CHAPTERS 6-8 (p. 229—297) Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century

CHAPTERS 6-8(p. 229—297)

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration:

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century.

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20th Century.

Timeline: 1850’s—1900’sIssues our nation faced:

Industrialization (railroad, factories, steel, oil)Urbanization (cities, infrastructure)Immigration (new faces and new cultures)The status of women and minoritiesPolitical Events


What potential problems and successes exist with each group of issues?

What are some ways those problems and successes might be handled?

How might life change for people involved in each group?


Why might people be so resistant to change?examples:

cell phones, computers (desktop to laptop), DTV, others?

What advantages and disadvantages come with living in developed and industrialized areas?


Herman Melville wrote:“Hark! Here comes that old dragon again—that gigantic gadfly…snort! puff! scream!

Who or what might he be referring to?

Industrialization: Good, Bad, or Ugly?

I. RailroadsA. railroads were private businessesB. by 1890, the U.S. had 180,000 miles of railroad.C. the U.S. government supported railroads with

loans to purchase land.


I. RailroadsD. other industries profited from railroad expansion

1. iron, coal, steel, glass, small business 2. entire towns began to grow around railroads

a. “company towns”b. Pullman, Illinois (1880)


I. RailroadsE. railroads changed the lives of Americans

1. travel was made faster and easier2. railroads were “romanticized”

*Pullman sleeper cars*Reading: HO#3

3. time zones were seta. November, 1883b. C.F. Dowd


II. New problems came alongA. workforce of immigrantsB. strict conformity of the work forceC. owner corruption and profit

*Credit Mobilier ScandalD. price fixingE. land grantsF. short haul vs. long haul


III. Government finally respondsA. the GrangeB. Munn v. Illinois (1877)C . The Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)


IV. OilA. kerosene lamps (1840’s)

*Abraham GesnerB. Edwin L. Drake (1859)

*oil boom followed from Pennsylvania to Texas


V. SteelA. coal depositsB. carbon from coalC. Bessemer Steel process

1. Henry Bessemer and William Kelly2. @1850; widespread by 1880


V. SteelA. new inventions and innovations

1. barbed wire2. farm equipment3. Brooklyn Bridge4. skyscrapers *Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois


VI. Government vs. IndustryA. ”big business” centered around industry was allowed to grow (basically unchecked)

1. laissez faire2. monopolies

B. Andrew Carnegie1. 1899—Carnegie Steel Company2. 1901—largest steel producer in America3. Carnegie libraries and education


VI. Government vs. Industry vs. LaborA. J.P. Morgan

*holding companiesB. John D. Rockefeller

*Standard Oil CompanyC. 1890--Sherman Anti-Trust Act


VII. LaborA. working conditions were horrible

1. no sick leave or unemployment2. seven day workweeks3. 18-20 hour work days4. low wages5. poor housing (if any)


VII. Labor6. children as young as five were working

full time jobs.7. by 1910, 20% of America’s workforce

was between the ages of 5 and 15.8. most work done by children was done

at home and unsupervised.


VII. Labor9. wages were not equal and were

not enough to live on.

10. 1900—subsistence wages were $698 per year; 77% of Americans did not make subsistence wages

11. Andrew Carnegie reported an income of $23,000,000


VII. Labor11. sweatshops (called “sweaters”)12. tenement housing13. food and family

These issues caused two movements:the rise in labor unionsThe Progressive Reform Movement (social)


VIII. Labor UnionsA. National Labor Union (1866)B. Colored National Labor UnionC. craft (trade) unions vs. industrial unions

1. Samuel Gompers 2. the American Federation of Labor

(1886)3. Eugene V. Debs and “social unionism”


VIII. Labor UnionsD. Industrial Workers of the World

1. the “Wobblies”2. a union of both trade and industry

E. unions as a threat


VIII. Labor StrikesA. The Great Strike of 1877

*railroadB. The Haymarket Riots

*Chicago


VIII. LaborA. The Homestead Strike

1. Carnegie Homestead Steel, Pennsylvania

2. Pinkerton Detective Agency3. scabs4. lasted June until November

B. Pullman Railroad Strike

Urbanization and Immigration

Things to consider:1. What kind of services would you need in

order to make life in a new place?2. Where might you find work, or training

for a job you are unskilled for?3. Would you feel uncertain about accepting

help from strangers? Why or why not?


