CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE REGULATON CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE REGULATON

CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE AND

TEMPERATURE REGULATONTEMPERATURE REGULATON

““THERM” DEFINITIONSTHERM” DEFINITIONS

• HOMEOTHERM= MAINTAINS HI BODY HOMEOTHERM= MAINTAINS HI BODY TEMP;MUST REMAIN ACTIVE IN COLD TEMP;MUST REMAIN ACTIVE IN COLD

SURROUNDINGSURROUNDING• ENDOTHERMS= MAINTAIN TEMP BY ENDOTHERMS= MAINTAIN TEMP BY

INTERNAL HEAT PROD.INTERNAL HEAT PROD.• ECTOTHERM= MAINTSINS BODY TEMP ECTOTHERM= MAINTSINS BODY TEMP

BY USING BEHV. ADAP. Ex. Lizard in sunBY USING BEHV. ADAP. Ex. Lizard in sun

TEMPERATURE VS. RATES OF TEMPERATURE VS. RATES OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITYBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

• MOST ANIMALS LIVE WITHIN A ZONE MOST ANIMALS LIVE WITHIN A ZONE OF TOLERANCEOF TOLERANCE

• CHEMICAL RXN INVOLVE MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RXN INVOLVE MOLECULAR COLLISIONS THEREFORE HEAT MAY COLLISIONS THEREFORE HEAT MAY

CHANGE TIER CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE TIER CHARACTERISTICS

Q 10 RULE Q 10 RULE

• MEANS THE INCREASE IN RXN MEANS THE INCREASE IN RXN VELOCITY CAUSED BY A 10 DEGREE VELOCITY CAUSED BY A 10 DEGREE

RISE IN TEMPRISE IN TEMP• SOME EXAMPLES: Q10 FOR ENZYME RXS SOME EXAMPLES: Q10 FOR ENZYME RXS

RANGES 2-3, FOR COAGULATION OF HGB RANGES 2-3, FOR COAGULATION OF HGB 13.813.8

• GENERAL RULE A 10 DEGREE TEMP GENERAL RULE A 10 DEGREE TEMP INCREASE CAUSES 2-3 FOLD OXYGEN INCREASE CAUSES 2-3 FOLD OXYGEN

USE INCREASEUSE INCREASE

Q 10 RULE CON’T Q 10 RULE CON’T

• IF THE RATE DOUBLES Q10 = 2IF THE RATE DOUBLES Q10 = 2• IF THE RATE TRIPLES Q10 = 3 IF THE RATE TRIPLES Q10 = 3

• EXAMPLE: STARTING WITH A Q10 OF 2 EXAMPLE: STARTING WITH A Q10 OF 2 AND ATEMP OF 0 DEGREES C AT 10 AND ATEMP OF 0 DEGREES C AT 10

DEGREES THE RATE WOULD DOUBLE;DEGREES THE RATE WOULD DOUBLE;• AT 20 DEGREES THE RATE WOULD AT 20 DEGREES THE RATE WOULD

QUADRUPLE; AT 30 DEGREES IT WOULD QUADRUPLE; AT 30 DEGREES IT WOULD INCREASE 8x INCREASE 8x

PHYSIOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGIC COMPENSATION FOR RATE COMPENSATION FOR RATE LIMITING TEMP EFFECTSLIMITING TEMP EFFECTS

• AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL LIFE PROCESSES ARE GOVERNED BY Q10, PROCESSES ARE GOVERNED BY Q10, THE LOGARITHMIC LAW RELATING THE LOGARITHMIC LAW RELATING

VELOCITY OF RXN TO TEMPVELOCITY OF RXN TO TEMP

• ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED COMPENSATORY MECHANISM TO BEAT COMPENSATORY MECHANISM TO BEAT

THE Q10 RULETHE Q10 RULE

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION IN COMPENSATION IN

POIKILOTHERMSPOIKILOTHERMS

• THREE TYPES OF COMPENSATION:THREE TYPES OF COMPENSATION:• ACCLIMATION OR ACCLIMATIZATIONACCLIMATION OR ACCLIMATIZATION• BODY TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENT OR BODY TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENT OR

REGULATIONREGULATION• GENETIC OR EVOLUTIONARY GENETIC OR EVOLUTIONARY

ADAPTATIONADAPTATION• POIKS = TEMP FLUCT W ENVT.POIKS = TEMP FLUCT W ENVT.



• BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR ADJUSTMENTSADJUSTMENTS

– NORMALLY INVOLVES ENZYMES, PROTEIN NORMALLY INVOLVES ENZYMES, PROTEIN STRUCTURES,WATER CONTENT OF TISSUESSTRUCTURES,WATER CONTENT OF TISSUES

– ORGANIZATION OF LIPIDS ORGANIZATION OF LIPIDS

– CONTROL OF METABOLIC TOXINS CONTROL OF METABOLIC TOXINS PRODUCEDPRODUCED

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE COMENSATION IN COMENSATION IN POIKILOTHERMSPOIKILOTHERMS

• WATER WATER CONTENT,SUPERCOOLING,”ANTIFREEZE”CONTENT,SUPERCOOLING,”ANTIFREEZE”– GRADUAL TEMP CHANGE MUCH LESS DAMAGINGGRADUAL TEMP CHANGE MUCH LESS DAMAGING

– PREVENTION OF INTRACELLULER WATER PREVENTION OF INTRACELLULER WATER CRYSTALLIZATION, BECOME HYPERTONICCRYSTALLIZATION, BECOME HYPERTONIC

– ICREASE IN OSMOTIC CONTENT OF BODY FLUIDS ICREASE IN OSMOTIC CONTENT OF BODY FLUIDS TO DEPRESS FREEZING POINTTO DEPRESS FREEZING POINT



– GLYCEROL IS A SUBSTANCE THAT DEPRESSES THE GLYCEROL IS A SUBSTANCE THAT DEPRESSES THE FREEZING POINT OF VARIOUS SOLUTIONS; BUFFER FREEZING POINT OF VARIOUS SOLUTIONS; BUFFER

TERT AND QUAT. PROTEIN STRUCTURE CHANGETERT AND QUAT. PROTEIN STRUCTURE CHANGE

– GLYCOPROTEINS ALSOGLYCOPROTEINS ALSO

– OTHER PROTEINS ALSO OCCUR IN ARCTIC FISHOTHER PROTEINS ALSO OCCUR IN ARCTIC FISH

– MECHANISM THROUGH GROUPS BONDING TO MECHANISM THROUGH GROUPS BONDING TO DEPRESS FREEZING PTDEPRESS FREEZING PT

TEMP CONPENSATION IN TEMP CONPENSATION IN POIKS CONTPOIKS CONT

– GYLCOPRPTOEINS MOST COMMONGYLCOPRPTOEINS MOST COMMON

– ACT BY PREVENTION OF ADDITOIN OF WATER ACT BY PREVENTION OF ADDITOIN OF WATER CRYSTALS TO ICE LATTICECRYSTALS TO ICE LATTICE

– SEVERAL HUNDRED TIMES MORE EFFECTIVE SEVERAL HUNDRED TIMES MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM OR GLUCOSETHAN SODIUM OR GLUCOSE

– ALL HAVE THE AMINO ACIDS ALANINE, ALL HAVE THE AMINO ACIDS ALANINE, THREONINE, IN COMMON THREONINE, IN COMMON

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION COMPENSATION

INPOIKILOTHERMSINPOIKILOTHERMS

• LIPIDS, CELL MEMBRANES, ENZYME SYSTEMSLIPIDS, CELL MEMBRANES, ENZYME SYSTEMS– DIFFERENT BODY LIPIDS MAY BE PRESENT IN DIFFERENT BODY LIPIDS MAY BE PRESENT IN

ANIMALS IN DIFFERET CLIMATESANIMALS IN DIFFERET CLIMATES

– INCREASING BODY TEMP DECREASES FLUIDITY OF INCREASING BODY TEMP DECREASES FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANESTHE MEMBRANES

– MOST CRITICAL AREAS ARE CELL MEMBRAMES MOST CRITICAL AREAS ARE CELL MEMBRAMES AND NERVOUS TISSUE LININGSAND NERVOUS TISSUE LININGS

ENZYME ADJUSTMENTSENZYME ADJUSTMENTS

• ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF ENZYMATIC SYSTEMS ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF ENZYMATIC SYSTEMS IS CRITICAL TO THERMAL RESPONSEIS CRITICAL TO THERMAL RESPONSE

