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8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)
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All living things share some basic characteristics:
1. Organization2. Movement3. Made up of cells4. Reproduce5. Grow and / or develop6. Obtain and use energy7. Respond to the environment8. Adapt through evolution
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#1 OrganizationLife is organized on many structural levels
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Check out this animation that gives you a
sense of scale of some of the structuresstudied in biology! Its AWESOME!!!!
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)
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AtomsThe smallest unit of matter Composed of:
ProtonsPositive chargeLocated in the nucleus
NeutronsNeutral chargeLocated in the nucleus
ElectronsNegative charge
Locates in orbits around the nucleusMost important elements in biology are:
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
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Molecules
Groupings of atomsbonded together Important bio-molecules: Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
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Organelles
Membrane bound sub-cellular structures thatperform specificfunctions for a cell.
Examples: Mitochondria Chloroplasts Nucleus Golgi
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Cells
The smallest
unit defined aslife
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Tissues
A group of cellshaving a similarstructureworkingtogether toperform aspecificfunction
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Organs
Groupings of
tissues unitedto perform aspecificfunction
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Organisms
Living things that
have (or candevelop) the abilityto act or functionindependently.
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Populations
Localized
groups oforganismsbelonging to
the samespecies
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Communities
Populations
of speciesliving in thesame area.
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Ecosystems
Energyprocessingsystems ofcommunityinteractionsthat include
abioticenvironmentalfactors such assoil and water.
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Biomes
Large scaleecosystemsclassified bypredominantvegetation typeand distinctive
combinations ofplants andanimals.
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Biosphere
The sum
of all oftheplanetsbiomes
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Each level of biological organizationexhibits emergent pro per t ies (c l ick l ink)
Ex.Capillaries
transport
blood(property notexhibited by
individualendothelial
cells).
http://www.ehow.com/info_8232868_emergent-properties.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8232868_emergent-properties.html8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)
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#2 Movement All living organisms have internal movement;
the ability to move substances from one partof their body to another.
Some living organisms show externalmovement as well; the ability to move fromplace to place in a habitat.
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#3: Composed of one or more cells
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The cell theory
1. All known living things are made up
of cells.2. The cell is structural & functional
unit of all living things.3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells by division (spontaneous
generation does not occur).
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Evidence for the Cell Theory
Read this short summary of evidence for the
cell theory .
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method4.htm8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)
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Cells in multicellular organisms
differentiate (click link to read what this means!)
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-differentiation.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/cell-differentiation.html8/10/2019 Characteristics of Life. PP PDF(1)
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Cells are either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
Prokaryotic All bacteria cells Lack membrane bound
organelles Tend to besmaller in size thaneukaryotic cells
DNA not in nucleus(since they dont haveone) and not coiled intochromosomes
Eukaryotic Found in protists, plants,
fungi and animals Contain membrane
bound organelles DNA (found inside the
nucleus) can coil aroundproteins to formchromosomes
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Whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, all
cells share four common structures
CellmembraneCytoplasm
DNARibosomes
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#4: ReproductionEach organism arises through reproduction in whichDNA instructions are transmitted from parents tooffspring .
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A complexmechanism forcopying DNA
Passing theinformation encodedin DNA from parent tooffspring via sexual orasexual reproduction
Reproduction is based on:
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Sexual:Reproduction involvesthe fusion of a male
and a female gamete(egg and sperm)Results in a newgenome that isdifferent than that ofeither parent.Example: flowerpollination in plants
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Asexual:
Reproduction withoutthe fusion of gametesProduces a clone ofthe original organism,and therefore doesnot increase genetic
variation in thespecies as a whole.Example: binaryfission in bacteria
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#5: Grow and / or developGrowth means to get bigger in size
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Development involves a change in thephysical form or physiological make-up of anorganism
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#6 Obtain and use energyLiving organisms need energy to grow,develop, repair damage, and reproduce
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For most life forms
The ultimate source of energy is the sun
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Producers (AKA autotrophs)
Organisms that trapsolar energy byphotosynthesis anduse it to convert CO2into a usable foodsource (glucose).
Plants, blue-greenalgae
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Saprotrophs (AKA decomposers)Organisms that secreteenzymes on dead
organisms that causedecomposition, and thenthey absorb the resultingsimple compounds intotheir bodies. So they donot ingest whole food, butrather, they absorbdecomposed and digestedfood.
Bacteria and fungi.
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One reason organisms needenergy is to maintainhomeostasis A tendency for an organism to
maintain a constant internalenvironment (i.e. temperature,salt concentration, and pH)
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Organisms rely on their metabolism to
maintain homeostasis
Metabolism: The sum of all the
chemical reactions inan organism by whichmolecules are
combined together(ANABOLISM) or
broken apart(CATABOLISM) in turnstoring or releasingenergy.
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#7 Respond to the EnvironmentOrganisms react to stimuli in the environment: Light
Temperature Odor Sound Gravity Heat Water Pressure Visual
An example is a plants leaves and stemsgrowing toward light, or a person moving a handfrom a hot surface.
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#8 Adapt Through EvolutionAdaptation - an inherited behavior or
characteristic that enables an organism tosurvive & reproduce.
Over time, adaptations are modified bynatural selection.
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