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Chapters 21 & 23
Understanding of the role of prevention in animal health
Knowledge of approaches to animal health, medication administrations, and physical signs of sickness
Role of quality assurance & risk management
Public perception, ethics, environment, and food safety concerns
Need for activeness by producers in decision-making processes
Mortality vs. Morbidity• Death loss• Sick loss• Costly to profit
Disease• Any variation from what is considered
normal health Physiological, anatomical, or chemical
Noninfectious disease• Injury• Genetics• Toxic poisoning from ingested materials• Poor nutrition
Infectious disease• Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites• Contagious disease
Which is better, prevention or treatment? Components of a Herd Health Mgmt.
Program• Vet assisted planning• Sanitation• Proper nutrition• Record analysis• Physical facilities• Source of livestock• Proper medication use• Minimized stress• Personnel training
Planning w/ a Vet• Visit schedule• Training of employees• Useful record keeping• Necropsy
Sanitation• Many disease causing microorganisms live
& multiply outside the body• Manure and other organic waste are ideal
environments for their growth
Proper sanitation includes regular cleaning of facilities• Kills microorganisms due to temperature &
drying Antiseptics
• Applied to animal tissue to kill or prevent growth of microorganisms
Disinfectants• Destroy pathogenic organisms, used on
inanimate objects
Proper Nutrition• Must keep the animal healthy• Especially important during stress
Record Analysis• Does a health problem really exist?• Identify health problems & treatment
protocols Physical Facilities
• Injury or stress• Even proper facilities can cause problems if
not managed effectively
Source of Livestock• Key to preventing outside health problems
from entering your herd• Important points
Purchase from reputable sources Controlled exposure to people & vehicles Provide sanitary clothing & boots to employees
& visitors Quarantine of new animals Controlling pests Keep animals out of drainage areas
Biosecurity Plan• Management of all the issues regarding
movement of disease causing pathogens to/from your herd by whatever means possible that might affect herd health
• Plan includes? Proper Medication use
• Biologicals-used to prevent disease Examples? What do they do?
Pharmaceuticals-treat disease• Examples?• What do they do?
Administration• 4 ways to administer medications
1. Topically2. Orally
– Through feeding, drenching, or balling gun
3. Injection– Subcutaneous (SubQ)– Intramuscular (IM)– Intravenous (IV)– Intramammary– Intraperitoneal– Intrauterine
4. Intranasally
Medications come in many forms• Liquid• Powders• Boluses• Drenches• Feed additives
Stress• Any environmental factor that causes a
significant change in the animal’s physiological processes
• Examples?
Personnel Training• Difficult to manage• Can be a difference between what the
owner/manager sees as problems and what employees observe
• Affects Quality Assurance
Early identification is critical Visual Observation
1. Loss of appetite2. Listlessness/depression3. Droopy ears4. Humped back, head in low position5. Animal lagging from herd6. Coughing, wheezing, labored breathing7. Stiff, labored movement
Vital Signs• Body temperature
Taken rectally Elevation caused by overheating or infectious
disease Subnormal indicates chilling, or critical condition
• Respiration rate• Heart rate
Effective observation is Key!
Animal Rectal Temperature
Respiration Rate
Heart Rate
Cattle 101.5 30 60-70
Swine 102.0 16 60-85
Sheep 103.0 19 60-120
Goat 102.0 15 70-135
Horse 100.5 12 25-70
Poultry 107.1 12-36 250-300
What are some major diseases?• Beef Cattle• Dairy Cattle• Swine• Horses
Ensures that producers are producing products that wholesome, and offer consumers the highest degree of confidence
Basic components of a good QA program1. List of critical control points2. Develop & implement improved mgmt.
