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Charles Brock, M.D.
d hDiagnosing Migraine Headache Any severe or recurrent headache most likely is a Any severe or recurrent headache most likely is a form of migraine
Almost all patients will have family history of p y ymigraines or at least “sick” headaches
Only 15% have preceded or accompanied focal neurologic symptoms Usually visual
Vi i l di t ti i ‘ l i i ’ Vision loss or distortion in one eye – ‘ocular migraine’ “Classic migraine”
Recurrent Headaches Primary Primary
Migraine TensionCl Cluster
Other benign – cough, cold temperature, post coital, exertion
R t H d hRecurrent Headaches Secondary (pain from complications) Secondary (pain from complications)
Intracranial tumor Intracranial aneurysmI i l A V lf i Intracranial A‐V malformation
Temporal arteritis
Migraine with aura – Criteria* At least 2 attacks with 3 of the following:
Fully reversible aura symptoms At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually during more At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually during more than 4 minutes or 2 symptoms occur in succession
Any aura symptom lasts less than 60 minutes Headache follows the aura within 60 minutes
*International Headache Society - 2004
Mi i i hMigraine with aura Visual aura common
Slowly evolving scintillating scotoma that moves or th h i l fi ldpasses through visual field
Duration of aura – 22 minutes Should not be called ocular migraine if bilateral eye Should not be called ocular migraine if bilateral eye involvement Just call them migraine with aura
Vi l ti l (VARS)Visual aura rating scale (VARS)
Visual Symptom Risk Score
Duration 5 60 minutes 3Duration 5 - 60 minutes 3
Develops gradually over 5 min 2
Scotoma 2
Zigzag line (fortification) 2Zigzag line (fortification) 2
Unilateral (homonymous) 1
MIGRAINE with AURA DIAGNOSIS ≥ 5
Migraine with aura –vascular risk?
Migraine with aura is associated with 2 fold risk of ischemic stroke & cardiovascular event
Ab l i k i l ( ) Absolute risk is low (4 per 10000 women years) May be indication for aggressive treatment of other risk factorsfactors
Unclear if more intense treatment & prevention of migraines will alter the risk
Migraine without aura –*Criteria*
At least 5 attacks (bunch of them) Lasting 4‐72 hours untreated or unsuccessfully t t d (did ’t j t i kl )treated (didn’t just go away quickly)
Must have one of these to be migraine: Nausea or vomiting Nausea or vomiting Photophobia Phonophobia
*International Headache Society - 2004
Migraine without aura –*Criteria*
Then usually have at least 2 of these:Then usually have at least 2 of these: Unilateral pain Throbbing/pulsating Aggravation on movement Moderate or severe intensityd f b h l And of course to be sure not something else:
H & P does not suggest organic disorder H & P suggests an organic disorder which is then ruled H & P suggests an organic disorder which is then ruled out
An organic disorder is present but attacks do not occur f h t i i l i h di dfor the 1st time in close time to the disorder
*International Headache Society - 2004
Di i th t h d hDiagnosing the acute headache The classification criteria are best suited for a The classification criteria are best suited for a between‐attack assessment of their typical headacheheadache However, they are often used for the acute attack Once acute pain relieved take time to make an Once acute pain relieved, take time to make an accurate diagnosis
Up to 1/3 of ED patients cannot be assigned a Up /3 p gdiagnosis Despite a through questionnaire‐based assessmentp g q
ER Clinical Decision Rule“ D i i ” h f “ID Migraine” – three features Sensitivity to light Nausea or vomiting Nausea or vomiting Disabling intensity of headache
0 ‐ 1 positive ‐ low probabilityp p y If 2 positive higher probability of migraine
Criteria focus on typical attacks not the current acute kattack
Epidemiology ‐Migraine Can start at an age ho e er Can start at any age, however,
Peak incidence of onset is mid‐adolescence (age 13‐16) History of colic or motion sickness support Dx History of colic or motion sickness support Dx
