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Characteristicsof PharmacistsUnited States
Demographic and employment characteristics of licensed
pharmacists in 1978-79 are described. Information is
presented on their geographic distribution and supply, their
practice settings, the number of hours and weeks worked,
and the attraction of women and minorities into theprofession. Information is also presented on those licensed
pharmacists who are inactive in their profession.
Data From the National Health SurveySeries 14, No. 28
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-1823
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services
Public Health Service
National Center for Health StatisticsHyattsville, Md.
January 1984
Copysfght Information
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may bereproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, isappreciated.
suggestedatatbn
National Center for Health Statistics, P. H. Davis and G. G. Kapantais:Characteristics of pharmacists, United States. vital and Hea/thStatistbs. Series 14,No. 28. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 64-1823. Public HealthService. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1984.
Library of Congress CaWoging in Pubkation Data
Davis, P. Hannah.Characteristics of pharmacists, United States.
(Vii and health statistics. Series 14, Data from the national health survey;no. 28) (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 84-t 823)
Supt. of Dots. no.: HE 20.6209: 14/281. Pharmacists-Employ merit-United States. 2. Pharmacists—Supply and
demand-United Stales. 3. Pharmacieta-United State-Statistics. 4. UnitedStates-Statistics, Medical. L Kapantais, Gloria. Il. Title. Ill. Series. IV. Series:DHHS publketion; no. (PHS) 84-1823.RS67.U6D38 1983 331,7’616151 ‘0973 83-600193ISBN 0-8406-0279-0
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Go~ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
National Center for Health Statistics
Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P. H., Director
Robert A. Israel, Deputy Director
Jacob J. Feldman, Ph. D., Associate Director for Analysis
and Epidemiology
Garrie J. Losee, Associate Director for Data Processing andServices
Alvan O. Zarate, Ph. D., Assistant Director for International
Statistics
E. Earl Bryant, Associate Director for Interview andExamination Statistics
Robert L. Quave, Acting Associate Director for Management
Gail F. Fisher, Ph. D., Acting Associate Director forProgram Planning, Evaluation, and Coordination
Monroe G. Sirken, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research
and Methodology
Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Vital and Health
Care Statistics
Alice Haywood, Information OfEcer
Vital and Health Care Statistics Program
Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director
G. Gloria Kapantais, Assistant to the Director for Data Policy,
Planning, and Analysis
The 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists was financedin part by the Bureau of Health Professions, HealthResources Administration.
. . . ..Introaucuon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supply of pharmacists . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Attraction of women and minorities into the profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Employment setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hours and weeks worked and services rendered as a partial measure of productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . .The inactive pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes
I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111.Definitions of certain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textfigure
Percent distribution of active pharmacists by age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of text tables
A,
B.
c.
D,
E.
F.
G.
H.
J.
K.
L.
M.
Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60 years of age and over and replacement ratios, bygeographic regions: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by principal forms of employment, according to sex:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists and standard deviations, by sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to sex: United
States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principalforms ofemploymenc United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, standard deviations, and percent distribution by employmentsettings, according to whether primary or secondagv United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activitiesperformed, and number by race: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race:United States, 1978-79, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by sex, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to sex:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
234510
13
14
333842
2
2
3
3
4
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
Ill
N. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview,according to principal forms of employment: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 10
0. Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacists by age, according to sex: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11
P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic regionanddivision: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11
Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...12
Symbols
--- Data not available
. . . Category not applicable
Quantity zero
0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than0.05
z Quantity more than zero but less than500 where numbers are rounded tothousands
* Figure does not meet standards ofreliability or precision (more than 30-percent relative standard error)
# Figure suppressed to comply withconfidentiality requirements
Characteristics ofPharmacistsBy P. Hannah Davis, formerly with the Division of Health CareStatistics, and G, Gloria Kapantais, Office of Vital and HealthCare Statistics
Introduction
Between May 1977 and June 1979, the National Centerfor Health Statistics conducted an inventory of all licensedpharmacists in the United States. The data were collectedthrough two separate but parallel mechanisms.
The first was the Cooperative Health Statistics System. 1Those States with a Cooperative Health Statistics Systemmanpower component contract collected data on pharmacistsand submitted to the National Center for Health Statisticsa specified set of data elements, using standardized processingspecifications. (For information on the Cooperative HealthStatistics System and the data set, see appendix I.) TheNational Center for Health Statistics had an individual contractwith each State in the Cooperative Health Statistics System,usually with the State health department. All contractorswithin the System developed their own questionnaires fordistribution in their States. The questionnaires were requiredto include all of the items specified by the Center and usuallyhad the wording and format suggested by the Center.
The second mechanism through which the data werecollected used a single contractor, the American Associationof Colleges of Pharmacy, to collect the same items in thoseStates not collecting data through the Cooperative HealthStatistics System. Identical questionnaires provided by theCenter were mailed out in all of these States. A copy ofthis questionnaire appears in appendix II, with further defini-tion of terms provided in appendix III. The questionnaire,a prototype of the individual questionnaires developed inthe 23 Cooperative Health Statistics System States, was usedto collect data in 27 States and the District of Columbiaby the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Similardata collection methodologies were used by both the Coopera-tive Health Statistics System State contractors and the Ameri-can Association of Colleges of Pharmacy to ensure uniformityof data and to permit the statistics from both mechanismsto be merged into a single national data file.
To ensure accurate data a number of procedures for
editing and processing the data were performed. In addition,duplicate records of pharmacists holding licenses in morethan one State were removed. This was necessary becausepharmacists were surveyed and counted in each State inwhich they were licensed. The procedures for processingand editing the data and for removing duplicate records arediscussed in appendix I.
States have license renewal dates at varying times ofthe year. In addition, some States have biennial license renewalcycles. These caused up to a 2-year delay in beginningthe questionnaire mailout in some States. The questionnairemailout spanned 2 years in order to coordinate each State’smailout with its license renewal period because it was thoughtthat pharmacists would be more likely to complete and returnquestionnaires enclosed in the same envelope with licenserenewal forms.
Because of contractual obligations with the Center, someCooperative Health Statistics System States submitted pharma-cist data tapes for 2 consecutive years, each tape representingan annual data collection in their States. In these cases thelater data tape was chosen for inclusion in the 1978-79 Surveyof Licensed Pharmacists. The data collection period rep-resented by this later tape was a date prior to June 1979,except for Oregon. Later tapes were selected not only becausethey provided more recent, up-to-date information, but alsobecause they were usually of a higher quality because ofthe experience gained by the State contractor in data collectionand in assembling at least one earlier tape for the Center.
It should be noted that although this report and theSurvey of Licensed Pharmacists are labeled 1978-79, notall States collected data for the national file during these2 years. The large majority (80 percent of the States) collectedthe data in 1978-79, while remaining data were collectedduring 1977 or 1980. The appendix table shows the particularyear of each State’s survey data.
1
Supply of pharmacists
In 1978-79 there were 160,664 licensed pharmacists inthe United States. The activity status of 27,417 of themwas unknown; for those of known status 112,335 or 84percent were known to be active, and 20,912 or 16 percentwere known to be inactive (table 1).
As seen in table 2, the percent of active pharmacistsout of the total number of licensed pharmacists drops asage increases. Ninety-five percent of pharmacists under 30years of age were active: whereas only 79 percent of pharma-cists 60-64 years of age were active. The largest declineoccurred among female pharmacists, although at every agea smaller percent of licensed female pharmacists than ofmale pharmacists were active. Reasons for inactivity for bothsexes are discussed later in this report.
Pharmacists between 30 and 59 years of age are oftenin their prime years of professional practice. Within theseages, 9 out of 10 licensed male pharmacists were activein the profession, compared with 8 out of 10 female pharmac-ists. Their activity rate was about 11 percent lower thanthat of males. A 1973-74 study of pharmacists showed thatat that time approximately the same proportion of male phar-macists were active in their profession as in 1978-79, butonly 6 out of 10 female pharmacists were active in 1973-74.2
The 1978-79 data show that 21 percent of active pharmac-ists were under 30 years of age, while 12 percent were60 years and over (text figure). There seem to have beenenough young pharmacists going into the profession to replacethe older pharmacists who would be most likely to leave.In 1978-79, the largest group of pharmacists were 30-39years of age (29 percent). Fifty percent of the active pharma-cists responding in the survey were under 40 years of age.
Table A shows replacement ratios—the percent of phar-macists under 30 years of age divided by the percent 60years of age and over. This ratio indicates whether thereis a sufficient supply of pharmacists entering the profession(as measured by those under 30 years of age) to replacethose most likely to be leaving (as measured by those 60years and over). A value of 1.0 indicates that there areequal proportions of pharmacists under 30 years of age and60 years and over. A value of less than 1.0 means thatthere is only that proportion of young pharmacists for everypharmacist 60 years of age and over. Conversely, a valuegreater than 1.0 indicates that there are proportionately moreyoung pharmacists to replace those most likely to be leaving.A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates growth in the profession.In 1978-79, the Northeast had 1.12 pharmacists under 30years of age for every pharmacist 60 years of age and over.
40
g 30 [ 28.9
21.2 20.7
171
1
5.1
7.0
1
Under 30 30-39 40-49 “ 50-59 60-64 65 and over
Age in years
Text figure. Percent distribution of active phsnnscists by age UnitedStates, 1978-79
Thus, for every 8 pharmacists who were most likely toleave the profession within 5 years, 9 new pharmacists hadrecently entered the profession. The South had the largestratio of young to old pharmacists-2.56 pharmacists under30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 years and over.For each of the four regions, there was more than one pharmti-cist under 30 years of age for every pharmacist 60 yewsof age and over.
The age composition of active pharmacists in each Stateis presented in table 3.
TableA. Percents of active pharmacists under 30 years of age and 60years of age and over and replacement ratios, by geographic regions:United States, 1978-79
Active pharmacists
Under 30 years 60 years of age ReplacementGeographic region of age and over ratio’
Percent
Northeast . . . . 18.3 16.3 1.12North Central . . 23.6 12.8 1.84South . . . . . . 23.0 9.0 2.56West . . . . . . 17.3 11.5 1.50
lThe percent of pharmacists under 30 years of age dwided by the percant 60 years of ageand over.
2
Attraction of women and minoritiesinto the profession
In recent years, the Federal government has been inter-ested in tissimilating women and minorities into various healthprotkssions, including pharmacy. The Comprehensive HealthMmpmver Training Act of 1971 (PL 92-157) is one vehicle
the government has used to encourage the entry of womentind minorities into the health field. Section 799A of theAct prohibited health profession schools, including schools
of phtirmacy, from discriminating against applicants for admis-sion on the basis of sex. Section 772 of the Act authorizesspeciul project grants to schools of pharmacy that increaseadmissions and enrollment of qualified minority or low incomestudents, The impact of the Act is primarily seen in the
197t3-79 statistics, having affected students in fiscal years1972-74. Although the legislation is only one of many factorscontributing to the entry of women and minorities into thephtirmticy profession, it nevertheless played a role in theirincreased representation.
In 1976 two other Acts were passed related to increasing
female imd minority participation in health professions, includ-ing phitrmticy. They are the Health Professions AssistanceAct (PL 94-484) and the Indian Health Care ImprovementAct (PL 94-437). The impact of these Acts is not discussedhere because the Iegisltition occurred too recently to affect
the dutu collected in 1978-79.
Women have made moderate headway in moving into
the phtirmticy profession in the last 5 years. In 1978-79there were 18,115 female pharmacists who were known tobe tictive, accounting for 16 percent of the supply of activephurmitcists of known sex (table 4).
In 1979 tidult women (21 years of age and over) accountedfor 53 percent of the U.S. adult resident population, andthe ptirticipation rate for women 16 years of age and over
in the civilitin labor force was 52 percent. 3 When the propor-ticm of women pharmacists are compared with their propor-timml representation in these areas of society, they continueto remtiin underrepresented in the profession despite large
gains in recent years. Nevertheless, female representationis higher in pharmacy than in many other health professions.For exumple, in medicine women are 11 percent of thencm-Federd physicians .4 Only 4 percent of the active podia-
trists tind 3 percent of the active optometrists are female.6Thus, tilthough the proportion of women pharmacists is belowthe number of females in the general population and laborforce, the profession has a higher female representation thanmtiny other health fields.
There is a large difference by sex in the principal form
of employment of pharmacists (table B). The percent of
fcmtile stuff pharmacists is twice as large as the percentof mules (69 versus 34 percent, respectively). Nearly 95percent of women pharmacists are salaried (either as managers,wsisttint rnwmgers, or staff pharmacists); only two-thirds of
the men we. (“Other” is excluded from the calculation sinceit is not known whether these pharmacists are salaried orself-employed, )
Table B. Number and percent distrib~”on of active pharmacists byprincipal forms of employment according to sex United States,1978-79
Male Female
Principal form of Percent Percent
employment Number distribution’ Number distribution’
All principalformsof employment . . 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0
Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 18.4 421 2.5
Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,984 10.3 474 2.8
Manage~ . . . . . . . . . . . 27,277 31.3 3,531 21.2
Staff pharmacist . . . 29,711 34.1 11,440 66.6
Othefl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,191 6.0 771 4.6Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 6,926 . . 1,478 . . .
‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.
‘Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.31ncludes assistant managers41ncludes volunteers,
There is also a difference by sex in the average numberof hours worked by pharmacists. The average number ofhours worked per week by female pharmacists is lower thanthat of males at every age (table C). The trend for malesis one of slightly increasing hours per week from 44 to48 hours until 50 years of age, after which the numberof hours declines slightly and then rapidly descends at 65
years of age to 29 hours. For females, the lowest averagenumber of hours worked (except for the 65 years and overage group) occurs between 30 and 49 years of age, whichare the years in which mean hours worked increase for men.It is interesting to note that the standard deviations of meanhours increase consistently by age for males, indicating morevariability in the hours worked as the age of the respondentsincrease. Thus, for the male pharmacists 65 years of age
and over the relatively large standard deviation indicatesthat many may work a considerable number of hours morethan or less than the average of 29 hours per week. For
the younger pharmacists under 30 years of age the low standarddeviation indicates much less variability and suggests thatmany are working close to the average of 44 hours perweek. The coefficients of variation (the standard deviation
divided by the mean) are higher for women than for menat every age (except 65 and over). This indicates greaterproportional variability in their work schedules than in men’s.
