Chapter2.pdf

Preparedby:sitikhalijah

ENGINEERING AND ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER 2


OBJECTIVE

To differentiates responsibilities of engineer in different sector.

To identify the roles and tasks of engineer. To respond engineers role for future development.


The responsibilities of engineer

in public and private sector


ENGINEERS QUALIFICATION

The purpose of accreditation is to ensure that theaccredited engineering programme satisfies theminimum academic requirements for registration asa graduate engineer with the Board of Engineers,Malaysia (BEM).

Registered engineer are qualified to enter theengineering profession as an ENGINEER.


PROGRAMME OUTCOME

Programme Outcomes are statements that describewhat students are expected to know and be able toperform or attain by the time of graduation. Theserelate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviour thatstudents acquire through the programme.

Students of an engineering programme areexpected to attain the following:


PROGRAMME OUTCOME (continued)

ability to acquire and apply knowledge of scienceand engineering fundamentals;

acquired indepth technical competence in aspecific engineering discipline;

ability to undertake problem identification,formulation and solution;

ability to utilise systems approach to design andevaluate operational performance;



understanding of the principles of design forsustainable development;

understanding of professional and ethicalresponsibilities and commitment to them;

ability to communicate effectively, not only withengineers but also with the community at large;



ability to function effectively as an individual andin a group with the capacity to be a leader ormanager ;

understanding of the social, cultural, global andenvironmental responsibilities of a professionalengineer; and

recognising the need to undertake lifelonglearning, and possessing/acquiring the capacity todo so.


BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Engineer in all branches possess acommon core of math, science andbasic engineering knowledge thatprepares them for the advancecourse work in their specificdisciplines.


BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Major engineering branches of engineering are: Civil engineering Aeronautics and astronautics Biological engineering Chemical engineering Computer science & engineering Electrical & electronic engineering Mechanical engineering


BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING (continued)

Major engineering branches of engineering are: Agricultural engineering Automotive engineering Environmental engineering Industrial engineering Manufacturing engineering Marine engineering Nuclear engineering


CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is a professional engineeringdiscipline that deals with the design, constructionand maintenance of the physical and naturallybuilt environment, including works such asbridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.


CIVIL ENGINEERING SUB -DISCIPLINES

Sub-disciplines of civil engineering including: Environmental engineering Geotechnical engineering Structural engineering Transportation engineering Water resources engineering Materials engineering Coastal engineering Surveying Construction engineering


ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Concerned on air quality, land use and waterquality

Environmental engineer are involve in airpollution, water pollution, solid wastemanagement and water supply.


GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical engineering isan area of civil engineeringconcerned with the rock andsoil.

Knowledge from the fields ofgeology, material science andtesting, mechanics andhydraulics are applied todesign foundations, retainingwall and similar structures


STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Concerned in structuraldesign and structuralanalysis of structure.

Identifying the loadswhich act upon astructure and the forcesand stresses which arisewithin that structure dueto those loads, and thendesigning the structureto successfully supportand resist those loads.


TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Includes area such astransportation design,transportation planning,traffic engineering,pavement engineering andinfrastructure engineering.

Involves, specifying,designing, constructingand maintainingtransportationinfrastructure.


WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Concerned in total water cycle including precipitation, runoff and ground water resources.

Combines hydrology, meteorology and resource management.

Relates in quality and quantity of water.


MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Deals with material that been used in civil engineering construction.

Consist of protection and prevention of materials.


COASTAL ENGINEERING

Managing coastal area to protect flooding and erosion.


SURVEYING

Surveying is the process by which a surveyormeasures certain dimensions that generally occuron the surface of the Earth.

This information is crucial to convert the data intoa graphical representation.


CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

Involve planning andexecution of the design fromtransportation, sitedevelopment, hydraulic,environmental, structuraland geotechnical engineers.

Construction engineer aremanagers of constructionand usually do not handledesign work.


ENGINEER IN PUBLIC SECTOR

Job description - Perform maintenance and repairson all buildings and public facilities, and overseeingthe engineering aspects.

