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Charles Brock, M.D.

Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

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Page 1: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Charles Brock, M.D.

Page 2: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

d hDiagnosing Migraine Headache Any severe or recurrent headache most likely is a  Any severe or recurrent headache most likely is a form of migraine

Almost all patients will have family history of p y ymigraines or at least “sick” headaches

Only 15% have preceded or accompanied focal neurologic symptoms Usually visual

Vi i  l    di t ti  i       ‘ l   i i ’ Vision loss or distortion in one eye – ‘ocular migraine’ “Classic migraine”

Page 3: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Recurrent Headaches Primary  Primary 

Migraine TensionCl Cluster

Other benign – cough, cold temperature, post coital, exertion

Page 4: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

R t H d hRecurrent Headaches Secondary (pain from complications) Secondary (pain from complications)

Intracranial tumor Intracranial aneurysmI i l A V  lf i Intracranial A‐V malformation

Temporal arteritis

Page 5: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Migraine with aura – Criteria* At least 2 attacks with 3 of the following:

Fully reversible aura symptoms At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually during more  At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually during more than 4 minutes or 2 symptoms occur in succession

Any aura symptom lasts less than 60 minutes Headache follows the aura within 60 minutes

*International Headache Society - 2004

Page 6: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Mi i i hMigraine with aura Visual aura common 

Slowly evolving scintillating scotoma that moves or  th h  i l fi ldpasses through visual field

Duration of aura – 22 minutes Should not be called ocular migraine if bilateral eye  Should not be called ocular migraine if bilateral eye involvement Just call them migraine with aura

Page 7: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Vi l ti l (VARS)Visual aura rating scale (VARS)

Visual Symptom Risk Score

Duration 5 60 minutes 3Duration 5 - 60 minutes 3

Develops gradually over 5 min 2

Scotoma 2

Zigzag line (fortification) 2Zigzag line (fortification) 2

Unilateral (homonymous) 1

MIGRAINE with AURA DIAGNOSIS ≥ 5

Page 8: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Migraine with aura –vascular risk?

Migraine with aura is associated with 2 fold risk of ischemic stroke & cardiovascular event

Ab l   i k i  l  (         ) Absolute risk is low (4 per 10000 women years) May be indication for aggressive treatment of other risk factorsfactors

Unclear if more intense treatment & prevention of migraines will alter the risk

Page 9: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Migraine without aura –*Criteria*

At least 5 attacks (bunch of them) Lasting 4‐72 hours untreated or unsuccessfully t t d (did ’t j t      i kl )treated (didn’t just go away quickly)

Must have one of these to be migraine: Nausea or vomiting Nausea or vomiting Photophobia Phonophobia

*International Headache Society - 2004

Page 10: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Migraine without aura –*Criteria*

Then usually have at least 2 of these:Then usually have at least 2 of these: Unilateral pain Throbbing/pulsating Aggravation on movement Moderate or severe intensityd f b h l And of course to be sure not something else:

H & P does not suggest organic disorder H & P suggests an organic disorder which is then ruled  H & P suggests an organic disorder which is then ruled out

An organic disorder is present but attacks do not occur f   h   t i  i   l   i     h  di dfor the 1st time in close time to the disorder

*International Headache Society - 2004

Page 11: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Di i th t h d hDiagnosing the acute headache The classification criteria are best suited for a  The classification criteria are best suited for a between‐attack assessment of their typical headacheheadache However, they are often used for the acute attack Once acute pain relieved  take time to make an Once acute pain relieved, take time to make an accurate diagnosis

Up to 1/3 of ED patients cannot be assigned a Up /3 p gdiagnosis Despite a through questionnaire‐based assessmentp g q

Page 12: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

ER Clinical Decision Rule“ D  i i ”  h  f “ID Migraine” – three features Sensitivity to light Nausea or vomiting Nausea or vomiting Disabling intensity of headache

0 ‐ 1 positive ‐ low probabilityp p y If 2 positive  higher probability of migraine

Criteria focus on typical attacks not the current acute kattack

Page 13: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Epidemiology ‐Migraine Can start at an  age  ho e er Can start at any age, however,

Peak incidence of onset is mid‐adolescence (age 13‐16) History of colic or motion sickness support Dx History of colic or motion sickness support Dx