Table C. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists andstandard deviationa, by sex and age United States, 1978-79
Male Female
Mean Standard Mean Standard
Aae hours deviation hours deviation
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.9 12.2 35.8 12.6
Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 44.3 8.4 39.3 9.5
30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 10.1 32.6 13.7
40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 10.8 33.6 14.1
50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 11.3 34.9 13.4
60-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 13.2 35.7 13.9
65 years and over . 28.9 17.7 27.8 16.6
3
Summarizing, it appears that women pharmacists partici-pate in the work force differently than men do. They aremore likely than men to be salaried, and to work fewerhours per week. From 50 to 65 years of age their averagehours increase slightly. They also have (proportional to themean) more variability than men have in their hours worked,indicating a more diverse pattern of labor force participation.“The inactive pharmacist” section discusses one of theforemost reasons that women pharmacists sometimes do notparticipate in the labor force at all—homemaker responsibili-ties. These responsibilities may also account for the irregularparticipation in the work force of women pharmacists.
Minorities
In 1979 there were 5,016 active minority pharmacists,who constituted 5 percent of the practicing profession (table5). Nearly two-thirds of the minority pharmacists were Asian,and approximately one-third were black. Asians were rep-resented in the profession by approximately twice the percentof their representation in the U.S. resident population.7
The number of pharmacists who indicated they wereof Hispanic origin is shown by State in table 6. In 1978-79nearly 2 percent of practicing pharmacists were of Hispanicdescent. These pharmacists have an age distribution similarto that of pharmacists who were not Hispanic (table 7).However, pharmacists of Hispanic origin had a larger femalerepresentation than non-Hispanic pharmacists. Twenty-sevenpercent of the Hispanic pharmacists were women comparedwith 16percent of the non-Hispanic pharmacists (table 8).
While approximately half the U.S. black population islocated in the South,7 two-thirds of the active black pharma-cists received their pharmaceutical education there (table 9).Since only 31 percent of all active pharmacists graduatedfrom pharmacy schools located in the South, black pharmacistshad more than double the average proportion graduating fromsouthern schools of pharmacy. American Indians also hada disproportionate percent of active pharmacists with southernalma maters42 percent. They were also above averagein the percent graduating from schools of pharmacy locatedin the West—29 percent compared with an average of 13percent for all pharmacists. However, these percents coincidewith the geographic distribution of American Indians, approxi-mately half of whom are located in the West and one-quarterin the South.8
Asians had the highest proportional representation ofgraduates from western schools of pharmacy, 53 percentcompared with the 13-percent average for all pharmacists.This is not unexpected since approximately 60 percent ofthe U.S. Asian population is located there.9 Asians werealso well above the average in foreign graduates, with 15percent educated abroad, compared with only 1 percent forall pharmacists.
Pharmacists of Hispanic origin had their greatest represen-tation in southern schools of pharmacy, from which 46 percentreceived their first pharmacy degrees. Their lowest representa-tion in the United States, 7 percent, was from schools inthe North Central. Approximately one-third of the Hispanicpopulation is located in the South and 7 percent in theNorth Central.7
Ten percent of the Hispanic pharmacists received theirbasic professional education outside the United States, com-pared with 1 percent of all pharmacists. Although there wasa high concentration of foreign trained graduates among His-panic as well as among Asian pharmacists, altogether therewere only 953 active pharmacists who stated in the 1978-79survey that they were trained outside the continental UnitedStates. This low number alleviates concern about the effectof foreign training on pharmacists practicing in the UnitedStates and about the relevance of the curriculum in othercountries to health problems here.
Employment setting
In 1978-79, 38,417, or 39 percent of the pharmacistsknown to be active practiced in independent community phar-macies as their prima~ settings (table 10). The independentcommunity pharmacy was the most popular work setting.The chain pharmacy, which 28,413 or 29 percent of thepharmacists cited as their primary practice setting, was thesecond most popular setting. Third was hospitals, with 25,119or 26 percent of the pharmacists. These three employmentsettings accounted for 94 percent of all active pharmacists.
Sex
There were differences in the employment settings ofthe pharmacists by sex. In 1978-79, 42 out of every 100male pharmacists practiced in independent community phar-macies, compared with 26 per 100 female pharmacists (table
Table D. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by primary employment settings, according to aex United States, 197&79
Male Female
Primary employment Both Percent Percentsetting sexes Number distribution’ Number distribution’
Allsettingsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 94,158 100.0 18,115 100.0
Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . 38,405 34,258 41.5 4,149 28.4Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,423 24,355 29.5 4,088 25.8Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . 3,968 3,090 3.7 878 5.6Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,551 1,061 1.3 490 3.1Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,602 14,107 17.1 5,495 34.9Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . 2,476 2,332 2.8 144 0.9College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,288 1,099 1.3 189 1.2Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,553 2,219 2.7 334 2.1Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,007 11,639 . . . 2,368 . . .
~Pereentsmay notaddto 100,0 because of rounding.2Excludes 62 pharmacists of unknown sex.
4
D). Female pharmacists were proportionally twice as prevalentin hospitals as males, 35 percent compared with only 17percent. This is partially related to the fact that female pharma-cists we generally younger than male pharmacists (85 percentof the women were under 50 years of age, compared with68 percent of the men) and more younger pharmacists workin hospitals than do older pharmacists. Likewise, older phar-mticists constituted larger proportions of those practicing inindependent community pharmacies. The settings with regardto the age of the pharmacist are discussed in the next section.Women were also represented in greater proportions thanmen were in clinics or medical building pharmacies, and
in nursing homes
Age
The percent of pharmacists practicing in independent
community pharmacies increased directly with age, beginning
with 24 percent of the active pharmacists under 30 yearsof agc and going up to 67 percent of those in the category65 years of age and over (table 11). The opposite trend
can be seen by age in chain pharmacies. There was a constantdecrease in the proportion of pharmacists working in chainphitrmacies as the age categories increased. For the “under
30” age group, 37 percent cited the chain pharmacy, while
tit the level of 65 years of age and over, only 15 percentdid so. Hospitals were the second most popular setting forphtirmticists under 30 years of age. Thirty percent practicedin one. This contrasts to the 14 percent of pharmacists 40-64yews of age who were employed in hospitals. Only 8 percentof the pharmacists who were 65 years of age and over
worked in hospitals.It is important to examine, for each practice setting,
the percent of pharmacists who were in the age group 60years and over, because they were the ones who withintht next 5 years would be most likely to leave the profession.
Ovmdl, they made up 12 percent of the active pharmacists.They constituted 17 percent of the pharmacists working inindependent community pharmacies. With the expansion ofchuin phw-mucies at the expense of the independent community
phurmticies and the eventual possible retirement of 1 in every6 independent community pharmacists, it appears that indepen-dent community pharmacies may eventually close or be takenover by chtiin pharmacies. 2 If, on the other hand, a demand
still exists for pharmacists in the independent communitypharmticies, the free market mechanism should work in attract-ing young pharmacists to them.
Two other settings had at least 11 percent of the pharma-
cists in the potential retirement age group. They were nursing
homes with 12 percent 60 years of age and over and clinics
or medical building pharmacies, with 11 percent. However,
for these two settings, there is a movement among youngphmmacists into these practices. More than 50 percent ofthe pharmacists in both these settings were under 40 yearsof tigc. The percents drop considerably from 40 years of
tige to 59. As the proportion of the U.S. population whowe of nursing home age continues to rise, the openingsfor ncw phtirmacy graduates in nursing homes and in hospitalsshould continue to grow.
Race
The independent community pharmacy was the primarysetting for two-fifths of white pharmacists (table 12). Asianshad the smallest relative proportion in this setting, 16 percent.
However, they formed the largest proportion of any racein hospitals, with 42 percent. This is not surprising sincewomen and younger pharmacists tend to practice in hospitals,and Asians have more female pharmacists and pharmacistsunder 30 years of age than any other race has.
Black Americans and American Indians had similar distri-butions by employment setting. Approximately one-fourthpracticed in independent community pharmacies, 28 percent
in chain pharmacies, and approximately 30 percent in hospitalsand nursing homes.
There was no significant difference in the percent ofpharmacists in independent community pharmacies by His-
panic descent (table 12). A slightly above average percent
of pharmacists of Hispanic origin did indicate that they prac-ticed in chain pharmacies.
Principal form of employment
Table 13 indicates the principal forms of employmentof active pharmacists by the States where they worked. In
1978-79, 64 percent of the workforce of pharmacists was
composed of “employees.” These were assistant managers,staff managers, and staff pharmacists. The approximately5 percent of pharmacists who designated “other” (includingvolunteers) is not included in the percent for self-employedor salaried, since it is not known in which group they fit.
Hours and weeks worked andservices rendered as apartial measure of productivity
This section discusses hours worked per week, activities
performed, and weeks worked during the 12-month periodprior to interview. To make a complete and meaningful analy-sis of productivity, it would be necessary to include thetopics of absenteeism, movement in and out of the laborforce, number of patients or patrons served, and qualityof care andlor services. Since data on these topics werenot available from the 1978-79 survey, they are omittedfrom this report. Without a full discussion of all these factors,
totally reliable conclusions regarding productivity by selecteddemographic characteristics cannot be reached. Nevertheless,the available data on age, sex, race, and employment settingcan provide some valuable insight into their relationship with
productivity. It is only necessary that caution be exercised
when interpreting or generalizing the relationships between
variables, since such correlations may be dependent on con-comitant variables for which data are not available.
Hours worked
In 1978-79 pharmacists worked an average of 43 hours
per week, compared with an average of 45 hours in an
earlier 1973-74 study.2 Men in 1978-79 worked 45 hourswhile women tended to practice more on a part-time basis,working 36 hours per week. The same pattern had been
5
Table E. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by totsl hours worked per week, according to age: United Ststes, 1978-79
Total hours
All active
Age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A[lages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
23,604
32,26423,096
19,059
5,6497,844
819
100.0
100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0
13,453
1,770
3.0301;781
1,727
9164,157
72
13.1
8.210.2
8.4
9.918.0
58.1
Number
52,129
14,70415,765
9,232
8,0692,4431,741
175
Percent distribution
50.8
67.853.0
43.6
46.348.024.3
37,049
5,22510,960
10,153
7,638
1,7261,261
84
36.1
24.136.8
46.0
43.834.017.6
9,704
1,9052,509
1,930
1,625562685488
. . .
. . .
. . .,,.. . .. . .. . .
‘Percents maynotsddto 100.0 because of rounding.
Table F. Percent dstnbution ofacttie pharmacists bytotalhourawo~edperweek, according tosex and age United States, 1978-79
Total hours
All active MoreSex and age pharmacists 1-35 36-45 than 45
MalePercent distribution
Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.6 49.6 40.8
Under30years . . . . . . 100.0 4.1 66.1 29.8
30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 4.0 53.9 42.1
40-49years . . . . . . . , 100.0 4.2 43.5 52.250-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 6.9 46.1 47.160-64years. . . . . . . . 100,0 16.7 46.1 35.2
65years and over . . . . 100.0 58.0 24.3 17.8
Female
Allages . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 31.4 57.2 11.4
Under 30 years . . . . . . 100.0 16.6 71.3 12.1
30-39years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.0 48.3 8.740-49years . . . . . . . . 100.0 43.4 44.4 12.150-59years . . . . . . . . 100.0 38.4 48.3 13.460-64years. . . . . . . . 100.0 35.9 47.2 16.965years and over . . . . 100.0 60.6 25.8 13.6
‘Percents mayrmt add to 100.0 because of rounding.
revealed in the 1973-74 study, when men worked an average
of46hoursand women worked 34hours.Only about 1 in 8 pharmacists (13 percent) worked 35
hours or less per week. And nearly 3 in 8 (36 percent)
worked 46 hours or more per week (table E). Thus, halfthe pharmacists worked 36 to 45 hours per week. Amongpharmacists aged40 to 49, nearly half (48 percent) workedmore than 45 hours per week.
A larger percent of female than of male pharmacists
practiced 36 to 45 hours per week (57 percent versus 50percent). However, 41 percent of the men indicated thatthey worked more than 45 hours per week, whereas only
6
11 percent of the women worked that many hours(table F). This large difference in percents by sex in the46-hour and over work week was true in each age categoryexcept for those 65 years and over, in which category 18percent of the male pharmacists and 14 percent of the femalepharmacists worked 46 hours or more per week. In the
other age categories the differences in percents by sex rangedfrom an 18 percentage point difference in the under 30 yew-sof age and in the 60-64 years of age groups to a 40 percentagepoint difference in the 40-49 years of age group. The work
week of the male pharmacist was clearly longer than it wasfor the female pharmacist, at every age.
The most productive pharmacists in terms of hours worked
per week were sole owners and partners, since 82 percentand 65 percent, respectively, worked 46 hours or more perweek (table G). This compares with only 13 percent ofthe employee or staff pharmacists having a work week of
this length. About 1 in every 4 staff pharmacists practiced
less than a full work week (under 36 hours).Male sole owners worked more hours per week than
female sole owners did. Eighty-two percent of the men worked
46 hours or more compared with 63 percent of the women.Only 3 percent of the male sole owners worked 35 or fewerhours per week; for women it was 14 percent (table 24).
Among staff pharmacists, 15 percent of the men and only
6 percent of the women had a work week of more than45 hours. Nineteen percent of the male staff pharmacistsand 38 percent of the women worked 35 or fewer hours.Employment as a staff pharmacist is one of the forms of
practice in which women are able to work part time. Eightout of 10 female pharmacists working part-time were employedas staff pharmacists.
As mentioned earlier, pharmacists had a total averagework week of 43 hours. On the average they spent 42 hoursper week (table H), or 98 percent of their time in theirprimary practice setting, the work location in which they
Table G. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by total hours worked per week, according to principal forms of employmentUnited States, 1978-79
Total hours
Principal form All active
of employment pharmacists 1-35 3645 More than 45 Unknown
Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704
Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,458 591 2,654 6,045Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16830,806 1,417 18,718 10,262 413
Slaffpharmaclst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,152 9,800 25,297Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,020 1,235
5,982 976 2,486 2,230Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2708,465 328 556 361 7,200
Percent distribution
Allprlncipalformsofemployment . . . . . . . . 100.0 12.9 50.9 36.2 . . .
Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 3.4 15.1 81.6Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 6.4 28.8Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65.1 . . .
100.0 4.7 61.6 33.8Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
100.0 24.0 63.4Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6 . .
100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2 . . .
‘Includes asslslant managers,‘Includes volunlccrs‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.
