Chapters 33-35

Characteristics of Vertebrates

Spinal Cord with Vertebrae (backbone)Bilateral Symmetry2 pairs of jointed appendagesComplex brains and nervous systemsClosed circulatory systemComplex Organ Systems

Organism symmetry

Energy Efficiency

Every organism must have energy to survive.

The more energy the greater the complexity of that organisms life and abilities

Energy Efficiency

Ectotherm – animal warms itself primarily by obtaining heat from the environment – like sunning itself. Most fish, amphibians, & reptiles

Endotherm – produce own heat through food breakdown – as energy lost as heat ! Birds & mammals

Energy Efficiency

3 Systems Highly InvolvedDigestive – FoodRespiratory – Oxygen (Aerobic Respiration)Circulatory - Transport

Energy Efficiency• Digestive

– Surface Area– Length to food

• Respiratory– Closed Compartment– Surface Area– Specialized Structures (Air Sacs in Birds)

• Circulatory– Pump Oxygenated Blood– Separate Oxygenated from Deoxygenated

Blood– Separate Ventricles– Heart Rate

Vertebrate

Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Separated into several different class Major categories: Fish, amphibians, reptiles,

birds, mammals

Fish

Digestive SystemVery Short – ½

length of bodyAdds surface area

by increasing the pyloric ceacum Similar to an

appendix – closed ended

Fish

RespiratoryUse gill slits

Water through mouth & out gills

• Gas exchange in the cells of the gills

• Increase surface through filaments & lamellae

• Countercurrent flow – Water and blood move in opposite direction

Fish

CirculatoryHave a 2 Chambered

Heart Speeds up

circulationPumps

deoxygenated blood

From the heart the blood enters the gills to gain oxygen

Single Loop

Fish

Energy EfficiencyEctothermic – temperature is dependent upon

outside means.Swim Bladder – air sac of gases that helps with

buoyancy in the water.

Fish

Reproduction External

Fertilization (most)

Eggs develop in the water

Different stages 1. Fry

2. Fingerling

3. Adult

Fish – 3 Major Classes

Agnatha: Include lampreys and hagfishMade of cartilage and are jawlessOften will suck the blood from their prey

Fish – 3 Major Classes

Chondrichthyes (Cartilage + Fish)Include Sharks, Skates, and RaysMade of cartilage, but have bony jawsKeen senses for detecting prey

Fish – 3 Major Classes

Osteichthyes – (Bone + Fish)Include Bony

fishFull Skeleton

Fish – Special Adaptations

Fish Sense: Keen sense of smell – chemicals in the water

Lateral Line System: Tube on the side of fish that detects motion and vibrations

Amphibian

Amphibian = “Double – Life”Completely aquatic larval stageSemi-terrestrial adult stageMetamorphosis: from larval to adult

AmphibianDigestive

Much more folding than fish with a large stomach.

Increases surface area

Amphibian

RespiratoryLarval – gillsAdults

lungs (air sacs and some folding) • Air has 20 times more oxygen = increased oxygen

uptake

Skin• Must keep skin moist for respiration

Amphibian

Circulatory3- chambered

heartDouble loop

systemMixing of

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Amphibians

Energy EfficienciesEctothermicDecreased energy need while in waterReproduction – Eggs laid in waterHibernation

Class Amphibia – Order Anura

Frogs and toadsCarnivorousAdapted to Jumping

Class Amphibia - Order Urodela:

Salamanders and newtsElongated bodies and tailsSome can keep gills through adulthood

Class Amphibia: Order Apoda

CaeciliansTropical burrowing amphibians1ft in lengthInternal fertilization

Reptiles

Live their entire life on landHard Amniotic Egg – shelled egg

Provides nutrients and protectionAllows the egg to be on land

Born as little adults – No larval stageDry thick skin covered in scales

Prevent water lossProtection

Digestion

Length of the tract is similar to amphibians Unique adaptations for catching prey

Snake can “unhinge” jawTeethVenomCrushing Jaw

Respiratory

Rely totally on lungs for gas exchange

CirculatorySeparation of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood

Small reptiles have modified 3 chamber

Larger – 4 chamber

Energy Efficiency

Ectothermic Leg positioned under body for better

movement on landClaws and jaws to capture prey

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata: lizards and snakesMost carnivores

Class Reptilia

Order Chelonia: turtles and tortoisesTurtles = aquatic & Tortoise = land

Class Reptilia

Order Crocodilia: alligators and crocodilesAlligators = short, broad snoutCrocodile = long, skinny snout

Class Reptilia

Order Rhynchocephalia: tuatarasNew Zealand reptile Most active at low temperatures.

Birds – Class Aves

Related to reptiles and lizard-like dinosaurs called thecodonts.Scaly, clawed feetHard shelled amniotic egg.Feathers

Modified scales

Feathers

Characteristic common to all birdsLight in weight and enable flight

Lift for flightBernoulli’s PrincipleNewton’s third law of motion – tilt of wing

Feathers – Types

2 types of FeathersFlight feathers – aka Contour feathers

Rigid spine for flying

Down Feathers – Light without much spineUsed for warmth

Feathers - Care

Birds must take care of their feathersKeep them straight – PreeningWaterproof

Rub oil form a gland near tail

Digestion

CropStorage place for food prior to digestion

Constant supply of food

GizzardIncreases the breakdown of food – surface area

of food increases

No urinary bladder – decrease weight

Bird Internal Structure

Respiratory

Lungs and Air SacsLungs contain alveolar sacs and alveoli

Increase surface area

Breathe in both the lungs and air sacs fillOut the air sac gases pass through and exchange2 for 1 system

Respiration

Circulatory

4 chambered heart with a high beating rate.

Efficiency

EndothermicOutside temperature does not affect function.Must consume large amounts of food.

Hollow BonesVery light for flight

Bone and Muscular System for FlightPectoral Muscle and Sternum Pointed.Fused Clavicle

Hollow Bones

Bird Adaptations- Beaks and FeetPg 790

Bird Adaptations- Beaks and Feet

Bird Adaptations- Beaks and Feet