Median frequency ‐ 1.5/month Greater increase in prevalence with aging in womenGreater increase in prevalence with aging in women

Females ‐ 6.4% age 12 ‐ 17; 17.3% age 18 ‐ 29 Males ‐ 4.0% age 12 ‐ 17;   5.0% age 18 – 29 Usually more severe in women

Page 14: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Pathophysiology i i  i     i   l  Migraine is a primary neural event

Something lowers threshold for a cortical spreading depression (CSD)depression (CSD) Which causes regional hypoperfusion (aura) Release of proinflammatory neurochemicalsp y

Neural event results in vasodilation Which leads to pain & more nerve activation

Migraine headache is not a primary vascular event

Page 15: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Why does it hurt? Substance of brain is largely insensate Pain could come from:

Cranial blood vessels Trigeminal innervations of vesselsR fl   ti   f t i i l  t   ith  i l  Reflex connection of trigeminal system with cranial parasympathetic flow

No clear explanation for why it hurtsNo clear explanation for why it hurts

Page 16: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Testing Indications* Laboratory tests not helpful or needed to make the Laboratory tests not helpful or needed to make the diagnosis

EEG not indicated as routine evaluation Neuroimaging guidelines

Typical migraine with normal neurologic exam Neuroimaging not warranted (SOR B) Neuroimaging not warranted (SOR‐B)

Insufficient evidence regarding imaging in presence of neurologic symptoms (SOR‐C)

*U.S. Headache Consortium (2000)

Page 17: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Neuroimaging ‐ EBM For non‐acute HA with unexplained abnormal finding on neurologic examination – obtain neuro image (SOR B)image (SOR‐B)

If atypical features or headache does not fulfill definition of migraine – lower the threshold for gobtaining imaging (SOR‐C)

CT vs. MRI? Insufficient data to recommend MRI compared to CT in evaluation of migraine or other nonacute headache (Grade C)( )

Page 18: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Red Flags! Strongly consider neuroimaging if 

New onset > age 50 Thunderclap onset Focal and nonfocal symptoms Abnormal signs Abnormal signs Headache with change in posture Valsalva headacheValsalva headache HIV or cancer diagnosis

Page 19: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Prodrome (before headache) Some patients experience symptoms hours to days  Some patients experience symptoms hours to days before the headache (prodrome) Fatigueg Inattentiveness/confusion Restlessness, elation, +/‐ irritability Insomnia +/‐ depression Joint painH    f d  i Hunger or food craving

Yawning 

Page 20: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment  Goals of treatmentGoals of treatment

Reduce frequency, severity, & duration of headaches Improve quality of life (QOL) Avoid acute medication escalation

Treatment Guidelines are based upon having a specific diagnosisspecific diagnosis Often difficult initially to make specific Dx Therefore, significant uncertainty about ‘best’ initial treatment

Page 21: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment ‐Migraine The brain of patients with migraines does not  The brain of patients with migraines does not tolerate peaks or troughs of life

Patients should get: Regular sleep Go to bed and awaken same time every day

Regular mealsRegular meals Eat same time every day Never skip meals – fasting associated with precipitating headacheprecipitating headache

Regular exercise Avoid peaks of stress, troughs of relaxationA id  i  di   i Avoid unique dietary triggers

Page 22: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Migraine & Diet ‐ EBM Frequency, duration & severity are NOT increased by dietary choices (SOR‐A)

Ch   l h l   h l   i       i l  Cheese, alcohol, chocolate, citrus are not universal triggers

Low‐fat diet reduced frequency of migraines (SOR‐B)Low fat diet reduced frequency of migraines (SOR B)

Page 23: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

lMigraine & Supplements ‐ EBM Supplements reduced frequency & intensity Supplements reduced frequency & intensity

Riboflavin – 400 mg qd Effect begins at 1 month, maximal @ 3 months

Magnesium – 600 mg qd Diarrhea common ‐ almost 20% 360 mg qd during luteal phase reduced menstrual migraine3 g q g p g

Others Butterbur 100‐150 mg/d CoQ10 300 mg/d CoQ10 300 mg/d Feverfew 18.75 mg/d

National Guideline Clearing HouseNational Guideline Clearing House SOR – A http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=6231&nbr=004002&string=migraine