Table H. Mean hourawotied perweek byactive phamacists, standard deviationa, andpercent tistnbution byemployment seRings, accordngtowhether primary orseconda~ United States, 1978-79
Primary employment setting Secondary employment setting
Employment Percent Standard Percent Standardsetting distribution’ Mean hours deviation distribution’ Mean houd deviation
Allsetflngs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 42.3 17.4 100.0 7.6 5.8
Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . .
Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic ormedlcal building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospdal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . .
Collegeofpharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Olhsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39.128.94.01.8
19.92.51.32.6
44.242.739.435.939.143.343.340.3
15.59.4
12.212.46.38.5
13.110.7
17.3
6.47.1
37.115.20.64.69.6
8.8
9.76.65.39.86.5
11.1
8.5
5.5
6.26.45.06.86.97.96.6
Number
Number ofactive pharmacistsa. . . . . . . . . . 112,335 . . . . . . 13,160 . . . . . .
‘Percents may not add to 100,0 because of rounding.'Mean hours worked perweek precalculated forphamacists with asecondaw emDlovment seNinq, ~lsexcludes from themean all Dhamaciskwitionlvl Dractice settma, There fore. the mean
hdursworhed perweeh lntheprima~ seHingcannot beaddsd tothemean hours worked perwee~in theseconda~ seningin order t60btain total hours ~ofi~dperweek. -‘Includes 14,065 pharmacists with unknown employment settings.
spent the maximum hours in an average week (see surveyqucsticmntiire item 23b in appendix II, and seeuppcnctix HI.) The remaining average of 1 hour was spentin their secondary practice setting (the work location in whichthey spent the second largest number of hours) and in anytidditiond ptwctic esettings.Only 13percent of the pharmacists
had a secondary setting. Pharmacists who had one spenttin avemge of 8 hours per week there. (This excludes thezero hours spent in a secondary setting by pharmacists withjust onc practice setting. Only pharmacists with a secondary
setting tire included in the average. Therefore, the 8 hours
ctinnot be tidded to 42 hours in the primary setting to yieldtotal average hours worked per week. One hour per weekis the average length of time spent by all pharmacists ina secondwy or additional practice setting. It includes the
zero hours spent in a secondary setting by the 87 percentof the pharmacists who had only one setting. )
The most popular secondary setting was the nursing home(table 15). Slightly more than one-third of the pharmacistswith asecondary setting designated itastheirs. On the average,
they spent 5 hours per week there.
Pharmacists whose primary setting was a college of phar-macy were most likely to have a secondary setting (table15). Nearly 30 percent cited one. with 38 percent of themspecifying a hospital. About one quarter of the pharmacists
whose primary practice setting was a nursing home also
had a secondary setting, which 25 percent of the time was
the independent community pharmacy. Only 15 percent ofthe independent community pharmacists had a secondary set-ting, which was a nursing home in over half of the cases.
7
Pharmacists with more than one setting worked 6 hourslonger per week than pharmacists with only one setting.The pharmacist who spent time in more than one settinghad a 49-hour work week (with a standard deviation of12) compared with his single-practice-setting colleagues, whoworked 43 hours per week (also with a standard deviationof 12).
no significant differences in hours worked in each activityby race when employment settings were held constant.
As would be expected, the primary activity of pharmacistswas dispensing prescriptions; 75 percent of the pharmacistsreported this as their primary service (table K).The nextmost mentioned primary activity was administration, as re-ported by 13 percent. Black pharmacists had the largestrepresentation in administration as a primary activity (16percent), while 13 percent of the white pharmacists reportedthis as their primary activity.
The mean number of hours worked by pharmacists rangedfrom 42 hours in the West to 45 hours in the South (table16). In the Northeast, white and black pharmacists worked3 hours more per week than American Indians and Asians.Asians spent 3 hours more than black pharmacists dispensingprescriptions and 5 hours fewer in administrative work. Other-wise, the hours they spent in each activity were nearly identi-cal. American Indians spent more hours than any other racedid in providing information to prescribers and patients. This
Activities performed
The average pharmacist had a work week of 43 hoursand spent 24 hours or 56 percent of it dispensing prescriptions(table J). Most of the remaining hours were spent providinginformation to patients and to prescribers (4 and 3 hours,respectively) and in administrative functions (7 hours). Thelarge standard deviations associated with these mean hoursindicate wide variability in the hours spent by pharmacistsin these activities.
Table J indicates that, within each activity, differencesin hours by race were negligible. In addition, there were
Table J. Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists, and standard deviations, by race and primary activities performed, and number by race:United States, 1978-79
All Americanraces White Black Indian
Primary
Asian
Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Meanactivity
Standard Mean Standardhours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation
All activities. . . . . . . . . . 43 13 44 13 43 11 43 11 42 10
69
5136435
Providing information
to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . :Providing information
to patients . . . . . . . . .Dispensing prescriptions .Teaching andlor researchManufacturing . . . . . . .Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
610
3
85
1037
611
37
6
9
35
424
112i
514
634
6
424
112
1
514
634
6
524
211
1
615743
5
622
111
1
614644
6
523
2111
Number ofNumber
active pharmacists’ . . . 112,335 62,062 1,571 127 2.847
3Includes SOpharmacistsof other races, 10,040 pharmacistsof unknown race, and 15,6oS pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.
Table K. Number of active pharmacists by race, and percent distribution by primary activity, according to race United States, 1978-79
Primary All Americanactivity racesl White Black Indian Asian Other
Number
Number of pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 82,062 1,571 127 2,847 60
Percent distribution?
All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . 3.1 2.9
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 3.9 4.6 5.012.6 12.9 16.0 11.8 9.6 16.2
Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 4.8 7.1 3.8Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.074.9 75.2 68.5 70.9 74.7
Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . .71.2
2.5 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.7 1.2Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.9Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 3.1 1.2
~lncludes pharmacists of unknown race.‘Includes 15,608 pharmacists with unknown prima~ activities.3Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding.
8
may be have been because as minority pharmacists theyfunctioned more as a resource for health care, serving partiallyin the capacity of physicians, having assumed an informationdisseminating and drug counseling function that otherwisewould have been performed by physicians. This may havebeen especially true if these pharmacists practiced in an
tires where they served their own people. However, thisdit’tkrenm in hours for providing information appears to besignificant only in the Northeast.
A greater percent of male pharmacists indicated adminis-trative functions as their primary activity than did femalepharmacists (14 percent versus 8 percent). Conversely, 78percent of the female pharmacists cited dispensing prescrip-tions as their primary activity compared with 74 percentof the men (table L). Aside from those two activities, thereis no difference by sex in the activities represented as primaryby pharmacists.
Providing information to patients and prescribers was
tin important activity for pharmacists. However, more pharma-cists under 40 years of age said that providing information
Table L. Number of active pharmaciata by sex, and percent diatnbutionby primary activity, according to sex United States, 1978-79
Primary Bothactivity sexes Male Female
Number ofNumber
active pharmacists’ . . . . 96,724 81,279 15,445
Percent dktribution2
All activities . . . , . . . . . . 100,0 100.0 100.0
Providing Informationto prescribers . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.1 3.3
Administration . . . . . . . . . 12.6 13.6 7.6Providing information
to patients . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.7 3.8Dispensing prescriptions . . . 74.9 74.3 78.3Teaching and/or
research . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.5 2.2Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.7 0.7
Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 1.0 0.6
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.2 3.6
1Excludes pharmacistsof unknown sex and pharmacistswith unknown primaty activities.2PercmVsmay not add to 100.0 because of rounding.
was a primary activity than did older pharmacists(table M). Teaching and research were also more popularfor pharmacists under 40 years of age than for older ones.
Fifty-eight percent of the younger group were involved inthese activities, while only 50 percent of the active pharmacistswere under 40 years of age. Retailing and administrativefunctions, however, were less popular as primary activitiesfor pharmacists under 40 years of age than they were forolder practitioners.
This breakdown by age supports a trend that has been
noted in recent literature, that pharmacists are emerging intomore medically professional roles. ‘0 The data on age andactivity indicate that younger pharmacists are less representedin retailing and administrative work and are more highlyrepresented in the areas of providing information to prescribersand patients, and in research.
Weeks worked
Only 10 percent of pharmacists indicated they workedless than 11 months (less than 48 weeks) a year (table 17).Four out of 5 pharmacists indicated they worked 52 weeksper year (including paid vacation and sick leave). Thereis little difference in the distribution of weeks worked forpharmacists between 30 and 64 years of age. However, phar-macists under 30 years of age tended to work fewer weeks,
with slightly less than 3 out of 4 working the entire year.New graduates beginning practice part way through the yearlower the average weeks worked for this age group. Pharma-cists 65 years of age and over had the largest differencein weeks worked from their younger counterparts. Only 6
out of 10 of them worked all 52 weeks. They also hadthe largest proportion working less than 11 months per year.These differences are probably due to two factors. First,pharmacists retiring who are 65 years of age and over stopworking part way through the year, thereby reducing theaverage weeks worked for the entire age group. Second,pharmacists in that age group may actually cut down on
the weeks they work, even when continuing to work a fullweek. They may take longer vacations or limited leavesof absence.
Table M. Number of active pharmacists by primary activity and percent distribution by age, according to primary activity United States, 1978-79
Age
Primary All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsactivity pharmacists years years years years years and over
Number Percent distribution
All activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,424 100.0 21.6 29.5 20.6 16.8 4.8 6.7
Providing informationto prescribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,015 100.0 25.9 29.0 18.3 16.4 5.1 5.3
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,192 100.0 11.9 33.7 26.1 18.6 4.8 5.0
Providing informationto patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,733 100.0 32.4 26.0 16.7 11.7 4.0 7.3
Dispensing preacriptiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,256 100.0 22.6 28.7 20.0 Ie.7 4.9 7.1Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,377 100.0 21.3 36.6 21.0 14.8 3.5 2.4
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 100.0 20.3 30.1 19.6 17.8 6.3 5.8
Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 100.0 16.1 25.9 19.4 19.7 7.6 11.3
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 100.0 26.4 28.5 17.0 17.6 5.0 5.4
tExcludespharmaclstaof unknown aga and pharmacistswith unknown activities.~Percentsmay not add to 100,0 because of rounding.
9
Table N. Number and percent distribution of active pharmaciata by selected weeks worked in year prior to interview, according to principal forma ofemployment United Ststea, 1978-79
Weeks worked
Principal
form of All active
employment pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown
Number
All principal forms of employment . . . . . . 112,335 10,249 10,085 80,931 11,070
Sole owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 463 1,391 14,025Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6119,458 305 910 7,913
Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
30,808 1,668 2,532 25,736
Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
41,152 6,401 4,424 28,474 1,653Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 166 40 93Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
485,615 767 582 3,890
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
8,465 459 206 600 7,000
Percent dkdributionz
Allprincipal forms of employment . . . . . . . . 100.0 9.7 9.9 80.3 .,.
Soleowner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 2.9 8.8 88.3Partner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,..
100.0 3.3 10.0 86.7Manager’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 5.6 8.5 66.0Staffpharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 16.3 11.3 72.4Volunteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.,.
100.0 55.5 13.4 31.1Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,..
100.0 15.0 11.1 74.0 . . .
1Includes assistant managera.‘Percents maynot add to 100. Obecauaeof rounding.
Female pharmacists were more likely than male pharma-cists were to work less than 11 months per year. Twenty
percent worked less than 48 weeks compared with only 8percent of the men. A difference by sex existed in all agegroups. Approximately two-thirds of the female pharmacists
worked full 52-week years. The percent increases gradually
unti165yearsof age.Table N indicates that the number of weeks worked
per year is related to the principal form of employment.
Sole owners and partners worked at least 11 months per
year (97 percent of each worked 48 weeks or more). Approxi-
mately 7 out of 8 indicated they worked all 52 weeks peryear. Managers and assistant managers, although salaried,worked nearly as many weeks as sole owners and partners.Ninety-five percent of the managers and assistant managersworked at least 48 weeks per year, and 86 percent worked
all 52 weeks.
The inactive pharmacist
Inactive pharmacists were 16percent ofalllicensedphar-
macists of known activity status. They represent a potentialsource of manpower because they are trained and licensed
and may at anytime enter or return to the profession. There
are additional pharmacists who were trained but who nolonger are licensed and thus are not counted in the poolof potential pharmacists. These may include pharmacists whohave given up their licenses because they are working in
another field. Since the focus ofthisreport islicensedpharma-
cists, the inactive pharmacists discussed in this section areall licensed.
The 20,912 known inactive pharmacists who were sur-veyed in 1978-79 are distributed by their State of residenceand reason for inactivity in table 18.
10
Interms ofpotential pharmaceutical resources, 12percentof the inactive pharmacists were seeking work in the protks-
sion. An additional 8 percent were homemakers. Less thanhalf the inactive pharmacists (45 percent) said they wereretired (table 19). Theactual unemployment rate intheprofes-
sion was less than 2 percent. That figure is based on the
number of inactive pharmacists seeking work relative to thetotal number of licensed pharmacists. This is an especiallylow unemployment rate because it includes pharmacists who
are in transition between jobs, new graduates seeking posi-
tions, and women who have decided to return to the labor
force but who have not yet found employment in the profes-sion.
Pharmacists under 30 years of age were the largest groupseeking work in the profession. More than a quarter of themwere either unemployed or working in another field, and,
in either case, looking for work in the profession. For each
age group between 30 and 60 years approximately 15 percentof the inactive pharmacists were seeking a position in phar-macy. For job hunters 60-64 years of age, the percent currentlyunemployed was comparable to the percents unemployed for
those in the age categories between 30 and 60 years. Thepercent of those 60-64 years of age who were working in
another field and seeking work in pharmacy dropped to htilf
of the percents of the comparable groups in the lower agecategories. Evidently, the unemployed pharmacist who wasnear retirement age still looked for work, but if he was
working in another field, he was less likely to still be seeking
a job as a pharmacist.
Fewer than half of the inactive pharmacists were 65years of age or over (table O). Nearly one-fourth were under40 years of age. Pharmacists under 40 years of age were
inactive in the profession for the most part because thtywere working in other fields and were not seeking work
in pharmacy or because they were homemakers. The youngestphtirmacists (under 30 years of age) also tended to be un-employeci and seeking work in the profession. These werepmbtibly the newly licensed pharmacists just starting outand looking for a job. Nearly half of the inactive female
pharmacists were under 40 years of age. Approximately halfof them were inactive because they were homemakers. Home-
maker responsibilities were virtually nonexistent as a reasonfor irmctivity among male pharmacists.
At every age, a much higher percent of men than ofwomen were employed in other fields and were not seekingwork w phtirmacists. The difference in the percents is striking.
