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Copyright © 2019 by Chariot Motors
Chariot Motors ultra-capacitor electric buses,
wireless trams and other applications
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Agenda
Company profile
Chariot e-bus
Wireless trams
Marine applications
Port tractors
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About the company
Chariot Motors together with Aowei Technology have developed the
first ever ultracapacitors electric bus (Chariot e-bus) to be used for
commercial operation in Europe.
Chariot e-bus is purely ultracapacitor (UC) based city e-bus that deploys
the latest electric drive and world’s most advanced ultracapacitor
technology by Aowei. Chariot e-bus is assembled at a special high-quality
production line at one of the world’s biggest bus factories by Higer Bus
Company Limited
Chariot e-bus is a silent, low-cost vehicle with zero-emissions, which
complies with the European homologation certifications
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Partners
• Higer Bus Company Limited was
selected by Chariot Motors Group, for the
producer of the UC e-buses due to their vast
experience in the sphere, as well as due to
their state-of-the-art production plant.
• The King Long Group owns three
subsidiaries, King Long, Golden Dragon,
Higer
• annual production capacity of 30,000 large
and medium-sized buses, coaches and
chassis
• HIGER sales exceeded 700 Mln.EUR
• China’s 500 Most Valuable Brands
• Chariot receives back-to-back warranties
from Higer
• Chariot e-buses are a separate product from
the main Higer portfolio
• Shanghai Aowei Technology
Development Co., Ltd. was established in
1998. Aowei has filed over 100 patents
applications (including two US patents, one
Japanese patent and four international PCT
applications).
• Aowei is able to deliver complete system
solutions to applications such as electric
city buses, modern trams, heavy-duty
electric trucks, mining electric
locomotives, electric tourist carts, hybrid
vehicles, energy-saving elevators, hybrid
engineering machinery, port machinery
and many other application fields.
• Aowei has passed ISO9001, ISO14001, TS
16949, SA8000 and mandatory certification
by the Ministry of Industry and Information;
Products of Aowei have passed RoHS, CE,
UL, and Aowei is the only ultra capacitor
producer in China with ECE R100 and R10
certifications from EU
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AOWEI products
Current Technology Development Level
2002 2001 2012 2015 2017
High Energy Density
Higher Energy Density
The World's Most Comprehensive Supercapacitor Technology Line
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Catenary-free trams Ultra capacitor system for ship
UC UPS for wind & solar energy/Server, Computer, Surgery
Room/communication station
AOWEI applications
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The difference between HESC and Li-ion battery
Fast charge degree:
Li-ion battery charging factor = 3C (pulse rate of 5C), while HESC can achieve 10C (pulse rate of 20C)
Energy storage mechanism:
HESC can be charged to any potential within its operating voltage window and can also be fully discharged. The SoC is
linearly dependent to its voltage. Li-ion batteries are limited by their own electrochemical reactions, which have only a
small range of energy in its operating voltage window, and the SoC depends on a number of complex conversions - i.e.
management and control technology of the battery is more complex than the ultra capacitor.
Resistance:
The internal resistance of Li-ion battery is 5 times higher than that of the HESC, leads to the low conversion efficiency and
high heat. The thermal management design of the battery is more complex than that of the ultra capacitor
Security:
Lithium-ion battery may cause thermal runaway. One reason is the cathode materials of Li-ion battery release oxygen
when decomposed and the other reason is the cathode material reacted with the electrolyte violently releasing a lot of
heat. CO2 and CO are released on the cathodes of the Lithium-ion batteries at cycling, while on their anodes C2H4, CO
and H2 are released. The cathode material of HESC is activated carbon, which has excellent thermal stability and will not
react with the electrolyte
Cycle life:
Cycle life of LTO is 15 000 times @ 80% DOD and 10 000 times @ 100% DOD and retention on batteries cannot achieve
70-80% after that. As for HESC, 50 000 cycles @ 100% DOD and the capacity retention maintained more than 80% after
100,000 cycles.
