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Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 7 and 8 Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Chapters 7 and 8 Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

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Anatomy & Physiology

Chapters 7 and 8Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Longitudinal axis of the body Skull, thoracic cage and vertebrae

Skull: 8 cranial (cranium or “braincase”) and 14 facial bones (face)

Skull also: 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone 24 vertebrae and sacrum and coccyx 24 ribs and sternum

Know #’s on page 199 Know vertebrae

Axial Skeleton

Figure 7-1 The Axial SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM 206

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(see Figure 8–1)

Cranium

Hyoid

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Associatedbones

SkullFace

Skull andassociated

bones

Thoraciccage

Vertebralcolumn

AXIAL SKELETON

Auditoryossicles

8

14

6

1

1

24

24

1

1

29

25

26

80

An anterior view of the entireskeleton, with the axialcomponents highlighted. Thenumbers in the boxes indicatethe number of bones in the adultskeleton.

Sternum

Costalcartilages

Skull

Ribs

Lumbarvertebrae

Coccyx

Sacrum

Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.

Cervicalvertebrae

Thoracicvertebrae

Framework that supports and protects brain and

spinal cord and vital organs in thorax Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles

Adjust head and neck position Perform respiration Stabilize/position appendicular skeleton

Limited articulations Strength Reinforcements of ligaments

Functions of axial skeleton

Cranial Cavity – “houses the brain”

Occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (pr) and temporal(pr)

Not only supports and protects the brain Attaches muscles that move eyes, jaw and head

Facial Bones – “front porch, over entrances to digestive and respiratory systems” Maxilla (pr), lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic and

mandible Palantine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

Skull

Septum: divider or wall Sinus: air filled cavities within bones of the skull;

Make bones lighter (less dense) Mucus membranes moisten and clean air

Suture: immovable joints that fuse bones of adult skull Lamboid suture arches across back Coronal suture arches across the front Sagiattal suture across the top of skullcap (R and L) Sqaumous suture on each side of skull (by ears) Sutures allow for bones to move as infant is born; bone is not ossified and

brain is growing rapidly – areas called fontanelles or soft spots

Know view c on page 201 SAVE things like table on pg 213 for college anatomy course Very odd picture on page 215

Vocabulary terms

Figure 7-3a-c The Adult Skull

PARIETALBONE(left)

PARIETALBONE(right)

OCCIPITALBONE

MANDIBLE

TEMPORAL BONE

Sagittal suture

Lambdoidsuture

Squamoussuture

Mastoid processStyloid process

Occipital condyle

External occipitalprotuberance

Posterior view

PARIETALBONE(left)

PARIETALBONE(right)

Lambdoidsuture

Sagittalsuture

OCCIPITAL BONE

Coronalsuture

FRONTAL BONEZYGOMATICBONE

NASAL BONES

Superior view

TEMPORALBONE

PARIETALBONE

OCCIPITALBONE

FRONTALBONE

Lateral view

Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous part oftemporal bone

External acousticmeatus

Mastoid process

Zygomaticarch

Styloid processZygomatic process

of temporal boneTemporal process

of zygomatic bone

Coronal suture

SPHENOID

NASAL BONE

LACRIMAL BONE

ETHMOID

MAXILLA

ZYGOMATIC BONE

MANDIBLE

Supra-orbital foramen

Infra-orbital foramen

Mental foramenMental protuberance

Vertebral column = spine Vertebra = bone (vertebrae = plural; bones)

24 bones; 5 regions 4 curves

Primary curves – accommodate organs Secondary curves – compensation (of weight)

Sacrum – accommodates hips Coccyx – tailbones (fused)

Vertebral column

Vertebral body – bears weight

Each vertebra connected to next with ligaments Separated by vertebral discs Ventral – internal by aorta and intestine

Vertebral arch – posterior to foramen Behind the spinal cord (most dorsal) Pedicles and lamina

Articular process “bumps” Keep spine aligned Spaces for nerves to leave

Vertebra

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-18 Vertebral Anatomy

Articular processes

Vertebral arch

Vertebral body

The major components ofa typical vertebra

Spinousprocess

Inferiorarticularprocess

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Inferiorarticular

facet

Vertebralforamen

Pedicle

Vertebralbody

An inferior view of avertebra

A lateral and sectional viewof three articulatedvertebrae

Arrow passingthrough vertebral

canal

Vertebral body

Inferiorarticular

facetAn posterior view ofthree articulatedvertebrae

Inferiorarticularprocess

Vertebral body

Transverse process

Intervertebral disc

Spinous process

Intervertebraldisc

Intervertebralforamen

Lamina ofvertebral arch

Superior articular process

Superior articular facets

A lateral and slightly inferiorview of a vertebra

Arrow passingthrough vertebral

foramen

Vertebral body

Pedicle

Spinousprocess

Inferior articularprocess

Inferior articularfacet

Transverseprocess

Superior articularprocess

Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7

C1 = atlas; holds up head like Atlas holds up Earth; nods yes

C2 = axis; earth rotates on axis; nods no Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12

Each has a pair of ribs Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5

Vertebrae

80 bones of axial skeleton are only 40% of

total Remaining 60% are in appendicular skeleton “ appendages “ - arms and legs, shoulders

and hips MOVEMENT of body and MANIPULATION of objects

Appendicular Skeleton

Think pectoral muscles/ “pecs”/ shoulders, chest

and arms Clavicles – collar bones; meet at sternum Scapula – shoulder blades; LOTS of skeletal

muscle but NO direct bone or ligament connection to axial skeleton

Humerus – upper arm Radius – lower arm/ thumb side Ulna – lower arm/ point of elbow to pinky finger

Bones of the hand *

Pectoral Girdle

Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand

RADIUS

VIV

IIIII

I

Lunate

Scaphold

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Metacarpalbones

Proximalphalanx

Distalphalanx

ULNA

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Hamate

Posterior viewAnterior view

VIV III II

I

RADIUS

Lunate

Scaphold

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Metacarpalbones

Proximalphalanx

Distalphalanx

Middlephalanx

THIS WILL BE YOUR BIG ESSAY! LABEL THIS DIAGRAM

Wrist has 8 bones 5 metacarpels 14 phalanges

Carpel bones

Hip bones (coxal) – ilium, ischium and pubis Pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet See page 243

Pelvic girdle

MALE FEMALE

<90 degree angleMore curvature of coccyx

Enlarged pelvic outletInferior angle >100

Wider/circular inletBroaderlower

Femur – longest and heaviest bone Patella – kneecap; sesamoid bone, tendons to

quadriceps femoris Tibia – shin; large bump inside ankle Fibula – lateral; attaches to tibia NOT femur;

interosseous membrane; doesn’t support weight and is for movement of the foot

7 ankle (tarsal) bones bear weight of body Calcaneous – largest; “heel bone”; Achilles

tendon Metatarsal bones and phalanges

Legs and Feet