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OBJECTIVES

� By the end of the lesson, studentsshould be able to :

1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory

± Describe the cell as the smallestindependent unit of life & form the basisof living organism.

2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

±

Describe & compare the structure of prokaryotic cell & eukaryotic cell

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�All organisms are composed ofone or more cells.

Semua benda hidup berasal daripada sel.

1.1) Cell Theory

1

Sel ialah unit asas kehidupan.

�Cells are the ´basic unit of lifeµ.

Lesson Objective:

1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

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�New cells are produced from theearlier cells (mother cells)/pre existing

cell through cell division.

Sesuatu sel baru berasal daripadasel yang terdahulu melalui pembahagian sel.

2

Lesson Objective:


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�Cell is a unit in which all metabolic

processes take place.Sel berfungsi sbg satu unit di mana semua proses

metabolisme berlaku di dalamnya.

3

Lesson Objective:


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�Each cell carries heritable/genetic

information that can be passed on to the

daughter cells during the cell division.Setiap sel mempunyai maklumat genetik/pewarisan

yang boleh diturunkan kepada sel anak semasapembahagian sel.

4

Lesson Objective:


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1.2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic Cell

e.g. bacteria,

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

pro- = early(before), primitive, first

karyo- = nucleus

prokaryotic cell =

cell that bears primitive nucleus, or nuclearmaterial that is not enclosed by nuclear

membrane

prokaryotic organisms prokaryotes

?

Lesson Objective:

2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

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� A major difference between prokaryotic andeukaryotic cells is the location of

chromosomes.

� In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes arecontained in a membrane-enclosed

organelle, the nucleus.

�In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA isconcentrated in the nucleoid without a

membrane separating it from the rest of the

cell.

BACK

Lesson Objective:


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(1.2) Prokaryotic CellTypical Structure (i)

capsulepili

cell wall

plasmamembrane

stored foodDNA without nucleo

envelope

flagellum

cytoplasm

polysomesribosomes

MesosomeCarry out respiration

Lesson Objective:


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(1.2) Prokaryotic CellTypical Structure (ii)

Lesson Objective:


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Prokaryotic Cells

Lesson Objective:


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(1.2) Prokaryotic CellTypical Features

�small (diameter: 0.5 - 10Qm)

�cytoplasm surrounded by a plasmamembrane and

�encased within a rigid cell wall�no distinct interior compartment

�nuclear material: DNA�no membrane bound organelles�contain simple structures like ribosome�membrane folds contain pigments for

photosynthesis

Lesson Objective:


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(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Features (Cell walls)

�composed of peptidoglycan*�protect the cell�maintain its shape�prevent excessive water uptake

peptidoglycan*�consists of a carbohydrate matrix that is cross-linked

by short polypeptide units�characterizes different types of bacteria:

Gram positive and Gram negative

Lesson Objective:


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Typical Features (Flagella)

�some bacteria use a flagellum for locomotion

and feeding�long, threadlike structures�protruding from the surface of the cell�move in rotation (why?)

Lesson Objective:


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(1.3) Eukaryotic Cell

e.g. Protoctists;protozoa cells, plant cells, fungus

cells, animal cells, algae,

eu- = true/after

karyo- = (something to do with) nucleus eukaryotic cell =

cell that bears true nucleus, or nuclear materialthat is enclosed by a nuclear membrane

eukaryotic organisms eukaryotes

?

1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFELesson Objective:


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Eukaryotic Cell

Typical Structure (i)

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

nucleus

nuclear membrane

nucleoplasma

chromatin

nucleolus

mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

centrosome

temporary small vacuole

secretive granules

protoplasm

Cytoplasm



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T

ypical Features�diameter: 10 - 100Qm)

�within the cytoplasm is a variety ofmembrane bounded organelles of

specialized forms and functions(compartmentalization)

�nuclear material: DNA + proteins�contain vesicles, small sacs that store and

transport a variety of materials�supported by internal protein scaffold,cytoskeleton

A network of fibers permeating the matrix of eukaryotic cell that

provides a supporting frame work for organells, organells

movements etc



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� In eukaryote cells, the chromosomes are

contained within a membranous nuclear envelope.

� The region between the nucleus and the plasma

membrane is the cytoplasm.

± All the material (organelles) within the plasma

membrane is known as cytoplasm.

� Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a

variety of membrane-bounded organelles of

specialized form and function.

� These membrane-bounded organelles are absent

in prokaryotes.



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The Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell.Prokaryotic Cell

size


Eukaryotic Cell

small (0.5-10.0Q) larger (10 -100Q)

true nucleus absent present*

chromosome circular helixDNA

linear helix DNAwith histone prot.

cell wall peptidoglycan cellulose

ribosomes small large

cytoskeleton absent present

flagella helix flagellin & lack

of microtubule.

microtubules

(9+2) structure



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Cell / organism size compare to Organism Sizes

� Most cells are much smaller than one millimeter.± Some as small as one micrometer.

� Small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging wastes

for nutrients.

± Cells that specialize in absorption have modifications that greatly increase

the surface area per volume of the cell.



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1.3) Microscopic Structure of

Plant & Animal Cells

OBJECTIVES

� By the end of the lesson,

students should be able to :- Illustrate the detailed structures of

typical plant & animal cells.

- Compare between plant & animal

cells

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1.3) Structure of animal & plant cells


Illustrate the detailed structures of


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ANIMAL CELLS� As seen under light microscope, animal cells

contain protoplasm (nucleus + Cytoplasm )

� Cytoplasm=cytosol+organelles)

� Large central nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.

� Nucleus contains coiled DNA called Chromatin +

protein called histone.

� Cytoplasm contains;organelles & glycogengranules (food storage polysaccharide)

� Have either small vacuole or none at all.




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Typical Structure (ii): Plant Cells

middle lamella




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Plant cells� Protective, rigid, cellulose cell wall

surrounding the cell.

�Chloroplasts in the cytoplasm containchlorophyll pigments which carry out

photosynthesis.

� Large vacuole. Central vacuole, filled with

sap (photosynthesis product)

� Contain starch granules




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The Differences between Plant and Animal Cells (i)

Plant Cells

shape

Animal Cells

rigid not rigid

lysosomes usually absent presentchloroplasts in photosynthetic

cellsabsent

cell wall plasmodesmata middle lamella absent


Compare between plant & animal cells.

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The Differences between Plant and Animal Cells (ii)Plant Cells Animal Cells

vacuoles large contain cellular

fluid

tonoplast

too small @absent

centrioles absent, except inmore primitiveplants

present

storedcarbohydrate

starch glycogen

cilia absent, except inmore primitiveplants

present


Compare between plant & animal cells.

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