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Financial statements are the end products of financial accounting. They

are the summarised statements and reports prepared by business concerns to

disclose their accounting information and communicate them to the interested

parties. Financial statements include mainly two statements which the

accountant prepares at the end of a given period. These are Income Statement

(Profit and Loss Account) and Position Statement (Balance Sheet). These

statements are supplemented by Cash Flow Statement, Fund Flow Statement,

Statement of Retained Earnings, Schedules etc.

Income Statement:It is prepared to determine the operational position ofthe concern. It is a statement of revenues earned and the expenses incurred

for earning that revenue. The difference is either profit or loss. The income

statement is prepared for a particular period.

Position Statement: It is one of the important financial statementsdepicting the financial strength of the concern. It shows on the one hand the

properties that it utilises and on the other hand the sources of these

properties. The balance sheet shows all the assets owned by the concern

and the liabilities and claims it owes to owners and outsiders. It is prepared

as on a particular date.

Cash Flow Statement: It summarises the causes of changes in cashposition of a business enterprise between two Balance Sheet dates. It

focuses attention on cash changes only. It describes the sources of cash and

its uses.

Fund Flow Statement: It is designed to analyse the changes in thefinancial condition of a enterprise between two periods. This statement will

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show the sources from which the funds are received and the uses to which

these have been put.

Statement of Retained Earnings: Also known as Profit and LossAppropriation Account. It shows the appropriation of earnings like

dividend paid, transfer to reserve, etc. The balance in this account will

show the amount of profits retained and carried forward.

Schedules: A number of schedules are prepared to supplement theinformation supplied in the Balance Sheet. The schedules of investments,

fixed assets, debtors, etc. are prepared to give details about thesetransactions. All these schedules are used as part of financial statements.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS

The financial statements become meaningless unless they are analysed and

interpreted. On proper analysis and interpretation of the results, they become of

valuable and useful. Managerial decisions often depend on the results of

financial statements and their interpretations.

Analysis of financial statement is the process of determining the significant

operating and financial characteristics of a firm from the accounting data. It is

the treatment of the information contained in the financial statements to afford a

full diagnosis of the profitability and financial position of the firm. It helps the

executives to evaluate past performance, present financial position, liquidating

situation, profitability of the firm, and to make forecast for the future earnings.

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Interpretation of financial statement refers to drawing inferences or

conclusions on the basis of analysis conducted on the financial statements.

Proper interpretation leads to proper conclusion and judgement and taking

effective measures for improvements.

Objectives of Financial Analysis

Efficiency of operation: The earning capacity of a firm varies betweenperiods due to different factors such as pricing, competition, etc. The

analysis of financial statements helps to estimate the effieciency of

operations of the firm. The ratios such gross profit ratio, net profit ratio,

etc. are calculated and interpreted for the purpose of measuring the

efficiency of operations of the business.

Measure the financial position and financial performance of the firm: Theanalysis of financial statement help to gauge the financial position as on

any particular date and the financial performance of the firm within the

period under review.

Long term liquidity of funds: Analysis of financial statements help todetermine the long term liquidity of funds. It helps to make arrangement

for funds for the future when required.

Solvency of the firm: Analysis of Balance Sheet figures helps to measurethe solvency of the firm. The solvencies measures by studying the value of

assets over liabilities. It shows the debt paying capacity of the firm.

Future prospects of the firm: The future prospects of the firm can beascertained by studying the trend of activities for the last few years and the

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expected changes that may take place in the near future. Trend ratios help

to measure the future prospects of the business.

Progress of the firm: By comparing the profit and loss account and balancesheet figures of the current year with those of the previous year or of the

previous years helps to measure the progress of the firm. Comparative

statements are prepared for the purpose of measuring the progress of the

firm.

Features of Financial Analysis

To present a complex data contained in the financial statement in simpleand understandable form.

To classify the items contained in the financial statement in convenient andrational groups.

To make comparison between various groups to draw various conclusions.

Goals

Financial analysts often assess the firms:

Profitability - The firms ability to earn income and sustain growth in bothshort-term and long-term. A companys degree of profitability is usually

based on the income statement, which reports on the companys results of

operations.

Solvency - The firms ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other thirdparties in the long-term.

Liquidity - The firms ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfyingimmediate obligations.

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StabilityThe firms ability to remain in business in the long run, withouthaving to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing

a companys stability requires the use of the income statement and the

balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators.

Purpose of Analysis of Financial Statements

To know the earning capacity or profitability. To know the solvency. To know the financial strengths. To know the capability of payment of interest and dividends. To make comparative study with other firms. To know the trend of business. To know the efficiency of management. To provide useful information to management.

