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8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
1/22
WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1, which is the introductory part of the study consists of
the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Objectives of the
Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study, and the Significance of the
Study.
The Background of the Study starts with an introduction or opening
statements about the main topic leading to the specific topic and theidentification of the nature of the proposal. It is followed by a discussion on
the specific topic leading to the problem definition. Finally, a solution is
proposed to solve the problem and its corresponding strategy.
The background facts are basically the existing knowledge about thetopic. You are expected to conduct thorough retrieval of all information
available about the topic.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION cont.
The Five Wsand the H:
What: Descriptions and Types
Who: Users and Beneficiaries
Where: Uses and Applications
Why: Importance and RelevanceWhen: Historical background
How: Process, Functions and Operations
Aside from background facts, another good source of information is
the current facts. Specific information which people would like to know usually
include the deficiencies and/or problems encountered in the use of a particular
technology becomes visible in the current facts.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION cont.
Likewise, possible solutions to these problems may also beidentified from any or combination of the following:
1. Use of locally available materials
2. Improving efficiency of its operation
3. Increasing productivity of its users4. Improving flexibility or multiciplicity of its users
5. Growing concern for environmental degradation
6. Affordability or cost-effectiveness
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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The Statement of the Problem.
Having chosen a specific topic for your study, it is definite that you have
something in mind that is finding a solution. It must be something which can bea technological need or problem.
In defining your research problem, it is necessary that you create
interest in your reader. This should give an idea to the reader of how you arrive
at selecting your project study.
The Objectives of the Study includes the General Objective and the
Specific Objectives.
The General Objective captures the title of the study. It must contain
the subject matter of the study. It must be responsive to solve the main or
overall problem presented.
On the other hand, the specific objectives must be explicit, precise and
expected results are verifiable.
WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION cont.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
5/22
Thus, the criteria of SMART must be carefully considered in setting the
specific objectives:
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time-bound
The Scope and Limitations of the Study defines what the study is all
about, where and when the study is to be conducted and who the subjects are
or for whom the study is being made. Also included is a brief statement of the
reason why the study is conducted and how it will be resolved.
The Significance of the Studypresents the value of the study, not only
to the researcher but also to other stakeholders.
WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION cont.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
6/22
WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Conceptual Framework includes the Review of Related Literatureand Studies, Conceptual Model or Research Paradigm and the Operational
Definition of Terms.
The Review of Related Literature and Studies is concerned with
conceptual literature and research literature. Conceptual literature is
literature coming from books, journals, and other non-data materials whileresearch literature is literature that is empirical-based, consisting of findings in
theses and dissertations.
The review of literatureis basically a big pool of information related to
your topic from which you can develop your concept of the study. It involves
concepts, theories and ideas taken from different authors and experts. Theconcepts provide the basic knowledge to understand the topic. The theories
identify the research problem by presenting the gaps, weak points and
inconsistencies in the previous researches. These theories provide the study
with a conceptual or theoretical framework, which justify the need for an
investigation.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
The following steps may help you in conducting your review of related
literature and studies:
1. Prepare a preliminary bibliography
2. Read and take notes
3. Organize your materials
4. Write your first draft
Several characteristics must be considered for the choice of related literature
and studies:
1. The materials must be as recent as possible
2. The materials must be objective and unbiased3. The materials must be relevant to the study
4. The materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data
to make them valid and reliable
5. The materials must not be too few or too many
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
The sources of related literature and studies are limitless. These include
the following:
1. Books, encyclopedia, almanacs, and other similar references
2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals,
newspapers and other publications
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries4. Unpublished theses and dissertations
5. The Constitutions, laws and statutes of the land
6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and
departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines
and the government agency concerned7. Records of schools, public and private, especially of their activities
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific,
technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
9/22
WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Similarly, there are also many different ways of citing related literature
and studies. Examples include the following:
1. Magno (2003) stressed that Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is strongly
pushing for National ID System Act as a high priority.
2. According to Strasser, et. al (1981), men and boys are involved in more thantwo-thirds of the accidental deaths; whereas women and girls are involved
in fewer than one-third.
3. Australian universities tend to become research-oriented institutions since
research publications is considered to be the main criteria for recruitmentand promotion of academics (Oxenford, 1995).
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
4. Ayers (1994) claims that dewatering improves waste handling and reduces
the volume of garbage to be incinerated. Incidentally, dewatering is another
method of waste treatment designed to treat wet garbage.
