BY: SONAL KHARE

A systematized effort to gain new knowledge

Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes

acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems

and create new knowledge that is generally

applicable.

Characteristics of research:

controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable,

empirical and critical.

Research Method

Behavior and instruments used in selecting &

construction of techniques. eg: observation, interview

Research Methodology

A way to systematically solve the research problem by

logically adopting various steps.

A science of studying how research is done scientifically

Used in the investigation of the nature and matter and

deals specially with the manner in which the data is

collected , analyzed and interpreted.

1. Selecting a Research Topic

2. Formulation of Research Problem

-- Objectives

-- Variables

-- Scales

3. Literature survey

4. Formulating a hypothesis

5. Conceptualizing Study Design (Research Design)

6. Data collection

-- Sampling strategy/sample design

-- Designing Research Instrument

7. Processing and analyzing data - Selecting statistical tools

8. Interpretation

9. Preparation of the report

No plagiarism

Cite correct references

On time submission

Questions ??

THANK YOU

Sources of Research problems

People

Programs

Problems

Phenomenon

Aspects•Study Population: People

•Subject Area: Programs,

Problems, Phenomenon

Considerations

Time

Magnitude

Relevance

Interest

Level of Expertise

Financial constraint

Availability of Data

Step 1 : Identify a broad field or subject area of

interest to you.

Step 2 : Dissect the broad area into sub areas.

Step 3 : Select what is of most interest to you.

Step 4 : Raise research questions.

Step 5 : Formulate objectives.

Step 6 : Assess your objectives.

Step 7 : Double check

- Goals you set out to attain in your study

Main Objectives: overall statement of the thrust

of your study

Sub objective: specific aspects of topic to be

investigated

Eg:- to determine, to find out, to ascertain, to

explore

Research Problem - Objective - Concept –

Indicator – Variable – Unit of Measurement

(Scales)

- A concept is an image or perception that

cannot be measured eg: Rich, Satisfaction

- An indicator is a set of criteria’s reflective of

concept eg: extent of richness

- A variable is an image, perception or concept

that can be measured eg: age, gender

Types:-

1. Nominal – divide in sub categories eg: gender

2. Ordinal – divided in sub categories reflecting

magnitude eg:- attitude

3. Interval – divided in sub categories reflecting

magnitude with a unit of measurement eg:-

temperature

4. Ratio- divided in sub categories reflecting

magnitude with a unit of measurement having

fixed starting point eg:- age, height

Objective Major

Concept

Indicator variables Unit of

Measurement

Study the

emotional

status

Psychology 1.

Attitude

2.

Motivatio

n

Extent of

Change in

attitude/

motivatio

n

No. of times

mood fluctuates

in a day

Study the

impact of

awareness

program

Effectiveness Awarene

ss of

Disease

Extent of

Change

Change in the

proportional of

the population

before and after

the health

education

program

Its functions are:

a. Bring clarity and focus to your research problem;

b. Improve your methodology;

c. Broaden your knowledge;

d. Contextualise your findings.

Procedure for reviewing the literature:

i) search for existing literature in your area of study;

ii) review the literature selected;

iii) develop a theoretical framework;

iv) develop a conceptual framework.

Hypothesis is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion on an idea about a phenomenon relationship or situation the reality or truth of which you do not know.

It becomes basis of an enquiry.

It brings clarity, specificity & focus to research problem.

It is formulated to test the objectives of the research

eg: Objective: To study the change in livelihood style and its consequences

Hypothesis: Creation of National parks have direct bearing on livelihood source of villages.

The preparation of research design, appropriate

for a particular research problem, involves the

consideration of the following :

1. Objectives of the research study.

2. Sample Design- sample, size and sampling

3. Method of Data Collection to be adopted

4. Tool for Data collection

5. Data Analysis-- qualitative and quantitative

Nature of the problem/research

1. Qualitative

i. Survey

ii. Longitudinal

iii. Cross-sectional

iv. Experimental

2. Quantitative

i. Ethnographical

ii. Cases study

iii. Phenomenological

3. Mixed

Sampling/Sample Design

Guiding principles

The avoidance of bias in the selection of a sample

The attainment of maximum precision for a given

outlay of resources

Types of

Samples

• Simple Random

• Stratified random

• Cluster

Probability

• Judgment

• Convenience

• Quota

Non Probability

Methods of Data Collection:

1. Observational Methods –

direct observation of relevant people, actions and

situations information which people are normally

unwilling or unable to provide.

Limitations:

- feelings, beliefs and attitudes that motivate buying

behaviour and infrequent behavior cannot be

observed.

- expensive method

Methods of Data Collection:2. SURVEY METHOD – for descriptive information.

Structured Surveys and Unstructured Surveys

Direct and Indirect

ADVANTAGES:-can be used to collect many different kinds of information

-Quick and low cost as compared to other methods.

LIMITATIONS:-Respondent’s reluctance to answer questions asked by

unknown interviewers about things they consider private.

-Busy people may not want to take the time

-unable to answer because they cannot remember or never gave a thought to what they do and why

Methods of Data Collection:

3. CONTACT METHODS:

Information may be collected by

a. Mail

b. Telephone

c. Personal interview

This takes two forms-

Individual- Intercept interviewing

Group - Focus Group Interviewing

Research Instruments/tools:

The research tool provides the input into a

study and therefore the quality and validity of

the output (the findings), are solely dependent

on it.

Types of Research Instrument:

Observation

Interview

Reports

Record

Questionnaire

Questionnaire

- consists of a set of questions presented to a

respondent for answers.

- is very flexible.

- Is developed and tested carefully

Types of questionnaire:

a. Closed –ended

b. Open-ended

c. Combination of both

Important points for Questionnaire –

i. Short and simple

ii. Avoid double barreled

iii. Avoid negative questions

iv. No Prestige Bias

v. Indirect questions for sensitive issues

vi. “Don’t Know” category

vii. Avoid Leading Question

If combined questionnaire, keep open ended Qs for the end.

Layout and spacing

Processing:1. Editing

2. Classification

a) Classification according to attributes: here

data is analysed on the basis of common

characteristics which can either be descriptive

such as literacy, religion etc. or numerical such

as weight, height etc.

b) Classification according to class –intervals: is

done with data relating to income, age,

weight, tariff, production, occupancy etc.

3. Tabulation

Analysing:

1. Qualitative: few rigid rules and procedures

Content AnalysisStep 1. Identify the main themes

Step 2. Assign codes to the main themes

Step 3. Classify responses under the main themes

Step 4. Integrate themes and responses into the text of your report

Analysing:

2. Quantitative: most suitable for large well designed and well administered surveys

Tests and Methods

Correlation

Regression

T-test – to test hypothesis

Chi-square test – to test hypothesis

Frequency Distribution

Histograms

Charts and Bar graphs

ANNOVA

On the basis of the results of the data analysis

the hypothesis is tested.

The questions framed for the objectives of the

research are answered.

Conclusions are drawn and Represented

Title Page

-Title of the Research Project, Name of the researcher, Date of Publication

-Purpose of the research project, e.g. “A research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of EIES, Bhopal for the post graduate diploma of Environment Management”

Table of Contents

Introduction

Theoretical Framework and Review of Related Literature

Research Design

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Summary and Conclusion

Suggestions for Further Research

References/ Bibliography

Appendices