Procedure of Financial Statement Analysis

The following procedure is adopted for the analysis and interpretation of

financial statements:

The analyst should acquaint himself with principles of accounting. Heshould know the plans and policies of the management so that he may be

able to find out whether these plans are properly executed or not.

The extent of analysis should be determined so that the sphere of work maybe decided. If the aim is to find out the earning capacity of the enterprise,

then, analysis of income statement will be undertaken. On the other hand, if

financial position is to be studied, then, balance sheet will be necessary.

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The financial data given in the statement should be recognized andrearranged. It involves grouping of similar data under same heads, breaking

down of individual components of statement according to its nature and

reducing the data to a standard form.

A relationship is established among financial statements with the help oftools and techniques of financial analysis such as ratios, trends, common size

statements, fund flow statements, etc.

The information is interpreted in a simple and understandable way. Thesignificance and utility of financial data is explained for help in decision

making.

The conclusions drawn from interpretation are presented to the managementin the form of reports.

Functions of Finance Department

The functions of finance department include the following areas:

Effective management of financial resources of the company. Coordinates & Monitors the functions of accounts activities in the

units/marketing offers.

Establish and maintain systems of financial control, internal check andrender advice on financial & accounting matters including examination of

feasibility report and detailed project reports.

Establish and maintain proper system of budgetary control, cost control andmanagement reporting.

Maintain financial accounts and compile annual periodical accounts inaccordance with the companies Act, 1956, ensuring the audit of accounts as

per law/Govt. directions.

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Looks after overall funds management and arranges funds required for thecapital schemes and working capital form govt., banks and financial

institutions etc.

Timely payment of all taxes, levies & duties under the Law, Maintenance ofrecords and filing returns statements connected with such taxes, levies and

duties with the appropriate authorities, as per law.

All the power involving financial implications are to be exercised in prior

consultation with head of concerned finance department. In the event of any

difference of opinion between the General Manger and the Head of Finance Dept.,

the matter shall be referred to Managing Director who after consulting Director

(Finance) shall issue appropriate instruction after following the prescribed

procedures.

Types of Financial Analysis

Distinction between the different types of financial analysis can be made

either on the basis of material used for the same or according to the modus

operandi of the analysis or the object of the analysis. The following chart will give

a snap-shot view of it.

External Analysis: It is made by those who do not have access to thedeatailed accounting records of the company, i.e., banks, creditors and

general public. These people depend almost entirely on published financial

statements. The main objective of such analysis varies from party to party.

Internal Analysis: Such analysis is made by the finance and accountingdepartment to help the top management. These people have direct approach

to the relevant financial records. So they can peep behind the two basic

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financial statements and narrate the inside story. Such analysis emphasises

on the performance appraisal and assessing the profitability of different

activities.

Horizontal Analysis: When the financial statements for a number of yearsare reviewed and analysed, the analysis is called horizontal analysis. The

preparation of comparative statements is an example of horizontal analysis.

As it is based on data from year to year, rather than on one date or period or

time as a whole, this is also known as Dynamic Analysis.

Vertical Analysis: It is also known as Static Analysis. When ratios arecalculated from the Balance Sheet of one year, it is called vertical analysis. It

is not very useful for long term planning as it does not include the trend

study for future.

Long term Analysis: In the long run, the company must earn a minimumamount sufficient to maintain a suitable rate of returm on the investment to

provide for the necessary growth and development of the company and to

meet the cost of capital. Thus, in the long run analysis the stress is on the

stability and earning potentiality of the concern. In long term analysis, the

fixed assets, long term debt structure and the ownership interst is analysed.

Short term Analysis: It is mainly concerned with the working capitalanalysis. In the short run, a company must have ample funds readily

available to meet its current needs and sufficient borrowing capacity to meet

the contingencies. Hence, in short term analysis, the current assets and

current liabilities are analysed and cash position of the concern is

determined. For short term analysis the ratio analysis is very useful.

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Tools and Techniques of Financial Analysis (Methods)

The analysis of financial statements consists of a study of relationships and

trends to determine whether or not the financial position of the concern and itsoperating efficiency have been satisfactory. In the process of this analysis,

various tools or methods are used by the financial analyst. The analytical tools

generally available to an analyst for this purpose are as follows:

Comparative financial and operating statements Common-size statements Trend ratios(trend percentages) Average analysis Statement of changes in working capital Funds flow and cash flow analysis Ratio analysis1. Comparative financial and operating statements:

The preparation of comparative financial and operating statements is an

important device of horizontal financial analysis. Financial data becomes more

meaningful when compared with similar data for a previous period or a number

of prior periods. Statements prepared in a form that reflects financial data of two

or more periods are known as comparative statements. Such statements are very

helpful in measuring the effects of the conduct of a business during the period

under consideration. Comparative satatement may show :