Difference of nominal energy and actual energy:
-Aowei UC has 100% of actual available energy;
-LTO has only 50% of actual energy of its nominal energy；
Supercapacitor electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC)
hybrid capacitor
Hybrid Capacitor – combines EDLC and Li-ion battery = high-energy supercapacitor (HESC)
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Chariot Motors’ supply chain
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Supercapacitor electric bus – general view
Supercapacitor location
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General UC electric bus components
Wheel hub electric motors Central electric motor
DC electric heating 8,40/12/18 m UC e-bus
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Key Chariot UC e-bus features
Capable of travelling about 25-30 km on a single charge performance for approx. 6 min at the terminal, based on the 40/50 kWh UC;
Charging only at terminals and not on passengers stops;
Low maintenance cost due to the lack of expensive to maintain combustion engine vehicles systems;
Doesn’t require overhead power line, thus avoiding infrastructure and maintenance costs;
Not influenced by outside t˚C and capable of operating with ease in various weather conditions;
Passengers load of a regular trolleybus / diesel bus;
No night charging with dedicated personnel;
Less depot space required (3,5m fireproof clearance requirements for battery buses);
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Technological and operational advantages of ultracapacitors compared to the batteries
Aowei’s ultracapacitors accumulated more than 12 years / 15 million km of experience (100 million passengers) and used in electric buses since 2006 being the most matured energy technology used in for electric buses;
Manufacturing warranty of 10 years;
Ultracapacitor is mounted in a safety container preventing risks in case of accident;
Operational temperatures form -30°C to +55°C;
The UC contains no harmful or toxic substances leading to no pollution; no extra costs for disposal of hazardous materials (80% recyclable);
no energy storage replacement-related costs;
Charging factor is 10C (LTO/ LpCO batteries could afford max 5C);
less powerful charging infrastructure compared to batteries;
3 times less chemical materials need recycling (1,4t UC <–> 3,5t battery)
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Charging station + pantograph
Charging poles Charging station, DC-DC 660V / 450A or
AC-DC 3x380V / 600A
150 kW DC/DC 340 kW AC/DC 500 kW AC/DC
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One charging station –
different type of electric buses
Charging Charging
40 kWh
50 kWh
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Top-down pantograph charging or rising
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Remote monitoring and diagnostic system for e-bus and charging stations
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GPRS
Chariot e-bus is equipped with remote monitoring and diagnostic system that monitors:
energy consumption of different systems (electric, air conditioning, on-board electronics, etc.), and recuperation values;
state and errors of all systems (brakes, doors, suspension, GPS, etc.);
passenger load, speed, acceleration, location, driver behavior;
Central Report Unit
IT / Data
Alarm
announcement
Performance
Wi Fi / GPRS
Control Center
Commands to the bus
Workshop
Remote monitoring and diagnostic system for e-bus and charging stations
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15+15 UC e-buses contract financed by EBRD. Start of operation in 2019
5 UC Chariot e-buses in commercial operation by GSP Belgrade since 1st Sep 2016.
Chariot e-buses on the map
26 UC Chariot e-buses in operation by DAN, Tel Aviv as per the end of 2017 with another 100 UC buses agreed to be delivered in 2018 and 2020.