Civil engineering are related to : Ministry of Work Ministry of Housing and Local Goverment Ministry of National Resources and Environment (NRE) Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Ministry of Transport Malaysia


AGENCIES IN MINISTRY OF WORKS

Public Work Department Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia Lembaga Juruukur Bahan Malaysia Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia


DEPARTMENT IN NRE

Department of Director General of Lands and Mines (JKPTG) Department of Survey & Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) National Institute of Land and Survey (INSTUN) Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG) Department of Environment (JAS) Department of Wildlife & National Parks Peninsular Malaysia

(PERHILITAN) Department of Irrigation and Drainage (JPS) National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)


ENGINEER IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Construction- is a professional discipline that deals withthe designing, planning, construction and management ofinfrastructure or building

Manufacturing- for research and engineering divisionmany engineer held position as vice president, researchengineer, design engineer, quality control engineer andrelated support activities including reliability andmaintainability works.

At plant - maintenance, manufacturing and qualityengineer are most popular position.

Technically complex project- more engineer involvesin technical sales, field service engineer, and logisticsupport.


CAREER FIELD FOR ENGINEER

1.Operational careers: Engineers are involved at operating area e.g. manufacturing, purchasing, planning, customer service, and sales.

2.Research & design careers: This needs engineers to exert continuous effort to be on top of technology.

3.Engineering management careers: Engineers are also have management responsibilities.


CAREER FIELD FOR ENGINEER

4.Entrepreneurial careers: This means that the engineer had set up his own company.

5.Consulting careers: Consultants might be asked to provide designs, give advice, solve problem, or provide expert testimony.

6.Academic careers: It means either in school, college or university teaching. A university teaching needs effective combination of research, consulting and writing tasks.


Roles of Engineer


ROLES OF ENGINEER

Engineer must perform the basic functions of management : Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling Forecasting Managing


PLANNING

Planning provides a method of identifyingobjectives and designing a sequence of program &activities to achieve objectives.

Engineers role in planning Develop planning focused on the work to be performed Establish project objectives and performance requirements

early so everyone involved knows what is required Establish clear and well defined milestones in project Build contingencies into plan Communicate the project plan to clearly define individual

responsibilities, schedule and budget.


ORGANIZING

Organizing is the act of rearranging elements following one or more rules.

Engineers role in organizing : Organize the project around the work to be accomplish Develop a work breakdown structure that divides the project

into definable and measurable units of works Establish project organization chart to clearly shows the

appropriate communication channels between people involve Define clearly the authority and responsibility for all members.


STAFFING

Staffing involves manning the organization structurethrough proper and effective selection, appraisal anddevelopment of the personnel to fill the rolesassigned to the employers/workforce.

Engineers role in staffing: Recruitment, selection, placement, training and

development for team members Define clearly work to be performed Explain to team members the expectations and how their

works can fit into project


DIRECTING

Directing is a process in which the managersinstruct, guide and oversee the performance of theworkers to achieve predetermined goals.

Engineers role in directing: Serve as an effective leader in coordinating all important

aspects into projects providing guidance to workers is doing work guiding, inspiring, overseeing and instructing people towards

accomplishment of organizational goals. Analyze and investigate problem early to found solution

earlier.


CONTROLLING

Controlling is compelling events to conform to plan Engineers role in controlling:

Maintain a record of planned and actual work accomplished to measure project performances

Keep record of meetings, telephone conversation, etc. Use the effective control system Having a solutions to the problems.


FORECASTING

meaning to foresee and prepare for action. Engineers role in planning :

The production level( determine how many peoplemust hire & train, if production decline)

Needs for new facilities & equipments Size of sales force & adverting budget New funding for investment Investment in inventory & accounts receivable. future market and technology will be like.


MANAGING

Management is the act of getting people together toaccomplish desired goals and objectives usingavailable resources efficiently and effectively.Management comprises planning, organizing,staffing, directing and controlling an organizationor effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.


WHAT DO CIVIL ENGINEERS REALLY DO?


CIVIL ENGINEER

A civil engineer is responsible for using their civilengineering background to plan and overseevarious construction efforts in many differentareas of this field. They will apply civil engineeringprinciples to ensure that structures areconstructed in the safest, sturdiest manner.