practices3. Ongoing monitoring4. High level of employee training
Issues facing animal agriculture today• Environment• Diet-health• Animal rights• Socioeconomic• Food safety
Special interest groups have become major influence on public policy
Animal agriculture should be promoting stewardship throughout their industries
Number of special interest groups is growing
Also indications that they are forming coalitions to combine resources and power• Over 71,800 sites referring to “animal
activist” on the web Vital that they stay in the public eye
by whatever means possible
Risk assessment becomes important as we evaluate virtually everything in animal agriculture
Major issues tend to fall in 4 categories1. Animal welfare2. Diet-health3. Environmental impact4. Food safety
Urban sprawl continues to cause problems with agriculture• Rural PA survey
33% complained about a neighboring farm 57% concerned about odor 18% flies
Only 5% response rate
Tends to be a continuum of these groups• Animal Exploitations• Animal Use• Animal Control• Animal Welfare
Humane Societies• Animal Rights• Animal Liberationists
Animal welfare is not an Us vs. Them theme• There are many issues to consider• Animals do have rights which dictate that
we must have good animal husbandry practices to assure good animal welfare
Modern animal welfare concerns• Production diseases• Large animal units• Physical & psychological deprivation due to
confinement
Concerns w/ animals in research• No suffering of pain• No repeated invasive experiments• Use of anesthesia when performing studies
w/ drugs that cause paralysis• Husbandry & housing should fit the animal• Oversight is necessary
These issues are not going away, we must find a way to deal with them and educate the consumer
Animal care guidelines development by the Food Marketing Institute and National Council of Chain Restaurants1. Transport & unload animals in a manner that
prevents injury/distress2. Nonambulatory animals should not be loaded
for transport to a market/harvest facility3. Nonambulatory animals as a result of
transport should be unloaded appropriately4. Animals should be handled humanely5. Animals must be completely insensible prior
to harvest
• Additional concerns: Follow best management practices for rearing,
transport, and housing Minimized beak trimming, increased space
allocations/animal, eliminate tail-docking in dairy
Application of physical, chemical, and engineering principles to biological systems• Blood factor VIII (hemophilia)
Genetic Engineering• ~20% of people have negative perception• Wide range of perceptions• However, a 2000 survey resulted in the
following: 57% approved if it improved the taste of food 69% if it increase food production 73% if pesticide use was reduced
Example bST• 5-15# increase in milk/d• 2-10% increase in feed efficiency• Completely safe to humans
Example Cloning• Low survival rate• Accelerated aging• Low reproductive efficiency• Increase birth weight• High cost ($15,000)
Many agencies, public and private, have been created as a result of concern over the environment
Waste Management• Manure management
Use as fertilizer has both economic and environmental benefits
• Odor Control• Give some examples of new technologies in
waste management
Water Utilization & Quality• Key issues
Nonpoint source pollution Direct ground or surface water contamination Amount of water used in agriculture
• Most prevalent in the West and Southwest Federal Lands
• Nat’l Parks, forests, etc. Endangered Species
• Act passed in 1973• >7000 listed species
Global Warming• Issue with ruminant animals due to methane gas
emission• No consensus as to whether this is actually
occurring• Methane also produced from many other sources
than ruminants• Methane only accounts for 18% of greenhouse gas
emissions Ruminants only responsible for 7% of methane produced Driving a few miles to buy a hamburger causes more
greenhouse gas than was emitted to produce the hamburger
Conversion of Agricultural Land• Challenges preservation of wildlife habitat
and food production capability
Diet and Health• Has great effect on our industry
Ex. Beef has been allegedly linked to heart disease & cancer
Be wary of Junk Science Warnings that have no or little factual basis Quick-fixes Good vs. Bad foods Simple conclusions from complex studies or studies
that have not been peer reviewed Invalid studies or recommendations
So, what is the cause of Atherosclerosis (plugging of the arteries)?• No conclusive evidence to support that diets
high in saturated fats cause heart disease Saturated Fats
• Animal fat Polyunsaturated Fats
• Vegetable fats Cholesterol
• We need 2,000 mg/d• Dietary intake on avg. is 600 mg• Body makes ~1,400 mg/d• Not used unless it can bind w/ a water soluble
protein
Dietary Guidelines Alliance• Be realistic-w/ small incremental changes in
eating & exercise• Be adventurous-try new foods• Be flexible-balance food consumption &
exercise• Be sensible-enjoy all foods, don’t overeat or
have huge portions• Be active
Food Safety• U.S. consumers enjoy the most plentiful
food supply in the world, and arguably the safest
• Joint responsibility Producers Processors Consumers
• Dangerous Temperature Zone 40 to 140°F
Food Hazards1. Microbial contamination2. Naturally occurring toxins3. Environmental contaminants4. Pesticide residues5. Food additives
Microorganisms• Molds, yeasts, bacteria, parasites,
viruses• Disease causing MO’s called pathogens
Residues• Pesticides• Hormones• Food additives• Organic animal products have no significant
influence on residues compared to conventional Organic & Natural Products
• Guidelines Edible poultry must from birds grown organically from
d 2 of life Milk products must come from cows managed
organically for >1 yr. Breeding stock cannot be purchased in the last 1/3 of
gestation
• Further provisions regarding feedstuffs, health products, records, and management
Catastrophic Disease Outbreaks• BSE