– ADJUSTMENTS OCCUR AT MULTIPLE STEPS OF THE ADJUSTMENTS OCCUR AT MULTIPLE STEPS OF THE REACTION SERIESREACTION SERIES

– TOXIC METABOLITES , HISTAMINE AND TOXIC METABOLITES , HISTAMINE AND THROMBOPLASTIC MATERIALS OFTEN ARE FOUND THROMBOPLASTIC MATERIALS OFTEN ARE FOUND

IN TISUESIN TISUES

• MECHANISM PROBABLY DUE TO PROTEIN MECHANISM PROBABLY DUE TO PROTEIN DENATURATIONDENATURATION

PHYSIOLOGIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTSBEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENTS

• MOST POIKILOTHERMS USE BEHAVIOR MOST POIKILOTHERMS USE BEHAVIOR TO AVOID OR MINIMIMIZE TEMP TO AVOID OR MINIMIMIZE TEMP

CHANGESCHANGES– INFARED SENORS IN FACIAL PITS OF INFARED SENORS IN FACIAL PITS OF

RATTLERS CAN DETECT .001 - .005 DEGREE C RATTLERS CAN DETECT .001 - .005 DEGREE C DIFFERENCEDIFFERENCE

– BASKING IN SUNSPOTSBASKING IN SUNSPOTS

PHYSIOLOGIC SDJUSTMENTSPHYSIOLOGIC SDJUSTMENTS

• CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONCARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATION– CUTANEOUS VASOCONSTRICTION IN COLD; CUTANEOUS VASOCONSTRICTION IN COLD;

VASODILATION IN HEAT IN POIKSVASODILATION IN HEAT IN POIKS

– AMPHIBIANS MAY SALIVATE IN HEAT, OR AMPHIBIANS MAY SALIVATE IN HEAT, OR DO EVAPORATIVE COOLINGDO EVAPORATIVE COOLING

PHYSIOLOGIC ADJUSTMENTSPHYSIOLOGIC ADJUSTMENTS

• NEUROENDROCRINENEUROENDROCRINE– IN POIKS, APPEARANCE OF ANTIFREEZES AS IN POIKS, APPEARANCE OF ANTIFREEZES AS

WINTER APPROACHESWINTER APPROACHES

– THIS IS TIMED BY PHOTOPERIOD IN THIS IS TIMED BY PHOTOPERIOD IN ARCCTIC TELEOST FISHARCCTIC TELEOST FISH

– APPEARS IN FALL, PITUITARY SIGNALS APPEARS IN FALL, PITUITARY SIGNALS CHEMICAL CLEARANCE IN SPRINGCHEMICAL CLEARANCE IN SPRING

BODY TEMP BIRDS AND BODY TEMP BIRDS AND MAMMALSMAMMALS

– THERE IS A CORE BODY TEMP AND A THERE IS A CORE BODY TEMP AND A PERIPHERAL TEMPPERIPHERAL TEMP

– DURING EXERCISE THE BBBDOY TEMP DURING EXERCISE THE BBBDOY TEMP MUST ADJUST TO A 10 FOLD RISE IN HEAT MUST ADJUST TO A 10 FOLD RISE IN HEAT

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

– BODY TEMP FOLLOWS LIGHT CYCLE , BODY TEMP FOLLOWS LIGHT CYCLE , DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONDIURNAL FLUCTUATION


• CAPACITY FOR ENDOTHERMYCAPACITY FOR ENDOTHERMY– MAINTANENCE OF RELATIVE CONSTANT BODY TEMPMAINTANENCE OF RELATIVE CONSTANT BODY TEMP

– SOME TUNAS AND SHARKS DO THIS VIA OPERATION SOME TUNAS AND SHARKS DO THIS VIA OPERATION OF THERMAL EXCHANGE UNITSOF THERMAL EXCHANGE UNITS


• TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS ( LOCATED TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS ( LOCATED IN TRUNK HEAVY MUSCLES)IN TRUNK HEAVY MUSCLES)– CUTANEOUS OR LATERAL RETIALCUTANEOUS OR LATERAL RETIAL

– SERVED BY A CUTANEOUS ARTERY AND VEINSERVED BY A CUTANEOUS ARTERY AND VEIN

– IN BLUEFIN TUNA AND LAMNID SHARKSIN BLUEFIN TUNA AND LAMNID SHARKS


• TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERSTYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS– CENTRAL OR HEMAL RETIACENTRAL OR HEMAL RETIA