Table O. Number and percent diatnbution of inactive pharmacists byage, according to sex United States, 1978-79
Both SexAge sexes Male Female unknown
Alleges . . . . . . . . . .
Under 30 years . . . . . .
30-39 years . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . .
50-59 years . . . . . . . .
60-64 years . . . . . . . .
65 years and over . . . .
Unknown . . . . . . . . .
20,912
1,3713,3162,6732,395
1,4789,023
656
Number
16,997 3,845
713 6542,252 1,0632,025 6451,821 5691,274 2038,331 847
581 64
70
4135
1
4511
Percent distribution’
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . .
Under 30 years . . . . . . 6.8 4.3 17.3 . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . 16.4 13.7 26.1 . . .
40-49 years . . . . . . . . 13.2 12.3 17.1 . . .50-59 years . . . . . . . 11.8 11.1 15.0 . . .
60-64 years . . . . . . . . 7.3 7.8 5.4 ...
65 years and over . . . . 44.5 50.7 17.1 . . .
1Percentsmay notadd to 100.0 because of rounding,
Almost 6 out of every 8 men 30-39 years of age were
inactive for this reason. compared with 1 in 8 women. At40-49 years of age, approximately 4.5 times as many menas women stated this as their reason for inactivity. Femalepharmacists were more likely than male pharmacists were
to be seeking work in the profession because they wereunemployed rather than because they were working in otherfields.
The distribution of inactive pharmacists by age was quitedifferent for men than it was for women. One-half of themale pharmacists were 65 years of age or over comparedwith only 17 percent of the women. Conversely, nearly one-
fifth of the inactive female pharmacists were under 30 years
of age compared with 4 percent of the men. This disparityis partially related to the overall age composition of femalepharmacists. Since two-thirds of all the licensed female prac-titioners (regardless of activity status) were under 40 yearsof age, it is not surprising that nearly half the inactive femalepharmacists were also under 40. However, 42 percent ofall the men were under 40 years of age (see table 2), andless than one-fifth of the inactive men were in that agegroup.
It appears that in the younger age groups, fewer femalepharmacists worked in the profession than men did, either
because they could not find employment or because theychose not to (for reasons such as being homemakers). Inthe older groups, it is not clear whether female pharmacistshad a smaller percent inactive because they were working
or because they had given up their licenses.In tables P and Q the activity status for those pharmacists
not reporting activity status is imputed by apportioning the27,417 pharmacists with unknown activity status into
categories in the same ratio as occurred among the 133,247pharmacists whose activity status is known. Of the resulting135,449 active pharmacists, the largest number was located
Tsble P. Active pharmacists, U.S. resident population, and active pharmacists per 100,000 people, by geographic region and division: United States,1978-79
U.S. residentActive population Active pharmacists
pharmacists, in thousands,
Geographic region and divisionper 100,000 people,
1978-79’ 197/# 1978-79
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Middle AtlanUc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Central,..........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .East Norfh Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Atlantlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
East South Central, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreign’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135,449
31,4268,482
22,94435,69524,673
11,02243,932
20,937
8,84514,150
24,1427,064
17,078
254
222,095
49,24412,30336,94258,53841,509
17,02873,003
35,682
14,39522,725
41,31110,746
30,565. . .
61.0
63.869.062.161.0
59.4
64.760.2
58.3
61.462.3
56.465.7
55.9. . .
‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of phannaasts with unknown activdy status (S4.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional activepharmacmls) Data entrias lncreasa proportionally.“AsofJulyl .DatafromU S.Bureauo fthsCensua: PreHminay eatimateaof theintercensal population of States: 1970 to1980, Series l, Washington%mludes pharmacistsworking In US. territories and foreign countries.
NOTE: Seeappendlx lllfor States included ineachgeograpKc region anddvision.
11
Table Q. Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists by age, according to geographic region: United States, 1978-79
Geographic region and age Number
Percent Geographic region distribution and age Number
Percent distribution
All regions South
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,449l
Northeast
All ages ................
Under 30 years ............ 30-59 years .............. 60 years and over .......... Unknown ...............
North Central
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,695 100.0
Under 30 years ............ 30-59 years .............. 60 years and over .......... Unknown ...............
31,426
5,689 20,385
5,089 253
8,399 22,620
4,564 113
-I 00.0
18.3 65.4 16.3 . . .
23.6 63.6 12.8
All ages ................
Under 30 years ............ 30-59 years .............. 60 years and over .......... Unknown ...............
West
All ages ................
Under 30 years ............ 30-59 years .............. 60 years and over .......... Unknown ...............
Foreign2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
43,932
10,001 23.0 29,561 68.0
3,913 9.0 457 . . .
24,142 100.0
4,149 17,093
2,749 151
100.0
17.3 71.2 11.5 . . .
‘Number of active pharmacists (112,335) adjusted to include corresponding proportion of pharmacists with unknown activity status (84.306 percent of 27,417 = 23,114 additional active pharmacists.) *Includes pharmacists working in U.S. territories and foreign countries.
NOTE: See appendix III for States included in each geographic region. .
in the South (43,932). Despite this large number, the South remained slightly below the national average of 61 active pharmacists per 100,000 population (table P). Of the divisions, New England had the highest ratio of active pharmacists per 100,000 population (69.0), while the Pacific had the lowest ratio (55.9).
Differences in the age composition of active pharmacists
in the four regions of the United States are shown in table Q. The Northeast had the largest proportion of pharma- cists 60 years of age and over, while the South had the smallest proportion of pharmacists this age. The South and North Central regions had the most young pharmacists (under 30 years of age).
References
‘National Center for Health Statistics: The Cooperative Health Statis-tics Systcm, its mission and program. Vital and Health Skzds~ics.Series 4-No. 19, DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 77-1456. Health ResourcesAdministration, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, Apr.I977
2Burcuu of Health Manpowec Pharmacy Manpower Resources.DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 78-36. Health Resources Administration.
‘U.S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States,191%( 101st edition). Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office.1980, tublcs 33 and 654, pp. 29 and 395.
4Cmrtw for Health Services Research and Development: PhysicianDistribution and Medical Licensure in the U.S., 1979. Chicago.American Medical Association, 1980.
‘Nitimml Center for Health Statistics, P.H. Zytnick, K. W. Stant,and J. P. Barbano: Podiatry workforce, characteristics of the provisionof patient care, United States, 1974. Vital and Health Statistics.Swim 14-No. 22. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-1817. Public HealthScrvicc. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1979.
(lNational Centtr for Health Statistics: 1978-79 National SurveY
of Optometrists. Division of Health Care Statistics. Unpublisheddata.
7U. S. Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of Population, Supplemen-tary Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-5 I -3.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981.
su s Bureau of the Census: 1980 Census of population, SuPPlemen-. .taq Report, Race of Population by States, 1980. PC80-51 -3.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981, table 1.
9U. S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the UnitedStates, 1980 (101 st edition). Washington. U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1980, table 45, p 38.
‘“Medicine: More than just pill counters. Time 118, (15):95, Oct.12, 1981.
1INational Center for Health Statistics, R. Biggan Procedww for
Unduplication of Pharmacy and Optometry Data. Working PaperSeries. No. 9. Public Health Service, Feb. 1982.
‘zNational Center for Health Statistics: Data on Licensed Pharmacists,by State, 1977-80. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 82-1153. Public HealthS&vice. Washington.Oct. 1981.
U.S. Government P~nting Office, Sept. and
13
Listof detailed tables
1.
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Number of licensed pharmacists, by activity status andwork State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .
Number and percent distribution of licensed pharmacistsby activity status, according to sex and age: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of active pharmacists, by age and work State:United States, 1978-79..... . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of active pharmacists, by race and work State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of active pharmacists, by Hispanic origin andwork State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . .
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byage, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bysex, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bygeographic region of pharmacy school of graduation, ac-cording to race and Hispanic origin: United States,1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of active pharmacists, by employment settingand work State: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . .
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byprimary employment setting, according to age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byprimary employment setting, according to race and His-panic origin: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . 24
Number of active pharmacists, by principal forms ofemployment and work State: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...25
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bytotal hours worked per week, according to principal formsof employment and sex: United States, 1978-79 . . . M
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists bysecondary employment settings, according to primwy em-ployment settings: United States, 1978-79 . . . . , . . 27
Mean hours worked per week by active pharmacists. w-dstandard deviations, by race, geographic region (withnumber of pharmacists), and activities performed: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2x
Number and percent distribution of active pharmacists byselected weeks worked in year prior to interview, accordingto sex and age: United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . 29
Number of inactive pharmacists, by mason for inactivityand State of residence: United States, 1978-79 . . . . 30
Number and percent distribution of inactive pharmacistsby reason for inactivity, according to sex and age: UnitedStates, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31
14
Table 1. Number of licensed pharmaciata, by activity status and work State United Statea, 1978-79
All Activi& St#USlicensed
Work State’ pharmacists Active Inactive Unknown
All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DiskictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Norih Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160,664
2,495232
2,1891,666
14,6312,4142,605
375732
6,8563,956
400716
8,002
3,8922,2651,561
2,393
3,106647
3,2345,1446,e612,939
1,6973,708
6991,472
493
5715,800
87513,4353,269
604
6,5012,4641,966
8,943857
2,054611
3,213
9,360
1,004
3073,1773,1411,082
3,224
396
106240
112,335
2,327124
1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790
205
555
4,4142,462
268474
4,996
3,0651,6661,193
1,7991,655
5372,0754,2635,9862,527
1,5012,952
4741,203
327408
3,568709
7,5e42,912
424
4,202
1,4741,396
5,990704
1,818409
2,577
6,514
767
2112,6332,569
920
2,747
244
89165
20,912
144
32498
2461,643
394358
36
56
1,251
34043
101832
416
285250196
279
88450827809347185701131257
69
84797136
,879319
104
618302228,479149215
93309
27,417
2476
64
14
5,090518457134
121
1,191
1,15499
1412,174
411
314138
3981,174
22709
546665
1155941297
79
1,43530
3,9723876
1,661
688
3641,474
421
109
3271,066
161
3644e467136
447
61
1775
1,778
56
6096
10526
30
91
. . .
. . .
7Forinactive pharmac(atalhe work State ia the place of residence. Forpharmaciataof unknown actwtyatatuathe work State sthe State of residence, mail, or ficensure
15
G Table2. Numhrand per&ntdstnb@"on ofhcensed phamacists byacfwi~s@tus, awoting tosexand ag& United Sates, 1978-79
All licensed phamracists Male Female Sex unknown
Activity status Activity status Activity status Activi& status
Age Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown Total Active Inactive Unknown
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under 30yeara . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . . . .
50-59 years . . . . . . . . . .60-64 years . . . . . . . . . .
65years and over . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .
160,664
24,975
35,58025,76921,454
7,127
16,66726,892
112,335
23,804
32,26423,09619,059
5,6497,844
819
20,912
1,3713,3162,673
2,3951,476
9,023656
All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 84.3 15.7
Under 30 years . . . . . . . . 100.0 94.5 5.530-39 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.7 9.340-49 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 69.6 10.4
50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 88.6 11.260-64 years . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 79.3 20.765 years and over . . . . . . 100.0 46.5 53.5Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 55.5 44.5
27,417 133,474
16,64429,33725,56916,976
6,52515,832
27,417 23,591
. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0. . . 100.0
94,156 16,997
15,931 71327,065 2,252
20,544 2,02517,155 1,821
5,251 1,2747,501 6,331
691 581
84.7 15.3
95.7 4.3
92.3 7.7
91.0 9.0
90.4 9.6
80.5 19.5
47.4 52.6
54.3 45.7
Number
22,319 26,147
6,316
6,2233,1852,465
600989
22,319 4,367
Percent distribution
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
18,115
7,664
5,1602,540
1,696397
342116
82.5
92.182.979.776.968.234.664.4
3,645
6541,063
645569203
647
64
17.5
7.917.120.3
23.133.8
65.435.6
4,187 1,043
13
201513
2
464,187 934
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
. . . 100.0
62
919
12
811
12
47.0
69.295.0
60.061.550.0
2.2
52.2
70 911
41
351
45 -11 911
53.0 . . .
30.8 . . .5.0 . . .
20.0 . . .
38.5 . . .50.0 0..97.6 . . .47.6 . . .
