha would start an exciting, happywork could provide the cover for such an auspiciouslyconversation about human vision and how it works. Atnonconformist group.the end, all the participants had expressed their point ofDuring the Brezhnev–Andropov years ( from the lateview and had arrived at a higher, better, clearer analysis1960s to the beginning of the Gorbachev’s perestroikaof the problem. All the participants had changed theirin the mid-1980s) , when the state vigilantly suppressedthinking, but none had been forced to change their mind.any expression of unsactioned thought, and people wereSasha had joined with the participants and helped thempersecuted for voicing minute differences of opinionclarify the essence. At the same time, Sasha had sharedwith the official ‘‘party line,’’ Sasha Petrov managedhis joyful love of science and of life.to create a unique laboratory. The members of his lab

In recent years, Sasha was a consultant to a Samsungwere not only partners in a common scientific project,Laboratory in Korea. He managed this while keepingbut also had common interests in various areas of thevery close ties with his colleagues in Moscow and inhumanities, and also in a generally critical, dissidentthe rest of the world. His main scientific interests wereattitude toward the current political situation and thein the area of image recognition and computer and natu-repressive policies of the state. Members of Sasha’sral vision. He was his own harshest critic and editor,lab, often joined by their friends and family, frequentlyand consequently he published a modest number ofgot together to discuss (often quite seriously and for-papers ( around 50) . However, some of his results havemally, in the form of academic seminars ) general philo-become classical and are now in textbooks. He pre-sophical, cultural, historical, and literary issues. Theysented his work widely all around the world, especiallyread and discussed ‘‘illegal’’ works of Solzhenitsin,in the last few years.Nabokov, Aksenov, and others. Sasha’s lab was an oa-

His work in the area of color vision was honored bysis of freedom in the Brezhnev desert.the Royal Society of Great Britain with the Kapitsa

Later, in 1989–1991, practically all laboratory mem-Fellowship. Sasha Petrov was a scientist of exception-

bers took part in meetings and demonstrations in sup-ally broad interests, a true intellectual of encyclopedic

port of the democratic movement, and in 1991, many knowledge both in natural sciences and in the humanit-of them, including Sasha himself, were the defenders ies. He conducted experimental research in psycho-of Yeltsin’s ‘‘White House’’ during the August coup physics at the Institute of the Problems of Informationd’etat. Starting in 1987, Sasha was one of the members Transfer, gave lectures in psychology at the Moscowof Academician Sacharov’s think tank ‘‘Moscow trib- University, presented his thoughts on James Joyce toune.’’ He published several popular articles raising his an audience of literature professors, studied structuralvoice against antisemitism and the threat of fascism in linguistics, made important contributions in pure math-Russia. He was a true citizen, who took many of the ematics in the fields of differential geometry, nonlinearsocial problems very close to heart and treated them as differential equations, and geometry of the visual space,his own problems. For many people he was an example and worked out original approaches to the problems ofof a true citizen and a patriot. color constancy and the representation of color in the

Sasha arranged for a group of Russian vision scientists visual system. In whatever he did, he was original,to visit vision scientists in the United States in the late sometimes paradoxical, but always truly rigorous.1980s. He arranged the trip through the close friendship Throughout his scientific life he carried deep-rootedof Eugene Velichov (Vice President of the Russian Acad- optimism that through systematic, logical analysis it isemy of Sciences) and Jerry Weisner (President of MIT). always possible to solve any problem. Nothing was tooSasha and his colleagues visited MIT, Polaroid, NYU, difficult in principle. Sasha Petrov was deeply modest

and unpretentious. He was a talented and an empatheticUniversity of Chicago, Smith Kettlewell, Berkeley, NIH,human being, a person with a deep sense of honor, aand ARVO. American scientists were surprised how wellRussian ‘‘intelligent’’ in the truest sense of this word.the Russian scientist understood the American research.Everyone who knew him infinitely respected him. HisAmericans quickly learned that the Iron Curtain was onlybright image will always be in our hearts.a one-way filter. The research done in Russia had not

been appreciated in the U. S. at that time, but Sasha and ALEXANDER BONCH-OSMOLOVSKIhis colleagues had found access to western research and VICTOR ZUK

JOHN MCCANNhad read it with characteristic thoroughness.

137Volume 23, Number 3, June 1998


Documents

Charles D. Reilly