Characterization of C-130 Combustion Emissions During Aeromedical Evacuation Engines Running

OnloadM. L. Page1, R. M. Eninger1, M. H. Rubenstein2, D. K. Ott2, D.P. Yamamoto3

1- Air Force Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering and ManagementIndustrial Hygiene Program, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH

2- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Force Health Protection Branch, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH

3- 3- STS Systems Integration LLC, Dayton OH

Acknowledgements

Conclusions

Cassette filter results: N0600, N7300, N7908 were below reporting limits. In retrospect, N0600 was not suited for this exposure due to volatile Nano size particles.

Methodology

References

Introduction ResultsVOC/CO Ultrafine Particles

Unburned Jet Fuel

0

50

100

150

200

250

Conc

entr

atio

n (p

pb)

VOC Results- TO-17, TO-11 Field blank

Trip Blank

Background

Cockpit

CabinForward

Cabin Aft

Loadmaster

* Potential occupational carcinogen

Severe eye, nose, and throat irritation from occupational exposure to aircraft combustion emissions has been observed. These emissions are complex, multi-component mixtures that contain hazardous contaminants, as previously identified in environmental studies. The majority occur on the ground at engine start and idle due to inefficient combustion. We investigated which contaminants migrate into personal breathing areas during a C-130H aeromedical evacuation engines running onload (AE ERO).

Simultaneous air sampling (area) was conducted in the following aircraft locations: Background (B) Cockpit (CP) Cabin Forward (CF) Cabin Aft (CA) Loadmaster (LM)

Test Sampler

Ultrafine Particle Concentration

Condensation Particle Counter(TSI 3007, TSI, Inc.)

Particle morphology, elemental composition,sizing, count

Thermophoretic sampler (TPS100, RG Lee Group)

Particle morphology, elemental composition

Polycarbonate filters, SEM

Respirable Particle Concentration, Metals

PVC filter cassettes & sampling pumps (NIOSH 0600/7300)

Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide

Multi-gas meter, photoionization & electrochemical sensors (MultiRae Pro, Rae Systems)

Volatile organic compounds

TO-17, sampling pumps & thermal desorption tubes, GC-MS

Formaldehyde

TO-11, Sampling pumps & 2,4-DNPH Treated Silica Gel tubes, HPLC

Sulfuric acid

Quartz Fiber Filter Cassettes & Sampling pumps (NIOSH 7908)

Air velocity, ambient temperature, humidity

Air velocity meter (Velocicalc, TSI, Inc.)

This research identified contaminants in C-130H combustion emissions that migrate into personal breathing areas during engine start and idle. VOC were comprised of known irritants and EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants in concentrations and compound types that increased from cockpit cabin loadmaster areas. Ultrafine particles were found in 10E6 particles/cc concentrations and were dominated by soot of irregular morphology and composition. This exposure may adversely impact aeromedical evacuation crew members, flight crews, flight line personnel, and patients, whose health is already compromised.

Sponsor: US Air Force, 711th Human Performance WingField data collection host: The 179th Airlift Wing, Mansfield-Lahm Air National Guard Base, Mansfield, Ohio. Thesis committee members, mentors: Dr. (Lt Col retired) Dirk Yamamoto, Lt Col (Dr.) Robert Eninger, Dr. (Lt Col retired) Darrin Ott, Dr. Mitchell RubensteinAE ERO expert consult: Major Sarah MortonTechnical expertise, laboratory and testing support: Dr. Christin Grabinski, Dr. MaomianFan, Megan Steele, Technical Sargent Jeremiah Jackson, Staff Sargent Alexander Moore, Laura Flory, Edwin Corporan, Denise MattinglyLaboratory support: RJ Lee Group: Gary Cassucio, Keith Rickabaugh, Dr. LykourgosIordanidis, Dr. Kristin Bunker, Traci LerschEquipment and logistical support: Gregory Sudberry, Richard Frank, Douglas Sisco

1. USAF. Memorandum for 156 AES. Consultative letter, AL-OE-BR-CL-1999-0011, engine exhaust exposure of C130 Aeromedical Evacuation Crews. North Carolina ANG, Charlotte, NC: IERA/RSHI, Brooks AFB, TX, 1999.

2. USAFSAM/OEC. Memorandum for 109th Air Lift Wing. Consultative letter, AFRL-SA-WP-CL-2013-XXXX, Options and Recommendations for Respiratory Protection and Sampling in Extreme Cold. Stratton ANG, NY, 2013.

3. Pirkle, Paul S. Thesis report FY00-179, Exhaust Exposure Potential from the Combustion of JP-8 Jet Fuel in C-130 Engines. Air Force Institute of Technology, Industrial Hygiene Program. WPAFB, OH, 2000.

4. Cheng, Meng-Dawn. SERDP WP-1401, A Comprehensive Program for Measurement of Military Aircraft Emissions. Oak Ridge: Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, 2009.

5. Characterization of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions of a C-130H Aircraft. Edwin Corporan, Adam Quick, Matthew J. Dewitt. 2008, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 58, pp. 474 - 483.

6. Air Toxics Assessment Group, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications. United States Environmental Protection Agency, February 9, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/haps/forms/contact-us-about-hazardous-air-pollutants.

7. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Atlanta: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 2016.

8. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Annotated Tables Z-1, Z-2. [Online] 2017. [Cited: April 28, 2017.] https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/.

PresenterPresentation NotesAccounts of severe eye, nose, and throat irritation from occupational exposure to aircraft combustion emissions exists. These emissions are hazardous multi-component mixtures, the majority occurring at engine start and idle due to inefficient combustion. We investigated which contaminants migrate into personal breathing areas during a C-130 aeromedical evacuation engines running onload.

Simultaneous air sampling (area) was conducted with the following methodology:

Results

Cassette filter results: N0600, N7300, N7908 were below reporting limits. In retrospect, N0600 was not suited for this exposure due to volatile Nano size particles.

Conclusions

This research has identified hazardous C-130 aircraft engine combustion emissions that migrate into personal breathing areas during engine start and idle. VOC were comprised of known irritants and EPA Hazardous Air Pollutants in concentrations and compound types that increased from cockpit cabin loadmaster areas. Ultrafine particles found in 10E6 particles/cc concentrations were dominated by soot of irregular morphology and composition. This exposure can impact aeromedical evacuation crew members, flight crews, flight line personnel, and patients whose health is already compromised.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

VOC/CO

Ultrafine Particles

TO-17 Qualitative ID Unburned Jet Fuel

Conclusions

, notablynanosize soot of irregular morphology and composition, formaldehyde, unburned jet fuel, and EPA HAPs. The highest amounts and types of emissions were found at the Loadmaster location. This exposure can impact aeromedical evacuation crew members, flight crews, and patients whose health is already compromised. .

Slide Number 1