– SUPPLIED DIRECTLY BY DORSAL AORTASUPPLIED DIRECTLY BY DORSAL AORTA

– IN SKIPJACKSIN SKIPJACKS


• PRINCIPALS FOR USE OF HEAT PRINCIPALS FOR USE OF HEAT EXCHANGERSEXCHANGERS

– REGARDLESS OF TYPE: THEY ARE REGARDLESS OF TYPE: THEY ARE ELABORATE RETE MIRIBLES, USING ELABORATE RETE MIRIBLES, USING

COUNTER CURRENT FLOWCOUNTER CURRENT FLOW

– BLOOD FLOW IS VERY SLOW THROUGH BLOOD FLOW IS VERY SLOW THROUGH SUCH AREASSUCH AREAS

– COLD BLOOD IS HEATED BY ACTIVELY COLD BLOOD IS HEATED BY ACTIVELY METABOLIZING TISSUESMETABOLIZING TISSUES

HOMEOTHERM HOMEOTHERM TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATIONCOMPENSATION

• CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ( HOMEOTHERMS) CRITICAL TEMPERATURE ( HOMEOTHERMS) IS THE LOWEST AIR TEMP AT WHICH AN IS THE LOWEST AIR TEMP AT WHICH AN

ANIMAL CAN MAINTAIN RESTING OR BASAL ANIMAL CAN MAINTAIN RESTING OR BASAL METABOLIC RATE WITHOUT LOWERED CORE METABOLIC RATE WITHOUT LOWERED CORE

TEMP.TEMP.• IN MAN THIS TEMP IS 27-TO,25 DEGREES IN MAN THIS TEMP IS 27-TO,25 DEGREES

CENTEGRADECENTEGRADE• IN ARCTIC FOX -30 TO -40IN ARCTIC FOX -30 TO -40

HEAT PRODUCTIONHEAT PRODUCTION

• IN HOMEOHERMS A MARKED INCREASE IN HOMEOHERMS A MARKED INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE AND MUSCULAR IN MUSCLE TONE AND MUSCULAR ACTIVITY PRECEEDS SHIVERING.ACTIVITY PRECEEDS SHIVERING.– MUSCLES GENERATE HEAT= SHIVERING MUSCLES GENERATE HEAT= SHIVERING

THERMOGENESISTHERMOGENESIS

– GENERATION OF HEAT BY METABOLIC GENERATION OF HEAT BY METABOLIC PROCESES AND ORGANS = NON-SHIVERING PROCESES AND ORGANS = NON-SHIVERING

THERMOGENESISTHERMOGENESIS

HEAT PRODUCTION CON’THEAT PRODUCTION CON’T

– ANIMALS VARY IN CAPACITY TO GENERATE ANIMALS VARY IN CAPACITY TO GENERATE HEATHEAT

– IN SOME MAMMALS: CATS, RATS, DOGS AND IN SOME MAMMALS: CATS, RATS, DOGS AND SHEEP BASAL METABOLIC RATE IS HIGHER SHEEP BASAL METABOLIC RATE IS HIGHER

WHEN THEY ARE COLD ACCLIMATED WHEN THEY ARE COLD ACCLIMATED

BROWN FAT : SPECIAL BROWN FAT : SPECIAL THERMOGENIC TISSUE THERMOGENIC TISSUE

(MAMMALS)(MAMMALS)

• MOST EVIDENT IN NEWBORNS, MOST EVIDENT IN NEWBORNS, HIBERNATORS, AND COLD ACCLIMATED HIBERNATORS, AND COLD ACCLIMATED

MAMMALSMAMMALS– RESPONDS TO COLD STRESS BY PRODUCING RESPONDS TO COLD STRESS BY PRODUCING

HEAT BURSTSHEAT BURSTS

– LOCATED IN NECK AND THORACIC REGIONS LOCATED IN NECK AND THORACIC REGIONS NEAR LARGE VESSELS FOR QUICK HEAT NEAR LARGE VESSELS FOR QUICK HEAT

TRANSPORTTRANSPORT

– STIMULATED BY NORADRENALINSTIMULATED BY NORADRENALIN

BROWN FAT: CON’TBROWN FAT: CON’T

– NORADRENALIN BINDS TO BETA NORADRENALIN BINDS TO BETA RECEPTORS ON PLASMA MEMBRANES OF RECEPTORS ON PLASMA MEMBRANES OF