I. New people in a new landA. reasons to immigrateB. Europeans

1. between 1870 and 1920==20,000,0002. mostly Irish, Italian, and Russian3. several were Jewish


I. New people in a new landC. Asian

1. Chinese and Japanese2. gold rush and railroads3. Hawaiian planters recruited Japanese

D. West Indies and Mexico1. Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica2. Mexico—political unrest

E. map, p. 255


II. Getting hereA. steamshipB. Ellis Island

1. medical exam2. documents

C. Angel IslandD. conditions at both were harsh and time

consuming


III. Settling inA. “simple survival”B. sought those with similar values, religion, and/or

language.C. growth of ethnic communitiesD. hyphenated AmericansE. “melting pot”


IV. Immigrant Resistance and prejudiceA. nativismB. “right vs. wrong” immigrantsC. religion vs. ethnicityD. WASP and The Second Ku Klux KlanE. labor issuesF. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)G. Gentleman’s Agreement


V. UrbanizationA. growth of cities

*map of New York, p. 263B. The Americanization Movement

1. assimilation2. social centers

C. southern farmers and African-Americans


VI. Problems in the citiesA. Housing

1. tenements2. row houses

B. transportationC. waterD. sanitationE. crimeF. fire


VII.Response to UrbanizationA. The Social Gospel MovementB. settlement houses

1. led mostly by women2. education, language, social services3. Jane Addams—Hull House in Chicago4. Janie Porter Barrett—Locust Street Social Settlement in Hampton, Virginia for African-Americans

“COSROWM”

I. WomenA. supported labor leaders and pro-labor

political candidates.B. Mary Harris “Mother” Jones

1. supported UMW2. child labor laws

“COSROWM”

I. WomenC. Pauline Newman (16)

1. ILGWU--19092. Triangle Shirt Factory--1911

“COSROWM”

II. MinoritiesA. educational opportunitiesB. HBCU’s (Howard, Fisk, Atlanta)C. Booker T. Washington—Tuskegee

Normal and Industrial Institute.D. W.E.B. duBois and the Niagara

Movement.

“COSROWM”

II. MinoritiesE. voting restrictions

1. poll taxes2. literacy tests3. “grandfather” clauses

“COSROWM”

II. MinoritiesF. Jim Crow laws

G. forced segregation H. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) I. resurgence of Klan activity

A Changing Lifestyle

I. 1876: Thomas Alva Edison and the filamentfor the light bulb.

II. 1867: Christopher Sholes and the typewriter III. 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and the

telephone.IV. Construction:

A. Louis Sullivan—skyscrapersB. Daniel Burnham—The Flatiron Building

(1902)




V. Electric transportionA. Streetcars (mules to cables)B. 1888—Richmond, VirginiaC. “El” trains (Chicago)D. led to growth of suburbs and commuting

to work.





VI. Urban PlanningA. Frederick Law OlmsteadB. parks, family areas, “designated lands” for

specific purposes.C. Washington, DC

VII. PrintingA. easier and much cheaperB. ElectricityC. more books meant a more literate society


VIII. AirplanesA. Orville and Wilbur WrightB. December 17, 1903—Kitty Hawk,

North Carolina.IX. Photography

A. George Eastman—Kodak cameraB. 1888—first “portable” camera ($25.00)


X. Public EducationA. By 1895, 12-16 weeks of “formal

education” was required.B. school was strict and rigid (p. 283)C. William Torrey Harris promoted early

learning programs and kindergartens.D. Less than half of all African-American

children attended school.


X. Public EducationE. High Schools

1. with industrial and urban growth, new

skills were required.2. vocational training (skill) for men

andwomen (office).


XI. RecreationA. spectator sportsB. leisure sports like cycling and tennisC. amusement parks

1. Chicago World’s Fair (1883)2. Coney Island (1884)


XII. NewspapersA. Joseph PutlizerB. William Randolph Hearst

XIII. ShoppingA. department stores B. chain stores

C. catalogs and RFD delivery

Politics from 1877-1900

I. Election of 1876A. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Samuel Tilden (D)B. Electoral college vote


II. Election of 1880 A. James A. Garfield (R) Winfield Hancock (D)

B. assassination of Garfield1. The Pendleton Act

a. created the Secret Serviceb. created the Civil Service

2. Chester Arthur


III. Election of 1884A. Grover Cleveland (D) James Blaine (R)B. candidate integrity


IV. Election of 1888A. Benjamin Harrison (R) Grover Cleveland (D)B. tariffs


IV. Election of 1892A. Grover Cleveland (D) Benjamin Harrison (R) James Weaver (P)B. silver vs. gold


V. Election of 1896A. William McKinley (R) William Jennings Bryan (D)B. Campaign style


VI. Other political activitiesA. political machinesB. political bossesC. voter fraudD. graftE. Boss Tweed and Tammany HallF. patronage (“the spoils system”)

Documents

CHAPTERS 6-8 (p. 229—297) Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century