Median frequency ‐ 1.5/month Greater increase in prevalence with aging in womenGreater increase in prevalence with aging in women
Females ‐ 6.4% age 12 ‐ 17; 17.3% age 18 ‐ 29 Males ‐ 4.0% age 12 ‐ 17; 5.0% age 18 – 29 Usually more severe in women
Pathophysiology i i i i l Migraine is a primary neural event
Something lowers threshold for a cortical spreading depression (CSD)depression (CSD) Which causes regional hypoperfusion (aura) Release of proinflammatory neurochemicalsp y
Neural event results in vasodilation Which leads to pain & more nerve activation
Migraine headache is not a primary vascular event
Why does it hurt? Substance of brain is largely insensate Pain could come from:
Cranial blood vessels Trigeminal innervations of vesselsR fl ti f t i i l t ith i l Reflex connection of trigeminal system with cranial parasympathetic flow
No clear explanation for why it hurtsNo clear explanation for why it hurts
Testing Indications* Laboratory tests not helpful or needed to make the Laboratory tests not helpful or needed to make the diagnosis
EEG not indicated as routine evaluation Neuroimaging guidelines
Typical migraine with normal neurologic exam Neuroimaging not warranted (SOR B) Neuroimaging not warranted (SOR‐B)
Insufficient evidence regarding imaging in presence of neurologic symptoms (SOR‐C)
*U.S. Headache Consortium (2000)
Neuroimaging ‐ EBM For non‐acute HA with unexplained abnormal finding on neurologic examination – obtain neuro image (SOR B)image (SOR‐B)
If atypical features or headache does not fulfill definition of migraine – lower the threshold for gobtaining imaging (SOR‐C)
CT vs. MRI? Insufficient data to recommend MRI compared to CT in evaluation of migraine or other nonacute headache (Grade C)( )
Red Flags! Strongly consider neuroimaging if
New onset > age 50 Thunderclap onset Focal and nonfocal symptoms Abnormal signs Abnormal signs Headache with change in posture Valsalva headacheValsalva headache HIV or cancer diagnosis
Prodrome (before headache) Some patients experience symptoms hours to days Some patients experience symptoms hours to days before the headache (prodrome) Fatigueg Inattentiveness/confusion Restlessness, elation, +/‐ irritability Insomnia +/‐ depression Joint painH f d i Hunger or food craving
Yawning
Treatment Goals of treatmentGoals of treatment
Reduce frequency, severity, & duration of headaches Improve quality of life (QOL) Avoid acute medication escalation
Treatment Guidelines are based upon having a specific diagnosisspecific diagnosis Often difficult initially to make specific Dx Therefore, significant uncertainty about ‘best’ initial treatment
Treatment ‐Migraine The brain of patients with migraines does not The brain of patients with migraines does not tolerate peaks or troughs of life
Patients should get: Regular sleep Go to bed and awaken same time every day
Regular mealsRegular meals Eat same time every day Never skip meals – fasting associated with precipitating headacheprecipitating headache
Regular exercise Avoid peaks of stress, troughs of relaxationA id i di i Avoid unique dietary triggers
Migraine & Diet ‐ EBM Frequency, duration & severity are NOT increased by dietary choices (SOR‐A)
Ch l h l h l i i l Cheese, alcohol, chocolate, citrus are not universal triggers
Low‐fat diet reduced frequency of migraines (SOR‐B)Low fat diet reduced frequency of migraines (SOR B)
lMigraine & Supplements ‐ EBM Supplements reduced frequency & intensity Supplements reduced frequency & intensity
Riboflavin – 400 mg qd Effect begins at 1 month, maximal @ 3 months
Magnesium – 600 mg qd Diarrhea common ‐ almost 20% 360 mg qd during luteal phase reduced menstrual migraine3 g q g p g
Others Butterbur 100‐150 mg/d CoQ10 300 mg/d CoQ10 300 mg/d Feverfew 18.75 mg/d
National Guideline Clearing HouseNational Guideline Clearing House SOR – A http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=6231&nbr=004002&string=migraine
Treatment of Acute Pain NSAID (SOR‐A) Ketorolac (Toradol®) – 10 mg oral, 60 mg IM, or 30 mg IV(SOR‐C)IV(SOR C)