Table 3. Number of active pharmaciata, by age and work State United Statea, 1978-79
AllAge
active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsWork State pharmacmts years years years years years and over Unknown
All areaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mlasissippl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri .,,,........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina . . . . . ...*... . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode laland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . ., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Waahlngton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVkglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327124
1,6271,4267,898
1,5021,790
205555
4,414
2,462258474
4,996
3,0651,6661,1931,7991,655
5372,0754,2635,9862,527
1,5012,952
4741,203
327
408
3,568709
7,5642,912
4244,2021,4741,3965,990
7041,818
4092,5776,514
787
2112,6332,569
920
2,747
244
89165
23,604
50630
274
3021,344
199372
2686
468
60744
851,069
629494295558526
163
335678
1,490556
369747103265
74
111
443172
1,097699
124
969351232
1,210
221
528131
6191,557
109
41656420269
610
74
9
34
32,264
76745
423496
2,564
496396
50153
1,055
89169
1341,536
886
503306496576
129
626914
1,433726
516790142364
96
126
883211
1,986896
1251,077
548447
1,380
117
56293
8592,292
225
69789692258
645
78
23
63
23,096
48823
324256
1,829
278427
69108
1,108463
54105
949
588272233
327254
96444698
1,214496
236
50088
22359
82994119
1.852“558
80927220316
1,286
160295
93463
1,18817638
526553152511
46
23
39
19,059
41619
343242
1,315
295317
41123935
35444
111744
590222203284206
76357762
1,088425
224396
66165
41
38648109
1.321514
61757212236,119
116275
51353971187
30422575160
41527
2115
5,849
861
10740
369119
110
935
272781121
283
200
84464636
18
146315297129
5313326
8430
14216
37461106
13212
6087
331
41
622099
233
4314
10217437
104
9
4
6
7,844
555
14989
395
109142
749
361631217
416
165
851178446
39154384458157
76
38224
10023
32
37757
835123
19249
7977
648
46
9520
133255
401412514543
258
7
1
1
819
29171
62
626
31
215
64
119
7
6349
1613
112
636
52524
574
1214
21141
16
311
5116
75
1310
1
4
3
67
17
Table 4. Number of active pharmacists, by sex and work Stat& United Statea, 1978-79
Allactive Sex
Work State pharmacists Male Female unknown
Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~ssoufi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NewHampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mr9inia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~sconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327
124
1,6271,4267,8981,502
1,790
205
5554,4142,462
256
474
4,996
3,0651,666
1,193
1,7991,655
5372,0754,263
5,9862,5271,5012,952
474
1,203
327406
3,566
709
7,584
2,912424
4,2021,474
1,396
5,990704
1,818409
2,5776,514
767211
2,633
2,569
920.2,747
244
89165
94,158
1,992
92
1,3691,2626,5341,224
1,488
166421
3,7822,049
196
3984,1732,5121,3701,031
1,5291,338
4751,719
3,691
4,991
2,1351,3052,542
396
1,003
283358
3,138
610
6,7412,393
3343,4781,232
1,094
5,031560
1,508305
2,1385,319
703185
2,099
1,985
7452,370
181
61122
18,115
335
32256
1641,358
277
302
39132621410
62
76
820551295
160
268316
62355572
995391196409
76
200
4450
429
97
843
51590
723242
301
958144
310104436
1,1928426
533
560
175377
62
2743
62
2
61
211
3
321
2
21
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
33
1
4
1
1
18
Table 5. Number of active pharmacist, by race and work State: United States, 1978-79
All
active American RaceWork State DhaM7aCktS White Black Indian Asian Other unknown
All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois................’. . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mlchlgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVlrglnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LLS. territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327
1241,6271,4267,8981,5021,790
205
5554,4142,462
258474
4,9963,0651,8861,1931,7991,655
5372,0754,2635,986
2,5271,5012,952
4741,203
327406
3,568709
7,584
2,912
4244,2021,474i ,396
5,990704
1,818409
2,577
6,514767211
2,6332,569
9202,747
244
89165
90,422
2,230
1011,502
1,3105,6711,3441,640
163
266
1792,215
104435
4,4332,6251,5461,1121,7061,456
5011,7843,4895,0042,4191,4242,758
4461,151
268351
3,173596
6,7542,748
4023,8921,3331,280
142665
1,749360
2,397
5,711665194
2,4452,174
8952,653
222
2683
1,730
36
11
9116
714
1
173
447
140
36229
691
8413
141
52676
5
472
98
36
6113
2
53
32
24
278
65154
6
51
I 44
21
31
2541
11121
42
4
1392
51
1
232
313
254
1
12
13
25
2
3,048
74
3910
1,40834
64
28
223
1197
1772210
61
31
543579
162220
1011
24012
33412
369
63
5662
19
12523
22110
1
181
19
94
1
24111
1
3
13
1
1113
11
18
1
6
1
11
7
3
2
16,897
521871
9665411212836
874,229
1783431
241181105
66797435
171712750
85269025374755
30693
38611321
2079441
5,838272926
134
376991699
25820
6321
5372
19
Table 6. Number of active pharmaciata, by Hispanic origin and work Stat= United States, 1976-79
All
active OriginWork Sfafe pharmacists Hispanic Non-Hispanic urrkno wn
Allareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arksnsas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Foreign countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327124
1,6271,426
7,898
1,5021,790
205
5554,414
2,462258474
4,996
3,065
1,6661,1931,7991,655
537
2,0754,2635,9862,5271,501
2,952
4741,203
327408
3,566
709
7,5642,912
4244,2021,4741,3965,990
704
1,618
4092,5776,514
787
211
2,6332,569
9202,747
244
89
165
1,671
13
58
210
26
1027
227
16
2
3715
4
85
40
312
321
6
21
1563
18
86135
4
120
12
71
1
5523
4
2
135
5
22
1
86,481
2,275103
1,4561,326
6,9981,362
1,657187466
2,460
2,279
222438
4,683
1,547
1,1161,7211,542
503
1,6953,555
11941
1,468
2,636
4441,157
276
353
3,332
5287,120
2,776
3943,9891,366
945,708
671
30
3772,4495,611
665195
982,475
896
31217
28
91
24,183
3921
115100
690
114123
1682
1,707
167
3634
276221
115
697373
31
166705
5,8652,485
25
93
29414552
218
95
329
130
29193
941,302
211
32
1,768
32123380118
14
2,535
8119
2,71622
3973
20
Table 7. Idumber and percent distributionof active pharmacists by age, according to race and Hispanic origin: United States, 1978-79
Age
Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsRace and Hispanic origin Total years years yeara years years and over Unknown
Allactiwpharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race
Whit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AmericanIndian, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic origin
Hispanic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hlspanlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
American Mian... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hispanic origin
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
90,4221,730
144
3,04894
16,897
1,67166,48124,183
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0
23,604
18,683344
33941
273,576
36617,5725,664
21.2
20.7
19.922.930.926.7
22.020.4
32,264
26,299
57742
1,23042
4,074
46025.175
6;609
26.9
29.1
33.429.240.444.7
26.729.2
Number
23,096 19,059
16,564 15,436346 325
25 30502 286
10 123,649 2,968
399 31317,672 14,8244,625 3,922
Percent distribution’
20.7 17.1
20.6 17.120.0 18.617.4 20.816.5 9.410.6 12.6
23.9 16.720.7 17.2
5,649
4,637
607
591
665
494,4901,110
5.1
5.13.54.91.91.1
2.9
5.2
7,644
6,63876
726
21,091
61
6,3991,364
7.0
7.44.54.9
0.92.1
3.67.4
619
165
654
1
149669
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
‘Percents may nol add to 100.0 becauee of rounding.
21
Table8. Numkrand percent tistnbution ofacfwe phamaciata bysex, according toraceand Mspanic origin: United SWtea, 1978-79
SexRace and Hispanic origin Total Male Female unknown
Number
18,115All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.335 94,158 62
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90,4221,730144
3,04894
16,897
76,6721,212
1272,099
7713,971
13,750518
17949
172,864 62
Hispanic origin
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,67186,48124,183
1,22472,89220,042
44713,5864,082
359
Percent distribution
63.9 16.1,..
Allactwe pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0
Race,... . .. . .. . .. . .
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
84.8 15.270.1 29.988.2 11.6
68.9 31.181.9 18.1
Hispanic origin
Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0100.0
73.2 26.8
84.3 15.7
. . .
. . .
Table9. Numhrand percent dstnbution ofactive pharmacists bygeograpMc region ofphamacy schmlof gmduation, according toraceand Hiapnicorigin: United States, 1978-79
Geographic region of pharmacy school
North Us. ForeignRace and Hispanic origin Total South West Norlheast Central territory country Unknown
Number
33,041All activepharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335
90,4221,730
144
3,046
9416,897
1,671
86,46124,183
100.0
100.0100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0
31,280
27,1981,128
60
359
19
2,516720
25,9074,653
30.7
31.266.642.2
11.9
20.445.731.1
13,126 25,350 52 901 6,585
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1
,1836241
,615
34191
18,018170
10
199
16
8,937196
30,516327
31
403
16
1,748104
291
2236
295 3,1837 35
2
446 24
6 1143 5,340157 94364
11,2541,508
23,920 21,517 41,234 11,420 12
72717
3,1525,339
Percent distribution’
24.9 32.4 0.1All active pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 1.0 ,..
Race
White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.83.7
28.9
53.4
36.623.113.5
20.6 35.0 0.010.0 19.3 0.1
7.0 21.8
6.6 13,3
17.2 17.2
12.4 8.6 2.328.7 25.8
0.30.4
14.8
6.610.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.,.
. . .
. . .
‘Percents may not add to 100. O because of rounding.
22
Table IO. Number ofactive phamacists, byemplo~ent setingand woWState United States, 1978-79
All Independentactive community Chain Pharmaceutical
Work State pharmacists pharmacy pharmacy Hospital manufacturer Other Unknown
All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DlstrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . .,, .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshir e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NewJarsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Caroling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington, . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WestVkglnia, .,, ..,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
US.territories, .,...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327124
1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790
205555
4,4142,462
256474
4,9963,0651,6661,1931,7991,655
5372,0754,2635,9662,5271,5012,952474
1,203327406
3,566709
7,5842,912424
4,2021,4741,3965,990704
1,616409
2,5776,514787211
2,6332,569920
2,747244
89165
38,417
1,14226
216706
2,0915119004086
1,27994534196
1,720809706497748614204521
1,7911,961968692
1,12920448583171
1,702252
3,2141,089182
1,350529496523256770189
1,0112,073186115748679336
1,106116
68
28,413
58030
435269
1,90840232388109
1,29463861
1371,3001,097381294481475154724725
1,53849424681111522712292
576157
1,43196466
1,491393365
1,10912549864
6522,1942043798250029667754
35
25,119
33540
384308
2,720360314331958795299086
1,36656837625639736683
448767
1,45450023275494
2396473
538154
1,805523125849364325
1,066158295108570
1,4421463555049320879533
2380
2,477
20
195
1492334145
443545
167279171620341
2386
20334137941423
3247
351465
681210668
214
3685142
2114281
513
3,844
514
4140
27728596
6398657129186633244567
179123111512193205757
12734
2715519
1115344635247215871665536488294817
26
14,065
19922
55298
7531561602495
8202304236
33222612398109108861807917194ao29786371815162
301105512 “23527
213123156
2,6711331622921955418219
2687954911123
5071
23
Table 11. Number and percent distributbn of active pharrneobta by primary empbyment setting aocording to agrx United State& 197S-79
Age
All active Under 30 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65 yearsPrimaiy employment setting pharmacists years years yeare years years and over Unknown
Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Independent community pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic or medical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Independent community pharmacy. . . . . . . . . . . . .Chain pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clinic ormedical building pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
38,40828,423
3,9681,551
19,6032,4761,2882,553
14,065
100.0
39.128.94.01.6
19.92.51.32.6
23,604
4,9947,755
834447
6,306206294349
2,419
100.0
23.636.63.92.1
29.61.01.41.6
32,284
9,2359,0861,241
4586,980
882457718
3,407
100.0
32.031.5
4.31.6
24.22.41.62.5
23,096 19,059 5,649
9,300 8,045 2,4265,439 3,993 1,083
814 847 179270 185 61
2,743 2,320 649775 582 158224 217 58653 527 162
2,878 2,543 695
Percent distribution’
100.0 100.0 100.0
46.0 48.7 51.026.9 24.2 22.4
4.0 3.9 3.81.3 1.1 1.3
13.6 14.0 13.63.8 3.5 3.31.1 1.3 1.23.2 3.2 3.4
7,844
4,279990245128538
6736
1381,423
100.0
66.615.43.82.08.41.00.62.2
819
12997
82
67646
. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..,.. . ..,.
‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding,
Tabb 12. Number and percent [email protected] active pharmacists by primsry amptoyment setting according to race and Hispanic origix Un.RedStateq197s-79
RaceAll
Hispanic or@in
Primary active American Non-employment setting pharmacists White Black Indian Asian Other Unknown Hispanic Hispanic Unknown
Allseftings . . . . . . . . . .
Independent communitypharmacy. . . . . . . . . .
Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .Clinic or medical
building pharmacy . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical
manufacturer . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . .
Allsetfings . . . . . . . . . .
Independent communitypharmacy . . . . . . . . . .
Chain pharmacy . . . . . . .Clinic or medical
building pharmacy . . . . .Nursing Home . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceutical
manufacturer . . . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
38,40828,423
3,9681,551
19,603
2,4761,2882,553
14,065
100.0
39.128.9
4.01.6
19.9
2.51.32.6
90,422
35,11024,200
3,341667
16,379
2,2981,0521,7595,616
100.0
41.428.5
3.90.8
19.3
2.71.22.1
1,730
401451
1513
486
363835
129
100.0
25.028.2
9.40.2
30.4
2.22.42.2
144
3639
103
38
4239
100.0
28.7
28.9
7.4
2.228.2
3.01.52.2
Number
3,048 94
476 20790 25
234 831
1,223 32
483747
162 9
Percent distribution’
100.0 100.0
16.5 23.5
27.4 29.4
8.1 9.41.1
42.4 37.6
1.71.31.6
16,897
2,365
2,918
224
647
1,445
90159709
6,140
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
1,671
486516
8818
343
201632
152
100.0
32.034.0
5.81.2
22.6
1.31.12.1
86,481
31,04422,592
3,1961,347
15,564
2,0401,0582,2387,420
100.0
39.328.6
4.01.7
19.7
2.61.32.6
24,183
6,8785,335
682186
3,696
416214283
8,493
.,.
. . .
. . .
. . .,... . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
1Percents may net add to 100.0 because of rounding,
24
Table 13. Number of active pharmaciata, by principal forma of employment and work Stattx United Stateq 1978-79
All
active Sole Assistant Star? Employment
Work State pharmacists owner Partner manager Manager pharmacist Other’ unknown
All areas, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi ..,..........,.. . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WeatVirglnla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Forelgncountrles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
2,327124
1,6271,4267,8981,5021,790205555
4,4142,462258474
4,9963,0651,6661,1931,7991,655537
2,0754,2635,9e62,5271,5012,952474
1,203327406
3,56S709
7,5642,912424
4,2021,4741,3965,990704
1,618409
2,5776,514787211
2,6332,569920
2,747244
89165
16,490
40615
147309
1,0002092702629
54740416e4
7193053152472663029316e59975025037446199
2304062
635116
1,120422102505256206
1,1117126210045495612739
27036614039347
22
9,456
2314
38163521110160919
300260
263
4642191771212551263713319144064169231371031428
37134
1,01534017
3231291134894917534
2874774430
23417083
31615
2
21,295
31i33
357246
1,4372932754e90
98344375e4
914734282226352331104401721197336205675801747368
642137
1,33374267
983333227
1,32012133763
3971,3e514042
50533224042142
2038
9,513
1476
I3e85
4636111711
a
415329
924
4274597288
20111313
2202657149468
32233711321
22345
46432835
63815366
7123919922
2614454110
3021169716821
512
41,152
9e343
653448
3,46164276460
2431,300720109i65
2,044887643396534597221643
1,4182,2331,131526
I,038175416138169
1,240254
2,e45840153
i,397445634
1,788300586144896
2,58633270
1,081899300
1,239
85
927
5,962
615
6e72
40556871753
2251311523
211301865310410515173167e8
45162992675513
26833
4929531
2036990
38029118246S
301665
1131393511116
321
8,465
1e616
22610361111111714706641753231
21716091626779541379026842015710624134444718988
31514519
153676019095161221923623715
128548259918
4865
‘Includes volunteers.