ENGINEERING ROLE

A civil engineer requires not only a high standardof engineering knowledge but also supervisory andadministrative skills. The planning part of theirwork involves site investigation, feasibility studies,creating solutions to complications that may occurand the actual designing of structures.


Engineers in Construction Field


PARTIES INVOLVED IN PROJECT

Promoter (Client) initiates the project and isresponsible for providing funds for its execution.

Engineer (Consultant) appointed by thePromoter and responsible for producing designalternatives, computations, drawing, specificationsthat meet needs of the client and supervise theconstruction work.

Contractor responsible for the performance of allwork in accordance with the contract documentsthat have been prepared by engineer.


PARTIES INVOLVED IN PROJECT

Superintending Officer (SO) Represent Client (normally for government works at

Msia) Responsible for the overall supervision and direction of

the works

Resident Engineer ( Engineer Representative/ RE) represents the Engineer on the site of the works. Appoint by promoter (client) Responsible for the overall supervision and direction of

the works


PROJECT ENGINEER

to design in detail, amplifying the tender drawingsby further drawings, which are instructions to theContractor under the Contract

to redesign if there are varied requirements of thePromoter or changed site conditions, and toestimate the effect which each of these variationswill have on the programme and cost of the Works;these variations must be valued in accordance withthe Contract

to supervise the Engineer's Representative(Resident Engineer)


PROJECT ENGINEER

to prepare forecasts of expenditure and regular andspecial progress reports

to check the monthly measurement of work donepreparatory to the issue by the Engineer of interimpayment certificates; it is desirable that agreementon payments remains as far as possible with theEngineer's Representative and the Agent

to issue the Engineer's certificates for interimpayment to the Contractor

to settle claims and disputes and to issuecompletion and maintenance certificates.


RESIDENT ENGINEER

to watch and supervise on a day to day basis theconstruction and maintenance of the project.

Depending on the size of the project, they mayhave assistant staff under him.

must plan ahead and discuss future parts of theWorks with the Agent of the Contractor (ProjectEngineer) to ensure that the phasing of the Worksis properly planned to suit the approvedprogramme.


RESIDENT ENGINEER

The principal duties of the Engineer's Representative are to organize his work to suit the approved programme to co-operate closely with the Contractor on matters of

safety to supervise the Works to check that they are executed to

correct line and level and that the materials and workmanship comply with the Specification

to examine the methods proposed by the Contractor for the execution of the Works, the primary object being to ensure the safe and satisfactory execution of the permanent work

to execute and/or supervise tests carried out on the site, and to inspect materials and manufacture at source where this is not done by the Engineer's head office staff


RESIDENT ENGINEER

to keep a diary constituting a detailed history of the work done and of all happenings at the site, and to submit periodic progress reports to the Engineer

to measure in agreement with the Contractor's staff the quantities of work executed, and to check daywork and other accounts so that the interim and final payments due to the Contractor may be certified by the Engineer

in the case of any work for which the Contractor may claim payment as additional work, to agree with the Contractor and record all relevant circumstances so as to ensure that agreement exists on matters of fact before any question of principle has to be decided by the Engineer


RESIDENT ENGINEER

to record the progress of the work in comparison with the programme

to record on drawings the actual level and nature of all foundations, the character of the strata encountered in excavation and full details of any deviations from the Drawings which may have been made during the execution of the Works, i.e. to produce all record drawings.


PRE CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Ensure that the Employer is aware that he carries the financial risk for unforeseen events and of the financial managerial and advisory resources required for the Contract.

Warn the Employer of the decisions and actions required of him, giving programme dates for the finalization of designs, the provision of access, construction and taking over of the Works.

Design and detail the Works and as far as possible prepare clear working drawings and a concise Specification.

Prepare accurate Bills of Quantities, detailing the works required and complying with the Standard Method of Measurement where possible.



Ensure that the Employer and his staff understand the role of theEngineer under the ICE Conditions of Contract in ensuring fairdealings between the Contractor and the Employer

Adopt the ICE Conditions of Contract (or, for ancillaryworks,national and well-understood conditions of contract) infull, without any variations or deletions, and draw theEmployer's attention to the powers and duties of the Engineerunder the Contract.