Combinations Isometheptene mucate, dichloralphenazone and
i h (Mid i ®)acetaminophen (Midrin®) Butalbital has not been effective in controlled trials (butalbital/acetaminophen/caffeine‐ 50/325/40
® b lb l ff l®)Fioricet®, butalbital/ASA/caffeine‐50/325/40 Fiorinal®)
Treatment of Acute Pain NSAIDs more effecti e hen NSAIDs – more effective when:
Taken early With adequate initial dose With adequate initial dose Combined with antiemetic
ASA 1000 mg g Combined with metoclopramide IM (Reglan®) reduces nausea/vomiting but not better pain control
Treatment of Acute Pain IV fluids ma benefit patients although benefit is not IV fluids may benefit patients, although benefit is not well established Unlikely to be harmful especially in patients with Unlikely to be harmful especially in patients with persistent GI symptoms
Parenteral therapy preferred due to gastric stasis & d l d b i f l di idelayed absorption of oral medications
Treatment of Acute Pain Droperidol (Inapsine®) probabl most effecti e of Droperidol (Inapsine ) probably most effective of dopamine agonists Pain relief at 2 hours approaching 100%Pain relief at 2 hours approaching 100% Ideal dose – 2.5 mg IV FDA warning about QT prolongation
Treatment of Acute Pain Prochlorpera ine (Compa ine®) 10 mg IV Prochlorperazine (Compazine ) 10 mg IV
Effective with diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) – 25 mg IV [Friedman 2008][ ]
Superior to SC sumatriptan in ED setting [Kostic 2010] Children 0.15 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes (max 10 mg)
If EPS develop give diphenhydramine 1mg/kg (max 50 mg)
Treatment of Acute Pain Metoclopramide* (Reglan®)
IV – monotherapy 10 ‐ 20 mg IV IM – 10 mg adjunct to other therapies (SOR‐C)
* FDA boxed warning 2/26/09 – Long-term or high-dose use of metoclopramide has been linked to tardive dyskinesia.
Treatment of Acute Pain Ergot alkaloids Ergot alkaloids
Dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45®) – 1 mg IM/IV/SC Since it may cause nausea, more effective with y ,metoclopramide (Reglan®) to reduce nausea
Nasal spray effective Ergotamine/caffeine (1/100) (Cafergot®) Little evidence effective aloneHi h i k f & b d h d h High risk of overuse & rebound headache
Treatment of Acute Pain Sodium valproate (Depacon®) Sodium valproate (Depacon )
500 – 1000 mg in 10 ml normal saline IV over 30 min May be effective but less than prochlorperazine y p p(Compazine®)
fTreatment of Acute Pain ‐ EBM Patients ith substantial disabilit ill benefit from Patients with substantial disability will benefit from serotonin 5‐HT1B/1D agonists (‘triptans’) SOR – ASOR A Clinical Evidence http://www.clinicalevidence.com/ceweb/conditions/nud/1208/1208.jsp
Triptan Efficacy No one triptan is superior in all pain relief parameters Use one triptan for 2‐3 attacks before abandoning that
di imedication If one does not work try another one
Triptans (Medical Letter 2008)Onset of action Elimination half-lifeOnset of action Elimination half life
Almotriptan (Axert®) 30 - 60 min 3 - 4 hoursEletriptan (Relpax®) 30 - 60 min 3 - 4 hoursFrovatriptan (Frova®) ~ 2 hrs ~ 25 hrsNaratriptan (Amerge®) 1 - 3 hrs ~ 6 hrsRizatriptan (Maxalt®) 30 - 60 min 2 - 3 hrsRizatriptan (Maxalt ) 30 60 min 2 3 hrsSumatriptan (Imitrex®) ~ 2 hrs
tablets 30 - 60 minnasal spray 10 - 15 minSC injection ~ 10 min
Zolmitriptan (Zomig®) 2 - 3 hrsZolmitriptan (Zomig ) 2 3 hrstablets 30 - 60 min
nasal spray 10 - 15 min
Triptans – Cautions Contraindicated with CAD uncontrolled Contraindicated with CAD, uncontrolled hypertension or cerebrovascular disease, hemiplegic migraine
Should not be taken within 24 hrs of another triptan or ergotamine‐containing/ergot‐type medication
Taking them with an SSRI or SNRI can cause life‐threatening serotonin syndrome
Combining MedicationsSumatriptan 85 mg & Naproxen 500 mg Sumatriptan 85 mg & Naproxen 500 mg (Treximet®) more effective than either alone for acute pain reliefpain relief
Unknown effect of taking 2 separate pills (not tested) The combination may have some increased benefit in ymild/moderate pain but no evidence of need for fixed dose combination (Medical Letter 2008)