25
Table 14. Number and~r@nt tistnbutin ofactive phamacists bytoblhours woked~rwee~ amtingto principal fomsofemplo~ent and sex:United States, 1978-79
Total hours
Principal form of All active
employment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown
All principal forms of employmentNumber
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,335 13,453 52,129 37,049 9,704Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,158 8,323 42,787 35,193 7,855Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,115 5,128 9,341 1,855 1,791Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2 1 1 58
Sole owner
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,490 541 2,420 13,111 418Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,069 463 2,330 12,655 401Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 58 90 256 17
Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partner
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sex unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,4588,984
474
591444
147
2,6542,534
120
6,0455,854
191
168152
16
Manager’
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30,80827,2773,531
1,417
1,019398
18,716
16,2272,489
10,2629,671
591
413
36053
Staff pharmacist
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41,152
29,711
11,4401
9,6005,3964,204
25,297
19,038
6,259
5,020
4,398
622
1,235
879
3551
Othe~
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,982
5,191771
976735
241
2,486
2,166
320
2,230
2,055
175
270
235
35
Employment unknown
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sexunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8,465
6,926
1,47861
328
246
802
553
492
63
1
381
360
20
1
7,200
5,828
1,315
57
Percent distribution=All principalformsof employment
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0100.0
100.0
50.849.6
57.2
36.140.811.4
13.1
8.831.4
. . .
. . .
. . .
Sole owner
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0100.0100.0
3.43.1
14.4
15.114.922.3
81.662.163.4
. . .
. . .
. . .
Partner
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0100.0100.0
6.45.0
32.1
28.628.7
26.2
65.166.3
41.7
. . .
.,.4..
Manager’
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f00.0100.0100.0
4.73.8
11.4
61.660.371.6
33.635.9
17.0
. . .
. . .
. . .
Sse footnotes at end of table.
26
Table 14. Number andpercent dstribution ofactive phamacists bytotal hours worked perweek, accordng topnncipal forms ofemployment and sexUnited States, 1978.79-Con.
Total hours
Principal form of A// actweemployment and sex pharmacists 1-35 36-45 More than 45 Unknown
Staff pharmacist Percent distribufiona
Bolh sexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 24.1 63.4 12.6Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 18.7 66.0 15.2Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 37.9 56.5 5.6 . . .
Othe#
Bothsexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 17.2 43.7 39.2Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .100.0 14.8 43.7 41.5
Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
100.0 32.7 43.5 23.6 . . .
‘Includes assistant managers.,’lncludcm volunteers,lPmctmtsmayrrotaddto 100, O because of rounding,
Table 15, Number andpercent tistfibution ofactive phamacists byseconda~ emplo~ent setings, acwrting topnma~employment seMngs:United Statea, 1978-79
Secondary employment setting
All Independent Clinic or Collegeactive None or community Chain medical building Nursing .Pharmaceutical of
Pr[maryemployment setting pharmacists unknown pharmacy pharmacy pharmacy home Hospital manufacturer pharmacy Other
Allsi?ltings . . . . . . . . . . . .
Independent community
pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .
Champharmacy . . . . . . . . .
Cltmc or medical
building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . .Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pharmaceutical
manufacturer . . . , . . . . . .College of pharmacy . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Allsetlmgs . . . . . . . . . . . .
Independent community
pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . .Chcunpharmacy . . . . . . . .Clinic or medical
building pharmacy . . . . . . .Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . .
Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pharmaceullcal
manufacturer . . . . . . . . .Collegeorpharmacy . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
36,417
28,413
3,9701,551
19,596
2,4771,290
2,55414,065
100.0
100.0100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0100.0100.0
99,943
32,932
26,207
3,0711,146
16,574
2,205919
1,82414,065
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
2,262
. .
480
169101
1,118
15592
147. . .
16.9
. .
21.8
18.8
24.9
37.0
57.0
24.8
20.1
1,183
386
79
10840
3e6
523199
. . .
6.8
7.03.6
12.0
9.9
12.8
19.1
8.413.6
Number
937 4,878
301 3,168
176 881
. . . 299
29200 427
5 2
27 19
199 82. . . .
Percent distribution’
7.0 36.4
5.5 57.8
8.0 40.0
. . . 33.3
7.2 . . .
6.6 14.1
1.8 0.77.3 5.1
27.3 11.2
2,194
1,557
330
20266
193
28142
76. . .
16.4
21.115.0
22.5
16.3
6.4
10.338.310.4
75
25
13
62
14
. . .5
10
0.6
0.50.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
. . .1.4
1.4
616
69
38
4612
393
9. . .49
. . .
4.6
1.31.7
5.1
3.013.0
3.3. . .6.7
1,247
379
209
69155
291
21
5568
. . .
9.3
6.9
9.5
7.7
38.39,6
7.714.6
9.3
‘Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding
27
Table 16. Mean houwwo*ed ~rweekby ativephamacists, andatandard &viations, byrace, geqraphm regrnn(tih number ofphamatish), andactivities performed United States, 1978-79
All races White Black American Indian Asian
Geographic region Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standard Mean Standardand activity hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation hours deviation
Northeast
(23,994 pharmacists)
Allactivifies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information topafients . . . . . . . . . .
Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Central
(30,042 pharmacists)
Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information topatients . . . . . . . . . .Dispensing prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South
(35,689 pharmacists)
Allacfivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing information to patients . . . . . . . . . .Dispensingprescripfions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teachingand/orresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West(17,611 pharmacists)
Allactivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Providing information to prescribers . . . . . . . .
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Providing informationto patients . . . . . . . . . .Oispensingprescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Teaching and/or research . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
384
22212
1
43
384
241
121
45
2
7
426
2
12
1
42
375
221
12
2
13
. . .-... . .
.-.-..------
.-.
13
. . .
. . .
.-.---
. . .
. . .
---. . .
12
. . .
..-
. . .
.-.
. . .
.-.
---
. . .
13
. . .
-... . ...--..
----..
.-.
43 13 43 12 40 17 40 7
7 19 3 82 4 3 67 9 5 5
21 15 24 120 1 2 81 2 2 52 2 1 2
0 0 1 3
384
222121
611
6
14746
6
385
20212
2
713
515855
7
13 44
5 311 9
5 4
14 25
6 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
12
613
615
4
534
42 10 42 9
4 4 3 59 11 6 105 5 4 6
18 12 23 13
1 3 82 8 1 41 2 1 21 2 1 5
43
384
241
121
12 43 11 45 10 43 1045
2
7
526
1
121
510
514
5
34
6
3
6
524
2
11
1
6 3 5 3 510 7 9 4 86 6 5 5 6
14 25 14 26 137 1 4 2 63- 1 1 43 2 5 1 26 1 3 1 5
13 42 12 42 13 41 1042
375
231
12
2
6105
136
3
4
7
475
21111
1
710
615
5
32
6
4 5 35 8 55 6 5
21 14 223 10 11 2 11 1 1
3 10 2
695
13533
6
28
Table 17. Number andpercent distributionofactive pharmacists byselected weeks worked inyearprior tointewiew, according tosex andage UnitedStatea, 1978-79
Weeks workedAll active
Sex and age Pharmacists Less than 48 48-51 52 Unknown
Both sexes
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover ...,..... . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112,335
23,60432,26423,09619,0595,6497,844
819
10,249
3,3562,2401,1421,032
4861,945
46
10,065
2,3362,7841,9381,596
482916
31
80,931 11,070
15,54724,28517,89114,690
4,0964,238
184
2,3632,9552,1251,739
585745558
Male
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearaandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94,156
15,93127,08520,54417,1555,2517,501
691
7,030
1,8231,278
791803437
1,65939
6,061
1,4872,2191,6451,371
448865
26
70,004
11,07321,13916,28713,4523,6364,056
161
1,5482,4491,8211,529
530701465
Female
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,115
7,6645,1602,5401,896
397342116
3,216
1,53596135122949667
2,004
649
565293227
3431
5
10,926
4,474
3,1461,6041,238
26018123
1,967
806488292202
5444
81
Sex unknown
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 11 60
Percent distribution’Both sexes
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0 10.1
100.0 15.6100.0 7.6100.0 5.4100.0 6.0100.0 9.6100.0 27.4
10.0
11.09.59.29.29.5
12.9
79.9
73.282.985.364.860.959.7
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
Male
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82.3 . . .
77.0 . . .65.8 . . .
87.0 . . .
86.1 . . .81.2 . . .59.6 . . .
100.0 8.2
100.0 12.7100.0 5.2100.0 4.2100.0 5.1100.0 9.3100.0 27.3
9.5
10.39.08.68.69.5
13.0
Female
Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0 19.9
100.0 22.4
100.0 20.6100.0 15.6100.0 13.5100.0 14.3100.0 28.9
12.4
12.412.113.0
13.49.9
10.4
67.7 . . .
65.2 . . .
67.3 ..<
71.4 . . .73.1 . . .75.8 . . .60.7 . . .
lPercents maynot add to 100.0 because of rounding,
29
Table 18. Number ofinaotiie pharmacists, byreason forinactivity and Stete of residence United States, 1978-79
Reason for inactivity
Unemployed Working in another field
Not NotAll Seeking seeking Seeking seeking
inactive work in work in work in work inState of residence pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown
All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DistrictofColumbia . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S.territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreigncountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,912
14432
498246
1,643
394
356
3656
1,251
340
43
101
632416285250
196279
86450
627
809
347165
701131
257
8964
797136
1,879
319104
618
302
2281,479
149215
93309
1,088
161
36
448467136
44761
17
75
7,879
2410
237
119620192
1401225
564102
19
38
343136115
66
8710135
138
360
12
10155
316
61
104
313e
295
38
932
6820
218
111
80648
456438
85
332
4919
147151
65209
25
3
18
1,469
122
357
932529
12
6629
3
4
4913
1610
1093
23
57
348
50
9
12
64
697
240
1311
66
7
26101
23le6
25
50
10
3
3743
553
4
1
8
272
61
4
136
66
193
1
2
78
55
231
2
5
4
3
7
11
13
17
152
12
7
326
3
1
27
3
4
511
2
576
71
10
853
514
321
9
1
2
2311
92
4
81
13
20
125
15
2
13
32
17
4
54157
7
10
9
571061
8
35
2
1326
312
1
2
4,5e7
4611
7347
3677274
912
144
8510
29
171
9855
54
388016
149
180
297551
138
26
71
610
217
29
379
6930
136
8270
39228671779
323
514
12111225
8416
5
21
1,397
92
16
4109
1728
102
4929
2
877
521921
1922
82021
62717
2511
18
65
561
8140
7
89
16
26116
11155
37
84
5
3
36531533
3
2
4
1,322
62
21
2012121
1712
5433
2
6
442814
20
1431
5
38
62
74716
5
17
21
335
67
559
35
17
17103
435
728
91
13
1
59291724
3
1
12
3,410
323
10240
24456
5039
324
60
5
14
118
7052
52222519
87127
7554631
153
14
15
742397
52109
2418
53
5217
3625101649
146
304
3148
531
9
5
8
llrr a few States this was phrased as “in training in pharmacy.”
30
Table 19. Number andpercent dstribution ofinactive phamacists byreaaon forinactivw, according tosexandag= United States, 1978-79
Reason for reactivity
Unemployed Working in another field
Not NotAll Seeking seeking Seeking seeking
inactive work in work in work in work inSex and age pharmacists Retired pharmacy pharmacy’ pharmacy pharmacy Homemaker Other Unknown
Both sexesz
Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under 30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Age unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageunknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Both sexesz
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Female
Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Under30 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40-49years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50-59years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number
576
70148126126
3668
2
1,469
247
28121 e
257
131
326
9
1,045
118154141197117
3106
424
129127
77
60
1416
1
8.4
21.4
9.8
9.612.410.3
4.4
7.3
19.9
7.9
6.2
12.510.6
4.5
13.1
23.113.9
14.012.3
8.4
3.1
272
72
545243
15
351
4,567
283
1,5101,27e
875268
31380
4,187
2031,3961,196
783240292
77
400
60114
82
92
2821
3
1,397
224
553300214
4152
13
35
384
52
121
1,362
221
545296
209
394012
1,322
267
304235
247
120136
11
1,033
167220194214
104127
7
3.41020,912
1,371
3,3162,6732,395
1,478
9,023656
16,997
7132,2522,025
1,8211,274
8,3315el
3,845
6541,063
645
569
203647
64
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0
7,879
91756
305
6636,403
425
7,282
71141
249601
5,984369
586
26
15
56
62415
30
45.0
0.8
0.6
2.5
14.852.0
87.3
51.1
1.2
0.62.4
15.854.3
87.7
18.1
0.4
0.72.7
11.537.1
81.4
219
449408
327204,6L36
115
,745
120
194 476
4634353311
341
49128106
983262
301
308242
1671,510
97
78 99 269 607
9514797
81
36137
14
262017
10
41
212020
28
46
100
6441
33
16114
Percent distribution3
1.6 3.3
6.2 6.1
1.9 5.22.3 5.62.1 6.11.2 2.8
0.5 0.9
26.2 8.0 7.6 . . .
19.4 23.2 . . .
19.3 10.6 . . .
13.2 10.4 . . .
10.4 12.0 . . .
3.2 9.4 . . .
0.7 1.9 . . .
22.8
52.7
56.442.321.0
4.3
1.4 3.3 29.4
7.8 8.3 34.2
1.7 6.6 71.6
2.0 6.2 69.7
2.1 6.2 49.6
1.0 2.9 21.7
0.5 0.9 4.3
0.2 7.2
28.211.3
11.3
13.69.41.9
. . .
0.50.4
0.2
0.30.2
0.2
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
42.1
39.559.5
54.042.823.4
7.8
8.9
17.9
9.2
7.56.69.62.2
2.4 3.1 12.4
4.6 3.8 10.7
2.2 2.2 12.4
3.1 3.6 15.0
2.0 5.7 18.8
2.4 2.4 16.8
0.2 1.2 4.1
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
1In a few States this wss phrased as “in training in pharmacy:%cludes 70 Inactive pharmacist of unknown SSX..$Percents may not add to 100.0 because of rounding
31
Appendixes
Contents
I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..33
Cooperative Health Statistics System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Minimum data ~et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Response rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Data editing and processing procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Removing duplicate records.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...35Period of data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Consistency of data between NCHS national and State reports and reports published by individual States . . 36
II. Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...38
111. Definitions ofcertain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..42
Appendix table
Year of data collection, contractor conducting Survey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State:United States, 1978-79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
32
Appendix 1Technical notes on methods
Cooperative Health Statistics System
In response to aneedfor demographic and practice dataon health professions personnel, the National Center for HealthStatistics established the manpower component of the Coopera-tive Health Statistics System (CHSS). This system was de-signed to decentralize the collection of data from the FederaI
to the State level. The data were then to be transferredfrom each State in the system to the Center. CHSS neverfully developed to provide health manpower data in all States,
and eventually this component of the system was terminated.While it was in operation it provided data on pharmacists
for those States that were participating in the system at
the time of the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists.The remaining States’ data were collected via a contractwith the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy(AACP). The appendix table shows the contractor used in
each State.