Ensure that the Employer and his Auditors accept theICE/CIPFA joint statement on the relationship betweenEngineers and Auditors' and accept that the Engineer has thequasi-judicial powers to make decisions that are final andbinding on the Employer and Contractor, subject only toreference to arbitration.



ensure that the Engineer has a defined and readilyunderstood method of selecting tenderers and recommendthat the number invited should be limited

Ensure that all tenderers receive the same tenderinginformation and are given a sufficient period for thepreparation of tenders.

Make all site and service information in the Employer's andEngineer's possession available to those invited to tender.

Ensure that tenders are delivered in specifically markedenvelopes to the Employer or the Engineer by a fixed dateand time, and that they are opened in the presence ofwitnesses at a declared fixed time.


POST CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Check tenders carefully and correct any errors in the extension of items, rates, times and quantity. Notify tenderers of any resulting changes in the totals of the priced Bills of Quantities and tender sums.

Review tenders received and make a tender evaluation report

Advise the Employer to give tenderers the name of the successful tenderer at the earliest opportunity and recommend that the list of the values of the tenders received be circulated.

On the appointment of the Contractor, confirm the appointment by letter.



State by letters to the Contractor and Engineer'sRepresentative details of the powers and responsibilitieswhich are to be delegated to the latter.

Agree the extent and methods of payment for variationsand extras.

Do not exceed the powers granted by the Employer Make decisions on extensions of time at the stages and

times required under the Contract. Ensure that a site diary and site records are properly kept

and agreed where appropriate with the Contractor, andarrange for regular progress photographs to be taken.



Ensure that site meetings are held at least once a month and that minutes are kept and agreed.

Issue certificates for payments after interim measurements promptly

Visit the site regularly - at least once a month. Inspect works in progress and review compliance with the Contract programme.

Ensure that nominated subcontractors are properly appointed by the main contractor and that appropriate Subcontract Conditions of Contract are applied

Agree measurements of quantities for completed work as the work proceeds, and agree with the Contractor that they are to be carried unaltered to the final account



Ensure that claims are properly detailed and that any sums duethereon are settled as soon as possible

Ensure that Certificates of Maintenance and Completion areissued to the Contractor on time

Ensure that the Employer is aware of his new insurance liabilitywhen the Maintenance Certificate is issued

When preparing decisions under clause 66 of the ICE Conditionsof Contract, review all the evidence available and, if possible,arrange for the Engineer's Representative to put the Employer'scase, and the Contractor his, to enable a clear judgment to bemade of the issues.

In the event of arbitration, try to keep the dispute within thescope of the Engineer's decision given under clause 66 of the ICEConditions of Contract, and present evidence fairly and concisely


Engineers role for future

development


DEVELOPMENT

Development-the transformation of traditional, low productivity, subsistence societies into modern, high productivity and high income nations.

Why development?

To increase the availability and widen the distribution of life sustaining goods (food, shelter, health, protection, security)

To raise the standard of living (higher income, more jobs, better education)

To expand the range of economic and social choices.


DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Over the years the development that have takenplace in Malaysia have amazed all of us.

We have built the tallest twin building in the world,the longest bridge in Asia, super highway acrossthe length and breadth of Malaysia, thebreathtaking KL International Airport in Sepangand the beautiful and well-planned FederalGovernment Administration Centre in Putrajaya.



Malaysian Engineers have been contributing to thenation building significantly since the early periodof 20th century.

Engineers have been playing a significant role inthis area and will continue to play similar if not abigger role in ensuring that the nation will also be adeveloped country by 2020 and become a vibrantand model country.



Engineers are called by various names based on theirexpertise. Examples are civil, electrical, chemical,mechanical, software and electronic engineers.

Engineers are largest in number in Malaysia. Therefore itis not surprising that the engineers are assets of thisnation in ensuring emergence of Malaysia as a greatnation in the eyes of global society.

When the leaders generate the big vision for the country,the engineers translate the vision into reality. Theengineers take up the challenge and delivers to the needof the country.

Documents

Chapter2.pdf