Chapters 13 & 14Chapters 13 & 14

DiscriminationDiscrimination

Sexual HarrassmentSexual Harrassment

TalbotTalbot

Kellogg Community CollegeKellogg Community College

Criminal PsychologyCriminal Psychology

Prejudice v. DiscriminationPrejudice v. Discrimination Prejudice –Prejudice –

unjustified evaluative reaction to a member of a unjustified evaluative reaction to a member of a group that results from the recipient’s group that results from the recipient’s membership in that group.membership in that group.

Discrimination –Discrimination – An overt, observable action, that accepts or An overt, observable action, that accepts or

rejects another based on his or her membership in rejects another based on his or her membership in a particular group.a particular group.

Racism – Discrimination or Prejudice?Racism – Discrimination or Prejudice? A subset of attitudes within the domain of A subset of attitudes within the domain of

prejudice.prejudice.

QuestionsQuestions

Can we have prejudice without discrimination?

Can we have discrimination without prejudice?

Does racism still exist? Subtle racism/ Modern racism

Who is most likely to notice it?

Where is discrimination?

Race Ethnicity Religion National Origin Gender Age (particularly older adults) Disabilities

Psychology’s RolePsychology’s Role Conceptual Analysis – Definitions Conceptual Analysis – Definitions Methodology – Statistical AnalysisMethodology – Statistical Analysis The detection of subtle racism and The detection of subtle racism and

sexism.sexism. Research on programs such as Research on programs such as

affirmative action policies.affirmative action policies.

Hate crimesHate crimes

Definition: Words or actions intended to harm Definition: Words or actions intended to harm or intimidate an individual because of his or her or intimidate an individual because of his or her membership in a minority group; they may membership in a minority group; they may include violent assaults, murder, rape, or include violent assaults, murder, rape, or property crimes motivated by prejudice, as well property crimes motivated by prejudice, as well as threats of violence or acts of intimidation.as threats of violence or acts of intimidation.

FBI – reports approximately 8,000 reported hate crimes FBI – reports approximately 8,000 reported hate crimes during 1997. during 1997.

2003 – 8,7192003 – 8,719 2008 – 9,1602008 – 9,160

Why might these numbers be inaccurate?Why might these numbers be inaccurate?

Sexual HarrassmentSexual Harrassment Any unwelcome, sex based interaction, including Any unwelcome, sex based interaction, including

verbal interaction, at work or at school, that renders verbal interaction, at work or at school, that renders harm to the recipient.harm to the recipient.

Problem?Problem?1.1. One out of seven female faculty at U.S. colleges and One out of seven female faculty at U.S. colleges and

universities report S.H. (1994).universities report S.H. (1994).2.2. More than 40% of female govt. workers and 19% of More than 40% of female govt. workers and 19% of

the men said that they have been targets of S.H. the men said that they have been targets of S.H. (1994).(1994).

3.3. In general workplace surveys, 40 – 60% of women In general workplace surveys, 40 – 60% of women say that they have been sexually harrassed.say that they have been sexually harrassed.

4.4. 60% of female graduate students report having been 60% of female graduate students report having been exposed to some form of S.H. by male faculty exposed to some form of S.H. by male faculty members.members.

5.5. 40% of women lawyers (Slade, 1994)40% of women lawyers (Slade, 1994)6.6. 47.7% of female physicians reported S.H. 47.7% of female physicians reported S.H.

What might affect the reporting of S.H.?

Male S.H. ? Confusion surrounding the terms. Same gender S.H. Over reporting Underreporting The use of summary judgments (civil

cases).

Conceptualizing Sexual Harrassment

Gruber’s Typology Verbal requests Verbal comments Nonverbal displays

Fitzgerald’s Typology (students and professors) Gender harassment Seductive behavior Sexual bribery Threat of punishment or use of coercion Sexual imposition or gross sexual advances

2 Types as defined by the courts Quid Pro Quo (something for something) Hostile work environment

When do these become SH?When do these become SH?

Psychological Injury.Psychological Injury. Reasonable person Reasonable person standard.standard.

Psychology’s Role

Developing theories for causes and attributions to sexual harassment.

Distinguishing between female and male victims.

Measuring beliefs. Predicting outcomes of complaints. Restructuring the workplace.