Early Recurrence Up to 75% of patients will experience a recurrence of pain within 48 hours
N ( ) i ( ) ll Naproxen (500 mg) or sumatriptan (100 mg) equally effective treating the recurrence [Friedman 2010]
Naproxen prophylactically can prevent recurrence (NNT Naproxen prophylactically can prevent recurrence (NNT – 3)
Triptans should not be used prophylacticly
P ti E l RPreventing Early Recurrence
Parenteral dexamethasone (10‐25 mg IV) Produced 26% relative reduction in recurrence within 72 h [C l ]hours [Colman 2008]
Modest benefit in the ED – prevented 1 in 10 patients from experiencing moderate or severe recurrence [Singh 2008]experiencing moderate or severe recurrence [Singh 2008]
Later trials failed to find benefit with oral dexamethasone or prednisone
l dAcute Pain & Parenteral Opioids Should not be used as 1st line therap Should not be used as 1st line therapy
International Headache Consortium Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians American Academy of Neurology
New Treatments Acute Pain Diclofenac oral solution (Cambia®) – dissolve Diclofenac oral solution (Cambia ) – dissolve contents in water
Sumatriptan patch (Zelrix™) – similar levels to SCSu at pta patc ( e ) s a e e s to SC
New Treatments Acute Pain DHE inhaled (Levadex®) – patients not responding to DHE inhaled (Levadex ) – patients not responding to triptans or more than 6 hours into headache?
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) antagonist g p p ( ) g(telcagepant) – as effective as zolmitriptan 5 mg oral
Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) More effective than placebo in pain‐free at 2 hours (39% vs 22%)(39% vs 22%)
After the Migraine ‐ Postdrome Some patients may have:
Mood changes “Hangover” Tired Weak Weak Disoriented “Not right” Not right
Chronic Migraine (CM) or Medication Overuse Headache (MOH)
Chronic migraine previously called ‘transformed Chronic migraine previously called transformed migraine’
Consider medication overuse if ≥ 2 days/week for > 3 y / 3months analgesic use
Over period of time (months to years) can become almost daily headache Resembles mixture of tension & migraineO i ll ll d ‘t i l ’ Occasionally called ‘tension‐vascular’
Hint – if awaken with headache consider medication overuse
CM Modifiable Risk Factors Risk factor associated with increased risk of developing CM
S f l lif Stressful life events Sleep disturbance (i.e. Snoring/sleep apnea) Obesity Obesity Baseline headache frequency Medication overuse
CM &MOHCM & MOH Treatment Treatment
Must stop acute medication to determine Headaches will go away in a few days if medication Headaches will go away in a few days if medication overuse is etiology
No controlled trials of medication withdrawal May get severe withdrawal headache Severe withdrawal headache can be treated with
h t f d ishort course of prednisone Randomized trial found no difference with steroid compared to placebop p
Preventive Medication Candidates:
Unresponsive to acute attack medication & disabling h d hheadache
≥ 2 attacks/month Increasing frequency of attacks Increasing frequency of attacks Migraines with potential neurological sequelae Patient preference (just wants to use medication to p (jprevent headaches)
Prevention therapy ‐ EBM First line treatment should be:st e t eat e t s ou d be:
Propranolol (Inderal®) 20 – 240 mg/day
Timolol 10 – 30 mg/day Less evidence to support other beta‐blockers
Amitriptyline 10 1 0 mg/da 10 – 150 mg/day
Prevention therapy ‐ EBM First line treatment should be:st e t eat e t s ou d be:
Divalproex sodium (Depakote®) 125 – 500 mg BID
Topiramate (Topamax®) 50 ‐ 100 mg BID May be as good as propranolol Anti‐epileptic drugs had greater suicidal ideation vs placebo (0 43% vs 0 22%)vs. placebo (0.43% vs 0.22%)
Prevention therapy Second line (SOR‐B)
Gabapentin ‐ pregnancy category D Carbamazepine* ‐ pregnancy category D
* FDA Alert 12/12/07 – Dangerous or even fatal skin reactions can be caused by Carbamazepine therapy in patients with a particular HLA-B*1502 allele.