5. Moreover, Crucido (2004) reported that vegetable growing is possible evenin areas where production is limited by space or by unsuitable growing
conditions through container gardening.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
In order to avoid plagiarism, the following guidelines can help you:
1. Always put quotation marks around any direct statement from someone
elseswork.
2. Give credit to the author for any paraphrase of his or her ideas or
statements, even though quotation marks are not used, because these ideasare clearly not your own.
3. Reference ant material, ideas or thoughts you found in a specific source if it
is evident that they came from your reading and are not common
knowledge.
4. Do not reference material that is a common knowledge.5. Reference any summary of discussion from one of your sources, even if it is
your own words.
6. Reference any charts, graphs, or tables that are created by others or that
you make out of someone elsesinformation. Put the reference immediately
below the chart, graph or table.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
A paraphrase is... your own rendition of essential information and ideas
expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow
from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on asingle main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... it is better than quoting
information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the
temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful
paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you
envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word orphrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have
borrowed exactly from the source.6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can
credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Example of paraphrasing:
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10%
of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while
taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted
material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during
note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-
47).
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
The Conceptual Model or the Research Paradigm is the diagrammaticpresentation of the concept of the study. The most common presentation of a
conceptual model for a developmental study follows the input-process-output
model while the research paradigm for trends and projection study follows the
use of dependent and independent variables. A brief description and
explanation of the model or paradigm must always be included. All inputs and
processes involved and/or variables must have been included and properly
discussed in the Review of Related and Studies.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
The most common presentation of a conceptual model for a
developmental research is shown below. In some cases, the same pattern could
also be applicable for an experimental research. However, it is necessary that the
required inputs be included in your respective conceptual model presentation.
Knowledge
Requirements
Software
Requirements
HardwareRequirements
Design
Development
Implementation
A new
technology or an
innovation
Evaluation
Input Process Output
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Knowledge Requirements are the basic information needed to
understand in pursuing the study. These include the concepts and principles
involved in the operation of the project. Discussions on similar gadgets or
machines maybe presented and how they are the same or hoe they differ in
construction, operation and/or application.
Software Requirements involve knowledge and skills on certaincomputer programming languages in order to create a workable system for the
project prototype. Such languages maybe Visual Basic Programming, Database
Management System, SQL and similar others.
Hardware requirements include the materials and equipment to beused in the fabrication and assembly of the project prototype. The kind or nature
of materials to be used will also determine the quality, time and cost involved in
the development of the project.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Preparing the Bibliography
The Bibliographyis a list or literatures used in the conduct of the study.
It is the concluding section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation and is
usually in alphabetical listing of source materials. The style and form of
preparing the bibliography must conform to some standards being adopted by
the college/university. Generally, there are two different styles for bibliographicentries: the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American
Psychological Association (APA).
Incidentally, the type most frequently required for both undergraduate
and graduate research papers is the APA form and style where the year ofpublication immediately follows the authorsname. Author maybe a person, a
corporation, an association, a city, or a bureau.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Books
(Suggested Minimum: 25; arrange in alphabetical order)
Authors Surname, First Name M.I., Copyright year. Title of the Book. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Merriwether, Nell W., 1997. Twelve Easy Steps to Successful Research Papers.
Chicago: NTC Publishing Group.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Theses and Dissertations
(Suggested Minimum: 20; arrange in alphabetical order)
AuthorsSurname, First Name M.I. Titleof the thesis or Dissertation.Degree
awarded with thesis or dissertation citation. Name of University, Date
Granted.
Example:
Rilles, Geraldine M. Development of Assistive Technology for Persons with
Vision Loss. Masters Thesis. Technological University of thePhilippines, May 2012.
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Journals and Other Publications
(Suggested Minimum: 15; arrange in alphabetical order)
AuthorsSurname, First Name M.I. Titleof the Article or Publication.Name of
Journal or Magazine or Newspaper. Date of Publication (in day-month-
year order): or Volume Number Issue Number. Pages.
Example:
Brody, L. E. GiftedChildren with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 23 September 2006: 30(3).
8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture
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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.
Electronic Sources
(Suggested Minimum: 10; arrange in alphabetical order)
Authors Surname, First Name M.I. Title of the Document. Title of the
Complete Work. Date of Publication (in day-month-year order). Full
URL used and (Date of Access).
Example:
Robert, Adelle B. Teaching Strategies and Techniques for People with
Disabilities (2007). Retrieved last July 21, 2010 fromhttp://www.hcblind.org