Page 24: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain NSAID (SOR‐A) Ketorolac (Toradol®) – 10 mg oral, 60 mg IM, or 30 mg IV(SOR‐C)IV(SOR C)

Combinations Isometheptene mucate, dichloralphenazone and 

i h  (Mid i ®)acetaminophen (Midrin®) Butalbital has not been effective in controlled trials (butalbital/acetaminophen/caffeine‐ 50/325/40 

® b lb l ff l®)Fioricet®, butalbital/ASA/caffeine‐50/325/40 Fiorinal®)

Page 25: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain NSAIDs  more effecti e  hen NSAIDs – more effective when:

Taken early With adequate initial dose With adequate initial dose Combined with antiemetic

ASA 1000 mg g Combined with metoclopramide IM (Reglan®) reduces nausea/vomiting but not better pain control

Page 26: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain IV fluids ma  benefit patients  although benefit is not  IV fluids may benefit patients, although benefit is not well established Unlikely to be harmful especially in patients with Unlikely to be harmful especially in patients with persistent GI symptoms

Parenteral therapy preferred due to gastric stasis & d l d  b i   f  l  di idelayed absorption of oral medications

Page 27: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain Droperidol (Inapsine®) probabl  most effecti e of  Droperidol (Inapsine ) probably most effective of dopamine agonists Pain relief at 2 hours approaching 100%Pain relief at 2 hours approaching 100% Ideal dose – 2.5 mg IV FDA warning about QT prolongation

Page 28: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain Prochlorpera ine (Compa ine®) 10 mg IV Prochlorperazine (Compazine ) 10 mg IV

Effective with diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) – 25 mg IV [Friedman 2008][ ]

Superior to SC sumatriptan in ED setting [Kostic 2010] Children 0.15 mg/kg IV over 15 minutes (max 10 mg)

If EPS develop give diphenhydramine 1mg/kg (max 50 mg)

Page 29: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain Metoclopramide* (Reglan®) 

IV – monotherapy 10 ‐ 20 mg IV  IM – 10 mg adjunct to other therapies (SOR‐C)

* FDA boxed warning 2/26/09 – Long-term or high-dose use of metoclopramide has been linked to tardive dyskinesia.

Page 30: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain Ergot alkaloids Ergot alkaloids

Dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45®) – 1 mg IM/IV/SC Since it may cause nausea, more effective with y ,metoclopramide (Reglan®) to reduce nausea

Nasal spray effective Ergotamine/caffeine (1/100) (Cafergot®) Little evidence effective aloneHi h  i k  f   &  b d h d h High risk of overuse & rebound headache

Page 31: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Treatment of Acute Pain Sodium valproate (Depacon®) Sodium valproate (Depacon )

500 – 1000 mg in 10 ml normal saline IV over 30 min May be effective but less than prochlorperazine y p p(Compazine®) 

Page 32: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

fTreatment of Acute Pain ‐ EBM Patients  ith substantial disabilit   ill benefit from  Patients with substantial disability will benefit from serotonin 5‐HT1B/1D agonists (‘triptans’) SOR – ASOR  A Clinical Evidence http://www.clinicalevidence.com/ceweb/conditions/nud/1208/1208.jsp

Page 33: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Triptan Efficacy No one triptan is superior in all pain relief parameters Use one triptan for 2‐3 attacks before abandoning that 

di imedication If one does not work try another one

Page 34: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Triptans (Medical Letter 2008)Onset of action Elimination half-lifeOnset of action Elimination half life

Almotriptan (Axert®) 30 - 60 min 3 - 4 hoursEletriptan (Relpax®) 30 - 60 min 3 - 4 hoursFrovatriptan (Frova®) ~ 2 hrs ~ 25 hrsNaratriptan (Amerge®) 1 - 3 hrs ~ 6 hrsRizatriptan (Maxalt®) 30 - 60 min 2 - 3 hrsRizatriptan (Maxalt ) 30 60 min 2 3 hrsSumatriptan (Imitrex®) ~ 2 hrs

tablets 30 - 60 minnasal spray 10 - 15 minSC injection ~ 10 min

Zolmitriptan (Zomig®) 2 - 3 hrsZolmitriptan (Zomig ) 2 3 hrstablets 30 - 60 min

nasal spray 10 - 15 min

Page 35: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Triptans – Cautions Contraindicated with CAD  uncontrolled  Contraindicated with CAD, uncontrolled hypertension or cerebrovascular disease, hemiplegic migraine