Appendix table. Year of data collection, contractor conducting Suwey of Licensed Pharmacists, and response rate, by State United States, 1978-79
Data collection Percent responseState year Contractor’ rate2
All States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .DWictofColumbla. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Illinois .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Montana . .,, . .,,....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Norlh Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .1978
19791979
1979
1979197819781978
1978
19781979
19781977
197819791978
19771977
1979
19781979
19781978197819791978197819791978
1978
19781978197719781978
19781979
1980
. . .CHSS
AACPCHSSCHSSAACPAACPAACPAACPAACPCHSSAACPAACPAACP
AACPAACPAACP
AACPAACPAACP
CHSSAACP
CHSSCHSSCHSSCHSSCHSSAACPCHSS
AACPCHSSAACPAACPAACPCHSSAACPAACPAACPCHSS
84
91
8282
93
89858582
897975
8987
77
9389
9286
639064
100929586969297
97
68
8293769694
807979
See footnotes at end of tabls.
33
Appendix table. Year ofdatacollection, contractor conducting Suweyof Ucensed Phamacista, and response rate, by State UnitedStates,1978-79-Con.
Data collection Percent responseState year Contfactorl rat$
Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 CHSS 81Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHSS 931978
South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 100
1977Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AACP 901978
Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 89
1979 AACP 83Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHSS 75
Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...” ““”””””””1978 AACP 89
Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::::::1978 CHSS 971978
West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHSS 90
1979 CHSS 99Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHSS 841978 AACP 84
lCHSS— the Cooperative Health Statistics System,AACP-theAmerican AasocistmnofCollegea of Pharmacy.
2Prior to the remova[ of duplicate records.
Minimum data set
As part of CHSS, a uniform minimum data set wasdeveloped bythe Center in consultation with other producersand users of health manpower data. The minimum data setconsisted of a core of basic data on 13 health occupations.Foreach occupation there was tobean additional occupation-specific set of data elements included in the minimum dataset. Pharmacy was one of the occupations for which anadditional data set was developed.
For the 1978-79 Survey of Licensed Pharmacists thisminimum data set for pharmacists was the basis for thedevelopment of the data collection instrument. Data itemson the individual questionnaires developed by each Stateparticipating in CHSS were to be identical. However, becauselegislative and administrative requirements varied among theStates, the order of the questions and the wording or theformat in approximately half the States’ questionnaires de-parted from the Center’s model. Inafewcases, State legisla-tion prevented the collection of certain data items consideredsensitive, such as race. In addition, States were permittedto exclude from the questionnaire items for which data werealready available from their State licensing board records.They were also allowed to include on their questionnairesother questions for their own information which were notpart of the minimum data set. All the minimum data setitems were included in the questionnaire used fordatacollec-tion by AACP, which appears in appendix II. The use ofthe minimum data set as the basis for all questionnairesresulted in data that could be merged to produce a nationalfile of pharmacists.
Responserate
An important factor in the validity of the data is theresponse rate. The lower the response rate, the more chancethere is for bias to be injected into the survey results sincethe respondents may not be representative of the entire groupof pharmacists. For this survey, the individual CHSS contrac-torsprovided the Center with thequestionnaire response rates
for each of their States. These are provided in the appendixtable.
Questionnairemailout
In each State the contractor (either the AACPor CHSSState agency) worked in collaboration with the State licensingboard to send the questionnaires to all Iicensed pharmacists.In most States the questionnaires were mailed with licenserenewal applications sent out by the State licensing board.The completed questionnaires were returned to the contractor,where they were coded (and also keytaped, in CHSS States).Followup questionnaires to nonrespondents were mailed outdirectly by the contractors. Followup mailings were supposedto occur until an 80-percent response rate in each Statewas reached. As many as four mailings were made to nonre-spondents in some States in an effort to achieve the 80-percentresponse rate. The overall questionnaire response rate was84 percent (appendix table).
Calculation
The questionnaire response rate for each State is basedon the number of respondents (out of the universe that receivedquestionnaires) who returned a questionnaire after completingoneormore items called forinthe data collection instrument.In some CHSS States, information that was part of the mini-mum data set, already available in State licensing botirdrecords, was notrequired to beasked foron the questionnairebut wasprovided directly from the existing records. Becauseof this data, records of nonrespondents contained data thatotherwise would have been missing. When data are availableon nonrespondents, the data are used in this report withoutdistinction for response status. Thus, while a CHSS State’sresponse rate is based on the number of returned questionnairescontaining one or more completed data items, in reality theremay be additional records with usable data that are not countedtoward the response rate.
In States where data were collected through AACP thereis also a slight adjustment of the definition of the responserate. The universe that received questionnaires constitutes
34
the denominator of the response rate calculation. However,that number is not the same as the actual total numberof licensed pharmacists in the States involved. In Stateswhere data were collected through AACP the contractor wasnot notified of new addresses. As a result, a very smallnumber of licensed pharmacists dld not receive copies of
the questionnaire. The response rate then in non-CHSS Statesis not based on the entire universe of licensed pharmacists,as it is in CHSS States, where contractors were notifiedof address changes and the rosters remained up-to-date. Innon-CHSS Stiates the response rate is a function of the numberof licensed pharmacists who received questionnaires. How-ever. even if some pharmacists were excluded from the re-sponse-rate calculation because they did not receive question-naires, they remain on the State roster as licensed pharmacistsand are counted in this report.
It is impossible to reflect accurately the true universeof licensed pharmacists because a very small fraction ofpharmacists died during the data collection period. This attri-tion, however, is theoretically offset by the small numberof newly licensed pharmacists who missed being surveyed.
Item nonresponse
If some pharmacists are known to be active but noother information about them is available, they appear inthe unknown cells of the variables in question in the tableson active pharmacists. If a datum is missing in a table
und [he pharmacists are active, they appear in the “unknown”column or row for that variable only. To save space ina few of the tables, the number of pharmacists who belongin tin “unknown” column or row are footnoted rather than
listed in the table.For records where there were item nonresponses but
sufficient other data from which to impute missing data,imputations were performed. These imputations were limitedto the following data items: year of birth, year of graduation,sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,
and activity status. These are discussed more extensivelyin the next section, “Data editing and processing procedures.”
There was no extrapolation made from records having data,to fill in other records missing those data items.
Dataeditingandprocessingprocedures
As the survey in each State was completed, a data tapewas created, At the National Center for Health Statisticsall data on the tape were subjected to computer range andlogic test procedures, which were set up to flag inconsistencies
ml errors. The mistakes flagged were corrected throughprocedures established to handle common problems amongSkmes, through ad hoc routines to correct specific problems,or by contacting the contractor for clarification or even for
resubmitted of the data.
Rtinge tests were used to check that the codes for data
were correct. For example, a zip code of 00000 was notacceptable. Either the correct code would be found and insertedor a missing data code would be used. Logic tests were
used to check for consistency between data items. Whena pharmacist’s weekly hours spent in each activity or employ-ment setting (see appendix II, questionnaire items 23a, 23b,and 23) did not add to the total hours worked per weekor did not agree with each other, the items were flaggedas inconsistencies. The hours were corrected in some cases
by proportionally adjusting the detail of activity or employmentsetting. If, however, the sum of the hours by activity matchedthe corresponding sum of hours by employment setting, thetotal hours were changed to equal the sum of the detailedhours. Similarly, a person whose year of birth was givenas 1940 could not have a year of graduation of 1950. Oneof the variables would be adjusted using other available
information such as years active in pharmacy practice. Ifno determination could be made, missing data codes weresubstituted for these data items.
Missing information for year of birth, year of graduation,sex, Hispanic origin, academic degree held in pharmacy,
and activity status were imputed from other known datawithin the record. When year of birth was missing, it wasderived from a formula using year of graduation and type
of first degree held. If year of graduation was missing butyear of birth was available, and the pharmacist held a firstbasic pharmacy degree, year of graduation was imputed usingthe average age at graduation for pharmacists in the file.
On the rare occasion that sex was missing, it was determinedfrom first name. If there was no first name or the namewas ambiguous, it remained missing. When Hispanic originwas asked on the questionnaire and respondents answered
race and left Hispanic origin blank, it was imputed thatthey were not of Hispanic origin. It was imputed that pharma-cists had or did not have a first basic degree in pharmacy
when the item “first degree held” was inconsistent with other
data items. The determination of whether or not a pharmacistheld a degree was based on year and school of graduationand year of birth. When activity status was missing, it wasimputed on the basis of the respondent’s age, of weeksworked during the past year, andior of whether or not therespondent named a primary location of work.
Removing duplicate records
The 51 State tapes (including the District of Columbia)
submitted through CHSS and AACP, when merged into a
national data file, contained the total number of pharmacistlicenses held in the country. Although this number is interest-ing and useful, from a national perspective it is far moreimportant to focus on the number of individual health prac-
titioners as the unit of analysis. Shortage area designation,
adequacy of supply, and minority assimilation (to name somefunctions) depend on individuals and their work locations;
and multiple counting of the same individual is not acceptable.Thus, it was necessruy to remove duplicate records of pharmac-ists licensed in more than one State and to derive a nationaldata file in which each pharmacist would be counted only
once.
Before passage of the Privacy Act of 1974 (PL 93.579),the primary tool for removing duplicate records of individualslicensed in more than one State was the social security number.
35
But as the public became concerned about the potential invas-ion of privacy made possible by the development of highspeed computers and the linking of various data systems,the Privacy Act was passed to protect confidentiality of rec-
ords. The Act, among other things, established stringentconditions on the use of the social security number. Section7(b) states the following:
Any Federal, State, or local government agency which requestsan individual to disclose his Social Security number shall informthat individual whether that disclosure is mandatory or voluntary,by what statutory or other authority such number is solicited,and what uses will be made of it.
The effect of this provision was twofold. All manpowerquestionnaires had to comply with Section 7(b) above. Second,
many State CHSS contractors were totally prohibited fromasking for social security numbers by executive decree orthrough State legislative action. The net effect of the PrivacyAct was to make it virtually impossible to collect or to
use social security numbers as a means for purging the phar-macy file of duplicate records. Therefore, an alternativemethod to remove duplicate records was devised.
A unique identifier for each record was produced by
extracting selected data from the record. The data were drawnfrom variables that remain relatively constant. The most valu-
able variables used in this process were name, date of birth,
year of graduation, school name, residence, and work location.The identifiers that resulted from this linkup of variableswere then computer matched. The computer reaching processwas done using four different sorts of the records. These
sorts were required to assure that even records with miscoded,
erroneous, or missing data would be matched with anotherrecord from the same individual. Thus, even though dateof birth, use of first name, and so forth are subject toerrors due to interpretation of handwriting, keypunching, and
so forth, the procedures for deletion allowed these recordsto be linked with others in the file if such matching records
existed.The computer comparisons of records with matching iden-
tifiers resulted in the detection of duplicate and even multiplerecords of the same pharmacists. These extraneous records
were deleted. The record chosen to be kept for each pharmacist
was the one from the State in which he or she was working.
If that datum was missing or the pharmacist was workingin more than one State, other criteria for selecting the recordto retain were used. This process resulted in the creationof the “unduplicated” file. ‘1 The total number of pharmacistrecords prior to the removal of duplicate and multiple recordswas 207,169. The “unduplication” process yielded a total
of 160,664 records, one for each licensed pharmacist, regard-
less of the number of States in which licenses were held.
NOTE A list of references follows the text.
Period of data collection
As may be seen in the appendix table, 30 States andthe District of Columbia, or 61 percent. had data collections
occurring during 1978; and 14 States, or 27 percent, in1979. Five of the remaining States’ data collection occurredin 1977, and only one State had a 1980 data collection.
The year of each State’s data collection shown in the
appendix table represents the time during which the bulkof a State’s data collection occurred. This is the year inwhich the respondent completed the questionnaire, and itis usually the year in which the license was due to be
renewed. If the license renewal deadline was in Januaryof the following year, the year of that State’s data collectionwas still considered to be the earlier year, since usuallythe questionnaires were filled out in November and December,and the data provided on the questionnaire represented thepharmacist in the earlier year.
The year of data collection for each State was used
in calculating the pharmacist’s age as it appears in the age
tables throughout this report. For example, a pharmacist fromNew York with a year of birth of 1939 would be countedas 38 years old (New York’s year of data collection was1977), whereas a pharmacist in California with the same
year of birth would be counted as 40 years old (California’syear of data collection was 1979). The calculation was donethis way because it is important to match a pharmacist’scharacteristics with his actual age at the time he providedthe information for the questionnaire.
Consistency of data between NCHSnational and State reports andreports published by individual States
This report contains data on all licensed pharmacistsin the Nation. The text and tables generally deal with allknown active pharmacists. This subset of pharmacists was
obtained after editing and processing each State’s data, merg-
ing them into a national file, and removing duplicate records.The data for each State that appear in the detailed tablesin this report differ from the data included in the 1978-79
pharmacist State reports published by the National Centerfor Health Statistics, using the same original data, ‘z The
data in the State reports were edited and processed in thesame way as the data for the national report, but the Statereports included only pharmacists who were active and work-ing in the State of licensure or inactive with an in-Statemailing address. The data for the national report includepharmacists who remain after duplicate records were removed.
This results in different numbers of pharmacists in the same
State.Furthermore, while the State reports placed all pharma-
cists according to the criterion that they be working in theirIicensure States, the national report allocated pharmacists
by work States (including military personnel who might not original data are the same, the editing and processing differ,
have been licensed in the State in which they were working), the descriptive constraints on the data may differ, and the
w defined in appendix III. Thus, variation exists between State focuses only on pharmacists licensed therein, not by
the national and State reports published by the National Center work State as in this report. Furthermore, the States may
for Health Statistics. In addition, some of the CHSS States have collected additional data items on the pharmacists that
have published their own individual State reports describing were not submitted to the Center. Therefore, they may havethe results of their data collections. Again, although the data analyses for their State for which no national data exist.
