Characteristics of Fungi simple

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IntroductionCell Structure and FunctionReproduction Characteristics of FungiFungi > Characteristics of Fungi

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www.boundless.com/biologyFungi are more closely related to animals than plants.Fungi are heterotrophic: they use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon, not photosynthesis.Fungi multiply either asexually, sexually, or both.The majority of fungi produce spores, which are defined as haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular, haploid individuals.Fungi interact with other organisms by either forming beneficial or mutualistic associations (mycorrhizae and lichens) or by causing serious infections.Introduction

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Fungi > Characteristics of Fungi

Fungal cell walls are rigid and contain complex polysaccharides called chitin (adds structural strength) and glucans.Ergosterol is the steroid molecule in the cell membranes that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes.Fungi can be unicellular, multicellular, or dimorphic, which is when the fungi is unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions.Fungi in the morphological vegetative stage consist of a tangle of slender, thread-like hyphae, whereas the reproductive stage is usually more obvious.Fungi like to be in a moist and slightly acidic environment; they can grow with or without light or oxygen.Fungi are saprophyte heterotrophs in that they use dead or decomposing organic matter as a source of carbon.Cell Structure and Function

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New colonies of fungi can grow from the fragmentation of hyphae.During budding, a bulge forms on the side of the cell; the bud ultimately detaches after the nucleus divides mitotically.Asexual spores are genetically identical to the parent and may be released either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium.Adverse environmental conditions often cause sexual reproduction in fungi.Mycelium can either be homothallic or heterothallic when reproducing sexually.Fungal sexual reproduction includes the following three stages: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and gametangia.Reproduction

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comAppendixKey termsAscomycota a taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi; those fungi that produce spores in a microscopic sporangium called an ascuschitin a complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humansergosterol the functional equivalent of cholesterol found in cell membranes of fungi and some protists, as well as, the steroid precursor of vitamin D2gametangium an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plantsglucan any polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucoseheterotrophic organisms that use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbonhomothallic male and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal myceliumhypha a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growthkaryogamy the fusion of two nuclei within a celllichen any of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old walls, etc.mycelium the vegetative part of any fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae, often undergroundmycorrhiza a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiplasmogamy stage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nucleisaprophyte any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteriaseptum cell wall division between hyphae of a fungussporangium a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organismspore a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into anotherspore a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into anotherthallus vegetative body of a fungus

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiExamples of fungiMany species of fungus produce the familiar mushroom (a) which is a reproductive structure.This (b) coral fungus displays brightly-colored fruiting bodies.This electron micrograph shows (c) the spore-bearing structures of Aspergillus, a type of toxic fungi found mostly in soil and plants.

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The poisonous Amanita muscaria The poisonous Amanita muscaria is native to temperate and boreal regions of North America.

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Example of a mycelium of a fungusThe mycelium of the fungus Neotestudina rosati can be pathogenic to humans.The fungus enters through a cut or scrape and develops a mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection.


Division of hyphae into separate cellsFungal hyphae may be (a) septated or (b) coenocytic (coeno- = "common"; -cytic = "cell") with many nuclei present in a single hypha.A bright field light micrograph of (c) Phialophora richardsiae shows septa that divide the hyphae.

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Example of a unicellular fungusCandida albicans is a yeast cell and the agent of candidiasis and thrush.This organism has a similar morphology to coccus bacteria; however, yeast is a eukaryotic organism (note the nucleus).


Release of spores from a sporangiumThis bright field light micrograph shows the release of spores from a sporangium at the end of a hypha called a sporangiophore.The organism depicted is a Mucor sp.fungus: a mold often found indoors.


Types of fungal reproductionFungi may utilize both asexual and sexual stages of reproduction; sexual reproduction often occurs in response to adverse environmental conditions.

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The release of fungal sporesThe (a) giant puff ball mushroom releases (b) a cloud of spores when it reaches maturity.

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiWhy are fungi important decomposers?A) They produce many spores.B) They can grow in many different environments.C) They produce mycelia.D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.

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FungiWhy are fungi important decomposers?A) They produce many spores.B) They can grow in many different environments.C) They produce mycelia.D) They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiFungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as which of the following?A) mutualisticB) saprophytesC) parasitesD) symbiotic

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FungiFungi that are decomposers in ecosystems are best described as which of the following?A) mutualisticB) saprophytesC) parasitesD) symbiotic

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiWhich polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?A) starchB) chitinC) glucoseD) cellulose


FungiWhich polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi?A) starchB) chitinC) glucoseD) cellulose

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiDuring sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium containsA) all septated hyphaeB) all haploid nucleiC) both mating typesD) only one mating types

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FungiDuring sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium containsA) all septated hyphaeB) all haploid nucleiC) both mating typesD) only one mating types

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiWhat is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?A) the formation of asexual sporesB) fragmentation of hyphaeC) mitotic buddingD) nuclear marriage of genes


FungiWhat is the most common type of fungal asexual reproduction?A) the formation of asexual sporesB) fragmentation of hyphaeC) mitotic buddingD) nuclear marriage of genesAttributionConnexions. "Introduction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44620/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "Ascomycota." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/AscomycotaWiktionary. "lichen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lichenWikipedia. "mycorrhiza." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mycorrhizaWiktionary. "spore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sporeBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/heterotrophicConnexions. "Characteristics of Fungi." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "saprophyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saprophyteBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/thallusBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/septumWikipedia. "hypha." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hyphaWiktionary. "mycelium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myceliumWiktionary. "ergosterol." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergosterolWiktionary. "glucan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glucanWiktionary. "chitin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chitinConnexions. "Characteristics of Fungi." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44622/latest/?collection=col11448/latestWiktionary. "sporangium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sporangium

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comFungiWikipedia. "gametangium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gametangiumWiktionary. "karyogamy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyogamyWiktionary. "plasmogamy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plasmogamyWiktionary. "homothallic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homothallicWiktionary. "spore." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spore

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Characteristics of Fungi simple