Should not be taken within 24 hrs of another triptan or ergotamine‐containing/ergot‐type medication

Taking them with an SSRI or SNRI can cause life‐threatening serotonin syndrome

Page 36: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Combining MedicationsSumatriptan 85 mg & Naproxen 500 mg Sumatriptan 85 mg & Naproxen 500 mg (Treximet®) more effective than either alone for acute pain reliefpain relief

Unknown effect of taking 2 separate pills (not tested) The combination may have some increased benefit in ymild/moderate pain but no evidence of need for fixed dose combination (Medical Letter 2008)

Page 37: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Early Recurrence Up to 75% of patients will experience a recurrence of pain within 48 hours

N  (   )    i  (   )  ll   Naproxen (500 mg) or sumatriptan (100 mg) equally effective treating the recurrence [Friedman 2010]

Naproxen prophylactically can prevent recurrence (NNT Naproxen prophylactically can prevent recurrence (NNT – 3)

Triptans should not be used prophylacticly 

Page 38: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

P ti E l RPreventing Early Recurrence

Parenteral dexamethasone (10‐25 mg IV) Produced 26% relative reduction in recurrence within 72 h  [C l   ]hours [Colman 2008]

Modest benefit in the ED – prevented 1 in 10 patients from experiencing moderate or severe recurrence [Singh 2008]experiencing moderate or severe recurrence [Singh 2008]

Later trials failed to find benefit with oral dexamethasone or prednisone

Page 39: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

l dAcute Pain & Parenteral Opioids Should not be used as 1st line therap Should not be used as 1st line therapy

International Headache Consortium Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians American Academy of Neurology

Page 40: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

New Treatments Acute Pain Diclofenac oral solution (Cambia®) – dissolve  Diclofenac oral solution (Cambia ) – dissolve contents in water

Sumatriptan patch (Zelrix™) – similar levels to SCSu at pta patc ( e ) s a e e s to SC

Page 41: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

New Treatments Acute Pain DHE inhaled (Levadex®) – patients not responding to  DHE inhaled (Levadex ) – patients not responding to triptans or more than 6 hours into headache?

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) antagonist g p p ( ) g(telcagepant) – as effective as zolmitriptan 5 mg oral

Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) More effective than placebo in pain‐free at 2 hours (39% vs 22%)(39% vs 22%)

Page 42: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

After the Migraine ‐ Postdrome Some patients may have:

Mood changes “Hangover” Tired Weak Weak Disoriented “Not right” Not right  

Page 43: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Chronic Migraine (CM) or Medication Overuse Headache (MOH)

Chronic migraine previously called ‘transformed  Chronic migraine previously called  transformed migraine’

Consider medication overuse if ≥ 2 days/week for > 3 y / 3months  analgesic use

Over period of time (months to years) can become almost daily headache Resembles mixture of tension & migraineO i ll   ll d ‘t i l ’ Occasionally called ‘tension‐vascular’

Hint – if awaken with headache consider medication overuse

Page 44: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

CM Modifiable Risk Factors Risk factor associated with increased risk of developing CM

S f l lif   Stressful life events Sleep disturbance (i.e. Snoring/sleep apnea) Obesity  Obesity  Baseline headache frequency Medication overuse

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CM &MOHCM & MOH Treatment Treatment

Must stop acute medication to determine Headaches will go away in a few days if medication  Headaches will go away in a few days if medication overuse is etiology

No controlled trials of medication withdrawal  May get severe withdrawal headache Severe withdrawal headache can be treated with 

h t    f  d ishort course of prednisone Randomized trial found no difference with steroid compared to placebop p

Page 46: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Preventive Medication Candidates:

Unresponsive to acute attack medication & disabling h d hheadache

≥ 2 attacks/month Increasing frequency of attacks Increasing frequency of attacks Migraines with potential neurological sequelae Patient preference (just wants to use medication to p (jprevent headaches)

