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Longitudinal axis of the body Skull, thoracic cage and vertebrae
Skull: 8 cranial (cranium or “braincase”) and 14 facial bones (face)
Skull also: 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone 24 vertebrae and sacrum and coccyx 24 ribs and sternum
Know #’s on page 199 Know vertebrae
Axial Skeleton
Figure 7-1 The Axial SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM 206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(see Figure 8–1)
Cranium
Hyoid
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Associatedbones
SkullFace
Skull andassociated
bones
Thoraciccage
Vertebralcolumn
AXIAL SKELETON
Auditoryossicles
8
14
6
1
1
24
24
1
1
29
25
26
80
An anterior view of the entireskeleton, with the axialcomponents highlighted. Thenumbers in the boxes indicatethe number of bones in the adultskeleton.
Sternum
Costalcartilages
Skull
Ribs
Lumbarvertebrae
Coccyx
Sacrum
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.
Cervicalvertebrae
Thoracicvertebrae
Framework that supports and protects brain and
spinal cord and vital organs in thorax Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles
Adjust head and neck position Perform respiration Stabilize/position appendicular skeleton
Limited articulations Strength Reinforcements of ligaments
Functions of axial skeleton
Cranial Cavity – “houses the brain”
Occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (pr) and temporal(pr)
Not only supports and protects the brain Attaches muscles that move eyes, jaw and head
Facial Bones – “front porch, over entrances to digestive and respiratory systems” Maxilla (pr), lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic and
mandible Palantine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
Skull
Septum: divider or wall Sinus: air filled cavities within bones of the skull;
Make bones lighter (less dense) Mucus membranes moisten and clean air
Suture: immovable joints that fuse bones of adult skull Lamboid suture arches across back Coronal suture arches across the front Sagiattal suture across the top of skullcap (R and L) Sqaumous suture on each side of skull (by ears) Sutures allow for bones to move as infant is born; bone is not ossified and
brain is growing rapidly – areas called fontanelles or soft spots
Know view c on page 201 SAVE things like table on pg 213 for college anatomy course Very odd picture on page 215
Vocabulary terms
Figure 7-3a-c The Adult Skull
PARIETALBONE(left)
PARIETALBONE(right)
OCCIPITALBONE
MANDIBLE
TEMPORAL BONE
Sagittal suture
Lambdoidsuture
Squamoussuture
Mastoid processStyloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipitalprotuberance
Posterior view
PARIETALBONE(left)
PARIETALBONE(right)
Lambdoidsuture
Sagittalsuture
OCCIPITAL BONE
Coronalsuture
FRONTAL BONEZYGOMATICBONE
NASAL BONES
Superior view
TEMPORALBONE
PARIETALBONE
OCCIPITALBONE
FRONTALBONE
Lateral view
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous part oftemporal bone
External acousticmeatus
Mastoid process
Zygomaticarch
Styloid processZygomatic process
of temporal boneTemporal process
of zygomatic bone
Coronal suture
SPHENOID
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
ETHMOID
MAXILLA
ZYGOMATIC BONE
MANDIBLE
Supra-orbital foramen
Infra-orbital foramen
Mental foramenMental protuberance
Vertebral column = spine Vertebra = bone (vertebrae = plural; bones)
24 bones; 5 regions 4 curves
Primary curves – accommodate organs Secondary curves – compensation (of weight)
Sacrum – accommodates hips Coccyx – tailbones (fused)
Vertebral column
Vertebral body – bears weight
Each vertebra connected to next with ligaments Separated by vertebral discs Ventral – internal by aorta and intestine
Vertebral arch – posterior to foramen Behind the spinal cord (most dorsal) Pedicles and lamina
Articular process “bumps” Keep spine aligned Spaces for nerves to leave
Vertebra
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-18 Vertebral Anatomy
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
The major components ofa typical vertebra
Spinousprocess
Inferiorarticularprocess
Superiorarticularprocess
Transverseprocess
Inferiorarticular
facet
Vertebralforamen
Pedicle
Vertebralbody
An inferior view of avertebra
A lateral and sectional viewof three articulatedvertebrae
Arrow passingthrough vertebral
canal
Vertebral body
Inferiorarticular
facetAn posterior view ofthree articulatedvertebrae
Inferiorarticularprocess
Vertebral body
Transverse process
Intervertebral disc
Spinous process
Intervertebraldisc
Intervertebralforamen
Lamina ofvertebral arch
Superior articular process
Superior articular facets
A lateral and slightly inferiorview of a vertebra
Arrow passingthrough vertebral
foramen
Vertebral body
Pedicle
Spinousprocess
Inferior articularprocess
Inferior articularfacet
Transverseprocess
Superior articularprocess
Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7
C1 = atlas; holds up head like Atlas holds up Earth; nods yes
C2 = axis; earth rotates on axis; nods no Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12
Each has a pair of ribs Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5
Vertebrae
80 bones of axial skeleton are only 40% of
total Remaining 60% are in appendicular skeleton “ appendages “ - arms and legs, shoulders
and hips MOVEMENT of body and MANIPULATION of objects
Appendicular Skeleton
Think pectoral muscles/ “pecs”/ shoulders, chest
and arms Clavicles – collar bones; meet at sternum Scapula – shoulder blades; LOTS of skeletal
muscle but NO direct bone or ligament connection to axial skeleton
Humerus – upper arm Radius – lower arm/ thumb side Ulna – lower arm/ point of elbow to pinky finger
Bones of the hand *
Pectoral Girdle
Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand
RADIUS
VIV
IIIII
I
Lunate
Scaphold
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Metacarpalbones
Proximalphalanx
Distalphalanx
ULNA
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Hamate
Posterior viewAnterior view
VIV III II
I
RADIUS
Lunate
Scaphold
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Metacarpalbones
Proximalphalanx
Distalphalanx
Middlephalanx
THIS WILL BE YOUR BIG ESSAY! LABEL THIS DIAGRAM
Hip bones (coxal) – ilium, ischium and pubis Pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet See page 243
Pelvic girdle
MALE FEMALE
<90 degree angleMore curvature of coccyx
Enlarged pelvic outletInferior angle >100
Wider/circular inletBroaderlower
Femur – longest and heaviest bone Patella – kneecap; sesamoid bone, tendons to
quadriceps femoris Tibia – shin; large bump inside ankle Fibula – lateral; attaches to tibia NOT femur;
interosseous membrane; doesn’t support weight and is for movement of the foot
7 ankle (tarsal) bones bear weight of body Calcaneous – largest; “heel bone”; Achilles
tendon Metatarsal bones and phalanges
Legs and Feet