2 UC Chariot e-buses in operation by Holding Graz Linien, Austria since April 2017.
1 UC Chariot e-bus in operation in Macedonia as a pilot project since April 2018.
1 UC Chariot e-bus in operation in Italy since March 2018.
Bulgaria, various cities
1 UC Chariot e-bus in operation in Bulgaria as a pilot project in 2014-2016.
Sofia Public Electrical Transport Company
1 UC Chariot e-bus in operation in Aalborg since June 2019.
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• Operated and maintained by the Stolichen Elektrotransport;
• 20 kWh UC – 1st Generation;
• Line № 11 (trolleybus line) -> flat profile, length of 11.2 km, crossing;
• DC/DC charging stations at terminals only, using trolleybus power supply;
• Average energy consumption, recorded by BELICON: 0.95 kWh/km (no auxiliary consummators); 1,60 kWh/km with 100% occupancy and A/C on;
• Recuperation rate: 32.2 %, highest 39%;
• Operating temperatures: -15°C to 40°C;
• Siemens electric motors, 2 x 67 kW;
UC Chariot e-bus in Sofia example 2014-2015
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• Pilot project for 6 months, operated and maintained by the JSP Skopje;
• 20 kWh UC – 1st Generation;
• Line № 15, flat, high traffic (bus lane unavailable), length of 10 km;
• Charging stations at terminals only;
• Average energy consumption: varying between 1.2 -1.6 kWh/km (August 2018);
• Operating temperatures: -5°C to 40°C;
Skopje (Macedonia) pilot project from, May 2018 - Dec 2018
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The Belgrade Project (Serbia)
Delivery of 5 UC Chariot e-buses, 20kWh,
(2nd Generation), and start of operation in Sept.2016;
Around 1000 passengers per e-bus per one day are
being transported;
Operational schedule 16-18 hours per day (14,8 km/h);
Availability of the ultracapacitor electric bus of 97.5%;
Consumption:
• spring/autumn – 1,10 kWh/km;
• summer – 23,3% higher than transition period (~1,36
kWh/km);
• Winter – 45,4% higher than transition period (~1,6 kWh);
1 EKO
line 5 E-buses in the operation
Total length
of route [km]
driving time
[min]
charging
Time
[min]
time of
turnround
[min]
interval
[min]
Operational
daily shift
[hours]
offered
capacity
(places/
hour)
Outside
operational
temperature
16,4 34 5-10 88 17-18 18.5 289 -14C to
35C
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Tel Aviv Project (Israel)
Delivery of 5 UC Chariot e-buses; Start of operation
on 15th Sep 2016;
UC e-buses are very well accepted by the operator,
the passengers and the city government. As a result
another 21 UC e-buses were manufactured in 2017;
The line has a total length of 15 kilometers and
operates 14 hours per day;
Robustness of operation in the other temperature
range in warm weather conditions typical for the
middle east region;
Government confirmed that will further support the
implementation of the UC buses through purchase
of another 100 UCs ebuses in 2019;
E-SORT: 1.2 kWh/km (SORT 2 cycle); average
annual consumption around 1.5-1.6 kWh/km (A/C
only, no heater);
Flat line, however high traffic and humidity, as well
as high temperatures;
The difference between the seasons is very mild
and the A/C is being operated around the year;
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The Graz Project (Austria)
Chariot e-bus was selected for 1-year trial
due to the UC compliance with charging
time criteria;
Delivery of 2 UC Chariot e-buses;
32kWh;
Start of operation in mid April 2017;
2 x 340 kW charging stations;
3-door city bus;
Average charging time for covering the
line is 3,5 min (source: Holding Graz);
ZF wheel hubs electromotors (2x125 kW);
Line 50 in Graz – 7,6 km;
-> -> Aalbrog (Denmark);
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Satisfaction of the drivers
1 = excellent; 2 = very good, Average is 1.75
2,5
General bus
assessment
Doors Air
conditioni
ng /
ventilation
Handling Driver’s
seat Fan noise
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Survey of passengers, (excerpt)
Is it a personal contribution to the environmental
improvement when using an electric bus?
Question 6: For you personally, do you think that you are helping to improve the
environment if you drive an electric bus?
The absolute majority
believes that it helps to
improve the environment
when traveling with an
electric bus!
Total
male
female
Line 50
Yes No
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Aalborg (Denmark)
ZF AxTrax AVE 130 axle with integrated wheel hub drive. The maximum electric output 2 x 125 kW;
The length of the route is exactly 7 km x 2 = 14 km;
The average speed is 16,6 km/h;
There are 14 stops per trip (28 stops roundtrip);
Average charging is 3:55 minutes (charging 10 –
12 kWh); SOC at arrival at airport approx. 60-70%;
Average consumption ~ 0,86 kWh/km;
Distance between depot and charging station is 13,1 km. Roundtrip 26,2;
SOC at arrival in the morning at the CS is approx. 45% (usually charges 21 – 23 kWh);
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La Spezia (Italy)
One UC e-bus will be operated by the bus
& trolleybus operator ATC in La Spezia;
32 kWh UC;
Start of operation on March 2018;
1 fast charging station of 340 kW;
17 km bus line;
First electric bus in La Spezia;
->-> GTT Torino;
Period Average speed
(Line 3) with
auxiliaries
Average
energy
consumption
verified by
Politecnico
Milan
Spring 11,3 km/h 1,10 kWh/km
Summer 11,5 km/h 1,45 kWh/km
Autumn 11,0 km/h 1,15 kWh/km
Winter
(simulation) 10,6 km/h 1, 61 kWh/km
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Tender financed by EBRD;
Beneficiary: Sofia Municipality;
2 stages:
- stage I = 15 e-buses & 6 charging stations
- stage II = 15 e-buses & 6 charging stations
Delivery:
- stage I = 2019
- stage II = 2020
Technical requirements:
- 12m e-buses
- 40 kWh UC (3rd Generation)
- fast charging stations of 500 kW
- Consumption – min 20 km with A/C or heating on and full load
Ultracapacitor technology adopted by the EBRD
as a "best available technology", thus enjoying
subsidized / preferential financing cost by EBRD;
EBRD tender in Sofia 2018
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Total cost of ownership of Chariot e-bus. (Benchmark on the purchase of twelve vehicles)
Total cost of ownership (TCO is the purchase price of an asset plus the costs of Operation &
Maintenance (O&M)) over 10 years operation of Chariot e-bus compared to other alternatives such
as battery, diesel buses, CNG and trolleybus (no infrastructure investments).