FAT CELLSFAT CELLS

– THESE CELLS HAVE 150,000 OF THESE THESE CELLS HAVE 150,000 OF THESE RECEPTORS; MUCH HIGHER THAN IN RECEPTORS; MUCH HIGHER THAN IN

OTHER CELL TYPESOTHER CELL TYPES

– CATECHOLAMINES AND CYCLIC AMP CATECHOLAMINES AND CYCLIC AMP PROMOTE RAPPID LIPOLYSISPROMOTE RAPPID LIPOLYSIS

– SOME OF THE FATTY ACIDS ENTER SOME OF THE FATTY ACIDS ENTER MITOCHONDRIA FOR IMMEDIATE USEMITOCHONDRIA FOR IMMEDIATE USE

BROWN FAT :CON’T BROWN FAT :CON’T

– SOME FATTY ACIDS EXPORTED FROM CELL: SOME FATTY ACIDS EXPORTED FROM CELL: MECH STILL NOT CLEARMECH STILL NOT CLEAR

– HEAT PRODUCTION IS THE ONLY FUNCTION HEAT PRODUCTION IS THE ONLY FUNCTION OF BROWN FATOF BROWN FAT

– IT IS VERY VASCULAR WITH HIGH IT IS VERY VASCULAR WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CYTOCHROMES, CONCENTRATIONS OF CYTOCHROMES,

MYOGLOBINMYOGLOBIN

– HAS HHIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF HAS HHIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER, PROTEINS, CHOLESTEROL, WATER, PROTEINS, CHOLESTEROL,

MITOCHONDRAIL ENZYMESMITOCHONDRAIL ENZYMES

HEAT LOSSHEAT LOSS

– CONSTANT BODY TEMP REQUIREMENT: CONSTANT BODY TEMP REQUIREMENT: HEAT LOSS =HEAT GAINHEAT LOSS =HEAT GAIN

– CONDUCTION: TAKES PPLACE WHEN CONDUCTION: TAKES PPLACE WHEN PHYSICAL SUBSTANCES ARE IN DIRECT PHYSICAL SUBSTANCES ARE IN DIRECT

CONTACTCONTACT

– CONVECTION: HEAT MOVEMENT IN FLUIDSCONVECTION: HEAT MOVEMENT IN FLUIDS

– RADIATION= HEAT TRANSFER IN ABSENCE RADIATION= HEAT TRANSFER IN ABSENCE OF DIREST CONTACTOF DIREST CONTACT

HEAT LOSSHEAT LOSS

• NORMALLY VIA CONDUCTION, NORMALLY VIA CONDUCTION, RADIATION, VAPORIZATIONRADIATION, VAPORIZATION

– IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS CONVECTION IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS CONVECTION MAY ACCOUNT FOR ENTIRE HEAT MAY ACCOUNT FOR ENTIRE HEAT

TRANSFERTRANSFER

– TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS NORMALLY TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS NORMALLY LOSE MOST HEAT BY RADIATIONLOSE MOST HEAT BY RADIATION

– IN SMALL BIRDS EVAPORATIVE COOLING IN SMALL BIRDS EVAPORATIVE COOLING MAY BE THE MAJOR MECHANISMMAY BE THE MAJOR MECHANISM

CONTROL OF HEAT CONTROL OF HEAT DISSIPATION: FUR AND DISSIPATION: FUR AND

FEATHERSFEATHERS

• ARCTIC SPECIES BETTER INSULATED ARCTIC SPECIES BETTER INSULATED THAN TROPICALTHAN TROPICAL

– ANIMALS THAT LACK FUR CAN OBTAIN ANIMALS THAT LACK FUR CAN OBTAIN INSULATION VIA A COLD SKIN LAYER( PIGS)INSULATION VIA A COLD SKIN LAYER( PIGS)

COUNTERCURRENT COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGERSEXCHANGERS

• EXTREMETIES ARE OFTEN HEAT EXTREMETIES ARE OFTEN HEAT LEAKERS: NOT WELL INSULATEDLEAKERS: NOT WELL INSULATED

– THESE MUST BE COLD RESISTANTAND ABLE THESE MUST BE COLD RESISTANTAND ABLE TO TOLERATE TEMP CHANGESTO TOLERATE TEMP CHANGES

