Chapter8phrases and

sentences:grammar

Ensiyeh Parvin niaRoya namdari

Grammar

At first look at this sentence• The lucky boysIn English we have strict rules for combining

words in to phraseGrammar: The process of describing the

structure of phrases&sentences in such away for all the grammatical sequence in a language

Traditional grammar

The terms article,adjective and noune that we used to lable the grammatical categories come from traditional grammar which has its origins in latin & Greek.

The grammar of these language was taken to be the modal for other grammars

Part of speech 1. Nouns:are words used to refer to

people(boy),objects(table),creature(dog) places(school),qualities(roughness) phenomena(earthquake),abstract idea(love)

2. Articles:are words (a,an,the)used with nouns to make noun phrases3. Adjective:are words used typically with nouns to provide more

information about things referred to4. Verbs:are words used to refer to various kind of action& states5. Adverbs:are words used typically with verbs to provide more information

about action,states&events6. Proposions:are words (at,in,on,near,with,..)used with nouns in phrases

to give information about time,place,…7. Pronouns:are words used in place of noun phrases(she,herself,it,you,…)8. Conjunctions:are words used to make connections&indicate

relationships between events(and,because,but,when,….)

Agreements• Including number,person, tense,voice and gender1. Number:the noun is singular or plural2. Person:it s first,second or third person3. Tense:verb in the sentence is past,peresent or

future4. Voice:verb is in active voice or passive voice5. Gender:dirived from a biological distinction

between male&female

Grammatical gender

• Natural gender is based on sex(male&female) but grammatical gender is based on the type of noun

(masculine&feminine)the grammatical gender is very usefuly applied in

describing a number of languages(including latin,German),but

May not be appropriate for describing forms in other languages such as English

Traditional analysis• Each of the Latin verb forms is different,according to

the categories of person and number but the English verb forms are mostly the same.

• Present tense,active voice (love amare)(I) love amo(you) love amas(she,he,it) loves amat(we) love amamus(you) love amatis (they) love amant

The prescriptive approach

A set of rules for the proper use of language. for example: 1-you most not split an infinitive. 2-you most not end a sentence with a preposition. 3-should never begin a sentence with and.

The prescriptive approach:analysts collected samples of the language they were interested in and attempted to describe the regular structures of the language as it was used ,not according to some view of how it should be used.

Structure analysis one type of descriptive approach and it s main

concern is to investigate the distribution of forms in a language with use of test- frames method

for example: _ _ _ _ _ make a lot of noise. the common label for this category i “noun

pharase”

Immediate constituent analysis this approach is designed to show how small

constituents in sentences go to gather to form larger constituents.

for example: the dog loved the girlThe =articleDog =noun noun phrase sentence

Loved =verbThe =article verb phrase Girl =noun noun phrase

But we should note that constituent analaysis is not only useful for describing of English sentences

We can show it with a Gaelic sentence:Chunnaic an gille an cu dubh scottishSaw the boy the dog blackThe boy saw the black dog English

Gaelic sentence is organized with a : V NP NP structure

English sentence is organize with a :NP V NP structure.

Questions• 1.The view of grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a language is still found today is called

………….. • 1-discriptive approach 2-prescriptive approach • 3-constituent grammar 4-generative grammar• 2.Small ………….in sentences go together to form larger constituents. • 1- components 2-labels 3-techniques 4-rules• 3.Unlike natural gender,grammatical gender is based on the ……….of noun&is not tied to sex.• 1-family 2-form 3-activity 4-type• 4.in ………..The grammar of ……...and ………are taken to be the model for other grammar.• 1-prescriptive grammar,latin&English 2-traditional grammar,Greak&Latin• 3-prescriptive grammar,latin&Greak 4-traditional grammar,Greak&English• 5.Collecting samples of language&explaining them as they are used is the main concern of ……………..

• 1-the prescriptive approach 2-the descriptive• 3-traditional analysis 4-traditional grammar

• 6.Which sentence is not true?• 1-natural gender is derived from biological distinctions• 2-natural gender is based on sex• 3-grammatical gender is based on the type of noun• 4-grammatical gender is tied to sex • 2-

• • • •