Page 47: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Prevention therapy ‐ EBM First line treatment should be:st e t eat e t s ou d be:

Propranolol (Inderal®) 20 – 240 mg/day

Timolol  10 – 30 mg/day Less evidence to support other beta‐blockers

Amitriptyline 10  1 0 mg/da 10 – 150 mg/day

Page 48: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Prevention therapy ‐ EBM First line treatment should be:st e t eat e t s ou d be:

Divalproex sodium (Depakote®) 125 – 500 mg BID

Topiramate (Topamax®) 50 ‐ 100 mg BID May be as good as propranolol Anti‐epileptic drugs had greater suicidal ideation vs  placebo (0 43% vs 0 22%)vs. placebo (0.43% vs 0.22%)

Page 49: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Prevention therapy Second line (SOR‐B)

Gabapentin ‐ pregnancy category D Carbamazepine* ‐ pregnancy category D

* FDA Alert 12/12/07 – Dangerous or even fatal skin reactions can be caused by Carbamazepine therapy in patients with a particular HLA-B*1502 allele.

Page 50: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Prevention Therapies ‐ EBMR l i   i i  (SOR A) Relaxation training (SOR‐A) Progressive muscular relaxation Breathing exercises Breathing exercises Directed imagery

Cognitive‐behavioral (SOR‐A)g Combined with medication (SOR‐B)

Acupuncture appears to be effective (SOR‐A) Sham acupuncture just as effective as real             [Linde 2009]

Thermal biofeedback with relaxation trainingThermal biofeedback with relaxation training

Page 51: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

P i f Mi iPrognosis of Migraines  Study with 10 year follow up of 11 14 year olds at  Study with 10 year follow‐up of 11‐14 year olds at onset of migraines 40% no longer had headache4 g 20% had episodic tension headache 20% had migraine type that was different from the original diagnosed headacheoriginal diagnosed headache

Frequency & intensity usually decreases after menopausep

Two fold increased risk of CVA [Spector 2010] May influence how aggressive to be with other 

h i     d   i k  f CVAtherapies to reduce risk of CVA

Page 52: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

Key Points Diagnosis of migraine headache is clinical

Almost always positive family history

Triptans are preferred treatment for frequent migraines

Discuss preventive therapy with all patientsDiscuss preventive therapy with all patients

Provide treatment plan for breakthrough pain

Page 53: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have
Page 54: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

References1 Cohen AS et al  High‐flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache  1. Cohen AS et al. High‐flow oxygen for treatment of cluster headache. 

JAMA 2009;302:2451‐2457.2. Colman I et al.  Parenteral dexamethasone for acute severe migraine 

headache: meat‐analysis of randomized controlled trials for headache: meat‐analysis of randomized controlled trials for preventing recurrence.  BMJ 2008;336:1359‐1361.

3. Friedman BW et al. The relative efficacy of meperidine for the treatment of acute migraine: a meta‐analysis of randomized treatment of acute migraine: a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:705‐713.

4. Friedman BW et al. A randomized controlled trial of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for treatment of acute migraine.  Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:399‐406.

5. Friedman BW et al. Treating headache recurrence after emergency department discharge: A randomized controlled trial of naproxen department discharge: A randomized controlled trial of naproxen versus sumatriptan. Ann Emerg Med 2010;

Page 55: Charles Brock, M.D.Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headhdache Any severe oror recurrent headacheheadache mostmost likely is aa form of migraine Almost all ppatients will have

References6 Haghighi AB et al  Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution 6. Haghighi AB et al. Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution 

as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossed‐over study. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:451‐456.Pract 2010;64:451 456.

7. Kostic MA et al. A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous prochlorperazine versus subcutaneous sumatriptan in acute migraine therapy in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med migraine therapy in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2010;56:1‐6.

8. Linde K et al. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD001218Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD001218

9. Schurks M et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b3914.

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References10 Singh A et al  Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard 10. Singh A et al. Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard 

therapy for acute migraine headache decrease the incidence of recurrent headache for patient treated in the emergency department.  Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:1223‐1233.department.  Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:1223 1233.

11. Spector JT et al. Migraine headache and ischemic stroke risk: an updated meta‐analysis. Am J Med 2010;123:612‐624.