– EX: CARIBOU LEG AT 8 DEGREES BODY AT 37 EX: CARIBOU LEG AT 8 DEGREES BODY AT 37 DEGREESDEGREES

– COUNTER CURRENT EXCHANGERS: MAJOR COUNTER CURRENT EXCHANGERS: MAJOR ARTERIES SURROUNDEDBY THIN WALLED ARTERIES SURROUNDEDBY THIN WALLED

VEINS IN APPANDAGEVEINS IN APPANDAGE

COUNTERCURRENT COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGERSEXCHANGERS

– WHEN HEAT IS TO BE CONSERVED WHEN HEAT IS TO BE CONSERVED PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION IS RESTRICTEDPERIPHERAL CIRCULATION IS RESTRICTED

– WHEN HEAT DISSIPATION IS NEEDE WHEN HEAT DISSIPATION IS NEEDE VASODILATION OCCURSVASODILATION OCCURS

– USED IN MANY MAMMALSUSED IN MANY MAMMALS

HEAT : LETHAL HEAT : LETHAL MANIFEATATIONSMANIFEATATIONS

– HIGH TEMP DEATH DUE TO:HIGH TEMP DEATH DUE TO:

– DENATURATION OF PROTEINSDENATURATION OF PROTEINS

– THERMAL ENZYME INACTIVATIONTHERMAL ENZYME INACTIVATION

– INADEQUATE OXYGEN SUPPLYINADEQUATE OXYGEN SUPPLY

– EFFECTS ON Q10 DEPENDENT MET. RXNSEFFECTS ON Q10 DEPENDENT MET. RXNS

– TEMP EFFECTS ON MEMBRANE STRUCTURE TEMP EFFECTS ON MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

ACCLIMATION AND ACCLIMATION AND ACLIMATIZATIONACLIMATIZATION

– ACLIMATIZATION OCCURS SEASONALLY, ACLIMATIZATION OCCURS SEASONALLY, AADJUSTMENT TO TEMP CHANGES WITH AADJUSTMENT TO TEMP CHANGES WITH

CLIMATE CHANGE; USUALLY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE; USUALLY UNDER INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIODINFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD

– ACCLIMATION , WHEN ORGANISM ADJUSTS ACCLIMATION , WHEN ORGANISM ADJUSTS TO ARTIFICALLY IMPOSED CONDITION, TO ARTIFICALLY IMPOSED CONDITION,

USUALLY IN THE LABORATORYUSUALLY IN THE LABORATORY

THERMAL ACCLIMATIONTHERMAL ACCLIMATION

– OFTEN AMINALS DO NOT FOLLOW THE OFTEN AMINALS DO NOT FOLLOW THE PATTERN PREDICTED BY THE Q10 RULE DUE PATTERN PREDICTED BY THE Q10 RULE DUE TO PHYSIOLOGIC COMPENSATORY MECHSTO PHYSIOLOGIC COMPENSATORY MECHS

– BE SURE TO READ THIS IN YOUR BOOKBE SURE TO READ THIS IN YOUR BOOK

HIBERNATION TORPITIDY HIBERNATION TORPITIDY ESTIVATIONESTIVATION

– HIBERNATION: BODY TEMP DROPS, HEART AND HIBERNATION: BODY TEMP DROPS, HEART AND METABOLIC REATE DROP, ANIMAL IS TORPID= METABOLIC REATE DROP, ANIMAL IS TORPID=

SHOWS LITTLE RESOPNSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SHOWS LITTLE RESOPNSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULISTIMULI

– NORMALLY DURING WINTER, AT LOW TEMPNORMALLY DURING WINTER, AT LOW TEMP

– ESTIVATIONINACTIVITY DURING SUMMER ESTIVATIONINACTIVITY DURING SUMMER MONTHS MONTHS

– SSOME ANIMALS AND BIRDS, LIKE HUMERS GO SSOME ANIMALS AND BIRDS, LIKE HUMERS GO INTO TORPID STATES OVER NIGHT, DUING TIME INTO TORPID STATES OVER NIGHT, DUING TIME

SWHEN FOOD IS LIMLITDSWHEN FOOD IS LIMLITD

Documents

CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE REGULATON CHAPTERS 6 AND 7 TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE REGULATON