Prevention Therapies ‐ EBMR l i i i (SOR A) Relaxation training (SOR‐A) Progressive muscular relaxation Breathing exercises Breathing exercises Directed imagery
Cognitive‐behavioral (SOR‐A)g Combined with medication (SOR‐B)
Acupuncture appears to be effective (SOR‐A) Sham acupuncture just as effective as real [Linde 2009]
Thermal biofeedback with relaxation trainingThermal biofeedback with relaxation training
P i f Mi iPrognosis of Migraines Study with 10 year follow up of 11 14 year olds at Study with 10 year follow‐up of 11‐14 year olds at onset of migraines 40% no longer had headache4 g 20% had episodic tension headache 20% had migraine type that was different from the original diagnosed headacheoriginal diagnosed headache
Frequency & intensity usually decreases after menopausep
Two fold increased risk of CVA [Spector 2010] May influence how aggressive to be with other
h i d i k f CVAtherapies to reduce risk of CVA
Key Points Diagnosis of migraine headache is clinical
Almost always positive family history
Triptans are preferred treatment for frequent migraines
Discuss preventive therapy with all patientsDiscuss preventive therapy with all patients
Provide treatment plan for breakthrough pain
References1 Cohen AS et al High‐flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache 1. Cohen AS et al. High‐flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache.
JAMA 2009;302:2451‐2457.2. Colman I et al. Parenteral dexamethasone for acute severe migraine
headache: meat‐analysis of randomized controlled trials for headache: meat‐analysis of randomized controlled trials for preventing recurrence. BMJ 2008;336:1359‐1361.
3. Friedman BW et al. The relative efficacy of meperidine for the treatment of acute migraine: a meta‐analysis of randomized treatment of acute migraine: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:705‐713.
4. Friedman BW et al. A randomized controlled trial of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute migraine. Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:399‐406.
5. Friedman BW et al. Treating headache recurrence after emergency department discharge: A randomized controlled trial of naproxen department discharge: A randomized controlled trial of naproxen versus sumatriptan. Ann Emerg Med 2010;
References6 Haghighi AB et al Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution 6. Haghighi AB et al. Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution
as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossed‐over study. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:451‐456.Pract 2010;64:451 456.
7. Kostic MA et al. A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous prochlorperazine versus subcutaneous sumatriptan in acute migraine therapy in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med migraine therapy in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2010;56:1‐6.
8. Linde K et al. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD001218Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD001218
9. Schurks M et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b3914.
References10 Singh A et al Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard 10. Singh A et al. Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard
therapy for acute migraine headache decrease the incidence of recurrent headache for patient treated in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:1223‐1233.department. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:1223 1233.
11. Spector JT et al. Migraine headache and ischemic stroke risk: an updated meta‐analysis. Am J Med 2010;123:612‐624.