37
Appendix IISurvey questionnaire
HRA-T5712-76 DEPARTMENT OF HE ALTH, ED UCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICEO.M. B. No. 68-S-76025APPROVAL EXPl RES 3/31/79
Health Resources Acim!mstrat, on
National Center for Health Statrst, cs
PHARMACY MANPOWER INFORMATION PROJECTAMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BOARDS OF PHARMACY
lN’FOR\f. \IION Ri, S’I’RIC’I’l Ohi S: ‘l’his survq i, I>ci]lg c{mcfucteci under the authority 01 the following legislation:● IIed(h Services Resewch, Health Statistics and \[ccfical Libraries .’w[ ot 1974 (P. I.. 93-3.53) Sec. 306(b)(l)(e), 42 U.S.
Code 242k; .%c. 308(a) (2)( fl), .42 LT.S. Cocft W?m● Comprehensive IIedth. hlanpowcr ‘1’raininq .1{ I 01 1971 IP. I.. 92-157, Sec. 772) 42 LI.S. Code 295 f-2● Emergency f{ealth Personnel /\ct ,Imendmen[s of 1972 IP. I.. 92-585) SC( 329t’b)( I ), 42 U.S. Code 254h● ]Nationd Health Planning and Resources [>evelopmtmt ,\ct ot 1974 (P.1,. 93-641 ) SW 151 3( b)(1 )(D), 42 U.S. Code
3001-2, Sec. 15?2(b)(7)(;\), 4? lJ, S, Code ?-l?dAfl [he information vou supply will be made ataild]le t,] tbe State I.lt ensing Board in wblch you m-c currently licensed, Data{Lithot{t individu. il identifiers suc b ,M name or adciress will be made ~vailahle in non-aggregated form to agencies wi
W ‘heOqmrtment of llealtb, Education, and Welfare. Any additional or turther release of information or publication will be m theform of ~ggregatc.d st:~tistic al data in which individuals are grouped intc categories such as age. Return of this questionnaire
wknowledgcs your ~qreemcnt to the uses, and releases by N’CI{S as described herein.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTIC;lPA”rlON
DO NOTWRITEIN THISSPACE
PART I: The information in this section will be published or released only in summaryDO NOTWRITE
form such that individuals will be combined into groups.IN THISSPACE
1. NAME
la. lHll THIHII~ lb. Generational Identifier: $,~~.$~~~j”
21-40 LastSR JR Ill
““~Id. Middle Initial ❑
44-59 F,m 60
I I2, PREVIOUS NAME: If your name has been changed due to court order, marriage,
divorce, etc., please provide the name under which you were previously licensed inthe State for which you are completing this form, in questions 2a.-2d.
2a.~~,-~],,,,,,lj,jllj 1 2b. Generatio-lal Identifier: ~~~j~~j~ ‘f
61-80 Last SR JR Ill
‘c”~ 2d. Middle Initial n84-99 F(rst 100
3. MAILING ADDRESS
–~
‘a”~I@ImnIl101-150 Street Address
~~
Street Address–Continue
<
‘b” ~ ‘7’::::::::- m151166 C,ty Name 167-168
3d. ZIP Code~ 169-173 J
38
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS SPACE
4. DATE QF BIRTH I I 1 I I 1 f Month Day Year 174-179
5. BIRTHPLACE: N ame of State or foreign country
6. PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE: N ame of State or foreign country.
7. PRINCIPALPLACE OF WORK IN PHARMACY: Name of State or foreign country.
823. For PHARMACY-Are you licensed by one or both States you listed in Question 6 or 7?
q YES 1
I
I El NO 1
I b. Are you currently residing or working in the State for which you are
completing this questionnaire? I (Please con tinuc
I with item 9)
q YES cl NO 1
I
(Please continue with Question 9)
9. Please indicate below where you were working in pharmacy one year ago.
If you were not working in pharmacy one year ago, please check this box. u
State or foreign country County
City ZIP Codelm201-205
I ’ ’ ’ ’ J
10. SE XI (Circle applicable number)
1 Male 2 Female
12. SPANISH ORIGIN OR DESCENT: (Circle applicable number)
1 Mexican American or Chicano
2 Puerto Rican or Boricua
3 Cuban
4 Central or South American
5 Other Spanish
6 No Spanish origin or descent
1 I. CO LO R 0 R RACE : (Circle applicable number)
1 Caucasian or White
2 Negro or Black
3 American Indian/Native American
4 Oriental or Asian
5 Other (Please specify):
PART II: The information in this section will be published or released without individ- ual identifiers such as name or address to agencies within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
- I
13. In what year did you receive your first pro- fessional pharmacy degree and what was the exact name of the pharmacy school at the time of your graduation?
Year 19 m 209-210
Name of pharmacy school at time of graduation
14. Indicate your first college of pharmacy degree. (Circle only one number)
1 No college or pharmacy degree (Skip to item I7/
2 Ph.C., Ph.G., Pharm.D. (Prior to 1940)
3 B.S., or B.Pharm., four-year program
4 B.S., or B.Pharm., five-year program
5 Pharm.D., six-year program
211-217
HRA-T57 12-76
-- __--- __.- ___--_ -----
Page 2
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS SPACE
I I I I
180-182
1 1 1 I 183-185
I I I I
194-196
39
30 NOTNRITEN THIS;PACE
HRA-T5712-76
15, Indicate your formal advanced training inpharmacy beyond the first professionaldegree. (Circle (1) YES Or (2) NO for items. thr. h)
a. 1 YES 2 NO
b. 1 YES 2 Nc)
c. 1 YES 2 NO
d. 1 YES 2 NO
e. 1 YES 2 NO
f. 1 YES 2 NO
g. 1 YES 2 NO
h. 1 YES 2 NO
Advanced training (If NO, skip toltcm 17)
Residency in hospital pharmacy
Residency in clinical pharmacy
Post B.S. Pharm.D.
Master of Science
Ph.D. or D.SC.
Other (Please specify):
17. How many years have you been active inpharmacy since initial Iicensure. (Exclude
periods of inactivity of six months or more.
years m230-231
19. Are you currently working in pharmacypractice or pharmacy related activities forone or more hours per week? (e.g., retaflingpharmaceutical research, teaching, manage-ment in pharmacy related firm, etc.)
1 YES (Plcrrsc contim[e with item 20) +
2 NO
+
19b. If NO, which of the following bestdescribesyour present status?(Circle only one number)
1 Retired
2 Unemployed and seeking work in pharmacy
3 Unemployed and not seeking work in pharmacy
4 Working in another field and seeking work inpharmacy
5 Working in another field and not seeking workin pharmacy
6 Home maker
7 Other (Please specifs: disabled, etc.)
19c. What was the last month and year thatyou worked in pharmacy practice orpharmacy related activities?
Month m ‘few m236-237 23e-239
16a. Have you been awarded an advanced deweein pharmacy?
1 YESI
16b. Pleaseindicate below yourmajor area of concentration.(Circle only one number)
01 Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)
02 Hospital Pharmacy
03 Clinlcal Pharmacy
04 Pharmacognosy
05 Pharmacology
06 Pharmacy Admmistration
07 Pharmaceutical (Medicinal)Chemistry
oa Other (Please specify]:
18.
2 NO
(Please continuewith itcm 17)
During the past 12 months, how manyweeks did you work in pharmacy practiceor pharmacy related activities? (Includepaid vacation and sick leave.)
weeksm232-233
20. Principal place of work in pharmacy.
(city)
(County)
(State]
ZIP Code ~]
250-254
21. Which of the following best describesyourprincipal form of employment in thisprofession? (Ci.cl. only one number)
1 Sole owner-manager
2 Partner
3 Manager (Chief, Director, etc.) -Employee
4 Assistant Manager (Ass’t. Chief, Ass’t. Director;etc.) -Employee
5 Staff pharmacist–Employee
6 Unpaid worker (volunteer)
7 Other, (Please specify):
22, Do you have a formal consultant arrange-ment with a health care facility?(Circle appropriate number)
1 YES 2 NO
Page 3
DO NOTWRITEIN THISSPACE
I240-243
11
244-246
I II
247-249
DO NOTWRITE[N THISSPACE
.—RA.T57
2.76
23, In an average week, how many hours do you work in pharmacy practice or pharmacy relatedactivites?
. . ..s m257-258
23a. In an average week, how many hours aresoent in each of the followina tv~es of
Providing information to prescribersand institutional clients (e.g., nursinghomes, hospitals) on sick room supplies,
surgical appliances, and other health mrelated items 259-260
Administrative, managerial m261-262
Providing information to patients onprescriptions and nonprescriptiondrugs, and other health related
activities
Dispensing of prescriptions
Teaching andlor research (pharmacy
related
Manufacturing andlor bulk compounding
Retailing of nonhealth related merchandise
Other (Please specify):
m263-264
m265-266
m267-268
ml269-270
m271-272
m273-274
23b. In an average week, how many hours arespent in pharmacy practice or pharmacyrelated work in each of the followingemployment settings? ~
Independent community pharmacy
(one outlet)
Small chain community pharmacy
(2-1 1 outlets)
l-w!+? chain communitv pharmacv(More than 11 outlets)
Clinic or medical building pharmacy
Nursing home
Private hosp#tal
Government hosp!tal (includes State,county, local government, and military)
Other government (e.g., FDA, State
boards of pharmacy)
Pharmaceutmal manufacturer
Pharmaceutical wholesaler
Col Iege of Pharmacy
Other (Please specil.v):
m275-276
m277-278
279-280
281-282
m283-284
285-2a6
m
287-288
289-290
291-292
m293-294
m295-296
m
297-29a
COMMENTS:
Page 4
>0 NOTIVRITEIN THIS5PACE
41
Appendix IllDefinitionsof certain termsused in this report
All data items used in this report are defined in the Geographic region arzddivision are defined as follows:
same way as those in the questionnair~ (appendix II).Practice or employment settings are combined as follows:
● Chain pharmacy: small or large chain community phar-macy.
. Hospital: Government or other hospital.
Active pharmacists are placed in their work State. Whenwork State was missing from a record, the foIlowing hierarchywas used for determining the State in which to place thepharmacist: (1) residence State when it equaled mail State,(2) Iicensure State when it equaled residence or mail State,(3) mail State, and (4) licensure State.
Inactive pharmacists are placed in their residence State.Mail State is used when data on residence State are missing.If both States are missing, licensure State is used.
Geographicregionanddivkion
NortheastNew England . . . . . . . . . .
Mid-Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . .
North CentralEast North Central . . . . . . .
West North Central . . . . . .
SouthEast South Central . . . . . .
West South Central . . . . . .
WestMountain . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
States included
Maine, New Hampshire, Ver-mont, Massachusetts, Rhode ls-Iand, and ConnecticutNew York, New Jersey, andPennsylvania
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,and WisconsinMinnesota, lowa, Miesouri, NorthDakota, South Dakota, Neb-raska, and Kansas
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama,and MississippiArkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,and Texas
Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Col-orado, New Mexico, Arizona,Utah, and NevadaWashington, Oregon, Alaska,California, and Hawaii
42
Vital and Health Statisticsseries descriptions
sERIES 1.
SERIES 2.
SERIES 3.
SERIES 4.
SERIES 10.
SERIES 11.
SERIES 12.
SERIES 13.
programs and Collection Procedures-Reports describing the
general programs of the National Center for Health Statistics
and ltS fJffiCeS and divisions and the data collection methods
used. They also include definitions and other material necessary
far understanding the data.
Data Evaluation and Methods Researct+Studies of new statis-
tical methodology including experimental tests of new survey
methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analyti-
cal techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected
data, and contributions to statistical theory.
Analytical and Epidemiokrgical Stucfiee-Reports presenting
analytical or Interpretive studies based on vital and health statis-
tics, canying the analysis futther than the expository types of
repcrrts in the other series.
Documents and Committee Reports-Final reperk of major
committees concerned with vital and health statistics and docu-
ments such as recommended model vital registration laws and
revised birth and death certificates.
Data From the National Heafth Interview Survey-Statistics
on Illness, accidental injuries, disability, use of hospital, medical,
dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, all
based on data collected in the continuing national household
interview survey.
Data From the National Heatth Examination Survey and the
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Data from
dtrect examination, testing, and measurement of national samples
of the civilian noninstitutionalized population provide the basis
for (1) estimates of the medically defined prevalence of specific
diseases m the United States and the distributions of the population
with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological charac-
teristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the various mea-
surements without reference to an explicit finite universe of per-
sons.
Data From the Inatiiutionatiiad Population Surveye-Dscon-
Snued In 1975. Reports from these surveys ere included in Series
13,
Data on Health Resources Utiliition-Statistics on the utiliza-
tion of health manpower and facilities providing long-term care,
ambulatory care, hospital care. and family planning services.
SERIES 14.
SERIES 15.
SERIES 20.
SERIES 21.
SERIES 22.
SERIES 23.
Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Faciiiiie*Statis-
tlcs on the numbers, geographic distribubon, and characteristics
of health resources mcludmg physicians, denbsts, nurses, other
health occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facili-
ties.
Data From Special Surveye-Statstica on health and health-re-
Iated topics collected m special surveys that are not a parf of
the continuing data systems of the National Center for Health
Statistics.
Data on Mortatii-Various statistics on mortality other than
as included m regular annual or monthly reports. Special analyses
by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geo-
graphic and time series analyses; and stabsbcs on characteristics
of deaths not available from the vital records based on sample
surveys of those records.
Data on Natetii, Marriage, and Divorc+Var[ous statiska
on natahty, marriage, and dworce other than as included m regular
annual or monthly reports. Special anaylses by demograp!mc
variables: geographic and time series analyses: studies of ferbhty;
and statistics on characterisbcs of births not available from the
wtal records based on sample surveys of those records.
Data From the National Monthty and Natatii Surveys-Discon-
tinued in 1975. Reports from these eample surveys based on
vital records are included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.
Data From the National Survey of Family Growth-Statistce
on fertility, family formation and cfksolubon, family planning, and
related maternal and infant health topics derived from a periodic
suwey of a natlomvide probabMy sample of ever-married women
15-44 years of age.
For a list of titles of reports published in these senea, write to:
Scientific and Technical Informabon Branch
National Center for Health Statist@
Public Health Service
Hyattsvllle, Md. 20782
301-436-NCHS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ANDHUMAN SERVICES
Public Health ServiceNational Center for Health Statistics3700 East-West HighwayHyaffsvilla, Maryland 20782
OFFICIAL BUSINESSPENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 84-1823, Series 14, No. 28
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