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High Energy UC powered Tram System
In 2013, Aowei entered into TRAM
market - becoming a qualified supplier for
tram applications;
2013-2016 , Aowei has provided 7 ESU
solutions covering full line catenary-free,
partial catenary-free , and cross-section
catenary-free platforms，and won tender
for Wuhan Guanggu Line, South Yun’nan
Honghe Line, Chengdu IT Avenue Line
and Chengdu Xinjin Line;
Samples provided and tested by
ALSTOM since June 2014, test passed in
September 2016;
First meeting with CAF in Dec 2016, first
technical visit to CAF in March 2017,test
result review in Busworld Kortrijk OCT
2017;
Aowei Technology
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Full line Catenary-Free - Wuhan E.Lake Line
20km range;
3min charging time (800V/1500A);
47 kWh;
Won tender in NOV 2015；
Design complete in MAY 2016；
IPI complete in AUG 2016, and start delivery；
Delivery of all 26 vehicles completed in JAN 2017；
Aowei Technology
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Partial Catenary-Free - South Yun’nan Honghe Line
12 km w/o line;
Charged at 800 kW for 3 min (down size grid power and costs compared to Full Catenary free)
(410～547V/300A);
9.5x2 (3 compartment tram) or 9.5x4 (5 compartment tram) kWh;
Won tender in OCT 2015;
Design complete in JAN 2016;
IPI complete in APR 2016 and start delivery；
Delivery of all 34 vehicles by end of 2017；
Aowei Technology
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Cross-section Catenary – Free - Xinjin, IT Avenue, Songjiang Line
3 km w/o line;
5.3kWh UC is charged for 3 minutes at 100kW when it is connected to the power lines;
10.6 kWh UC is charged for 3 minutes at 200kW;
Design of Xinjin Line completed in 2014, delivery completed in 2015；
Design of Songjiang Line and delivery completed in 2016；
Won IT Avenue Line Tender in JAN 2016,design completed in OCT, delivery started in DEC 2016,
45 vehicles operated by MAR 2018;
Aowei Technology
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• Aowei Technology has designed and produced several kinds of ultracapacitors, which
are suitable for hybrid electric ship and pure electric ship respectively.
Hybrid electric ship used Aowei ultra-capacitor
• The hybrid electric
ship can be defined
as one kind of ship
equipped with two or
more power sources
including energy
storage units, energy
sources or energy
converters which at
least one of them can
provide electricity.
Ultracapacitor system for ships
(Working voltage 410～547V; Standard charge current 300A)
• 9,5 kWh / 17 kWh Ultracapacitor + 300 kW diesel
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At present, pure electric marines generally use lithium-ion battery or UC + Li-ION battery
The high energy ultracapacitor developed by Shanghai Aowei has 10 times higher energy than traditional
EDLC. It has fast charging speed, so it is very suitable for pure electric marines such as ferry vessels used in
fixed lines.
Powered by ultra capacitor, large ferries could operate completely by electricity
• The energy system is composed of identical ultracapacitor system circuits connected in parallel and
connected through the electric cabinet. The total effective energy of the scheme was 380kWh, but it has
been replaced by 1000kWh. (Working voltage 616～820V; Standard charge current 1500A)
• The energy is adjustable because the whole system is composed by numbers of standard modules or
boxes:
Ultracapacitor system for marine
• 2-3 km range
• Charging at 1,5 MW or up to 250 kWh/10min charging time (820V/1500 A)
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Aowei port electric tractor project (20 kWh)
- Maximum traction weight 70 tons
- Heavy-duty driving range ~ 7km
- Maximum grade 5-8%
- Charging time ≤ 6min
Three supercapacitor port electric tractors have been successfully operated at Shanghai Port.
Currently, they have been running for one year and achieved good energy-saving effects.
Remarks: The electricity price is 1.224 yuan / kWh. TEU=twenty-foot equivalent unit
