Chapter11 Nuclear Icebreakers 20111019

8/3/2019 Chapter11 Nuclear Icebreakers 20111019

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Chapter11:Nuclear Civil Vessels Nuclear Icebreakers

Edited by Dr. Mir F. AliThe scope of nuclear civil vessels includes the following three types of vessels: 1. NuclearMerchant Ships, 2. Nuclear Icebreakers, and 3. Nuclear Cruise Ships. This chapter is

dedicated to Nuclear Icebreakers.

2. Nuclear Icebreakers:An icebreaker ship requires three main faculties that most normal ships lack: Astrengthenedhull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through ice-covered waters.Icebreakers ships designed to cruise on ice-covered water by breaking through the ice withtheir strong, heavy, steel bows. The main objective for constructing icebreakers was to keeproutes open for commerce where either seasonal or permanent ice conditions exit.

An icebreaker ship powered by nuclear to break floating ice is known as nuclear icebreaker

and nuclear icebreakers are far more powerful than their diesel powered counterparts.Icebreakers were constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arcticwaterways in the north of Siberia.

Just to appreciate the severity of the conditions, during the winter, the ice along thenorthern seaways varies in thickness from 1.2 to 2.0 metres (3.9 to 6.5 feet). The ice incentral parts of the Arctic Ocean is on average 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) thick. Nuclear-poweredicebreakers can force through this ice at speeds up to 10 knots (19 km/h 12 mph). In ice-free-waters the maximum speed of the nuclear-powered icebreakers is as much as 21 knots (35km/h, 24 mph).

Nuclear propulsionhasproven technically andeconomically essential inthe Russian Arctic whereoperating conditions arebeyond the capability ofconventional icebreakers.The power levelsrequired for breaking iceup to 3 metres thick,

coupled with refuellingdifficulties for othertypes of vessels, aresignificant factors. Thenuclear fleet hasincreased Arcticnavigation from 2 to 10months per year, and in the Western Arctic, to year-round. Greater use of the icebreakerfleet is expected with developments on the Yamal Peninsula and further east.
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The icebreaker reactors are bigger than the reactors in nuclear submarines. The fuel used inOK-900A reactors is enriched to 45-75 percent uranium-235, and each reactor core holds 241fuel assemblies, including 200 kg of uranium-235. The fuel in KLT-40 reactors is enriched upto 90 percent; it too contains 241 fuel assemblies, with a total of approximately 150kg ofuranium-235. Fuel is replaced every three to four years, and it takes approximately 45 days to

refuel a nuclear-powered icebreaker. Generally, one reactor acts as the primary propulsion,and the second operates at low power. Water in the pressurized closed water circuit isheated to 300 to 400 degrees Celsius to produce steam. The steam enters a system of foursteam generators per reactor core. These generators run the turbines, which run thepropellers. Because it is a closed water circuit, this water is recirculated to the steamgenerators. The cooling system of the icebreaker reactors is specially designed to use coldArctic seawater.

Russia has the most powerful icebreaker fleet in the world, as well as unique experience inthe design, construction and operation of such ships. Russian experience with nuclearpowered Arctic ships totals about 300 reactor-years in 2009. The Murmansk ShippingCompany (MSC) for the Ministry of Transport previously operated Russias fleet of nuclearicebreakers. However, in August 2008 responsibility was transferred to Rosatom bypresidential decree and the agency is now tasked with both making the fleet profitable andaddressing legacy issues such as radioactive waste and the decommissioning of old ships.

2.1 NS IcebreakerLenin:The nuclear icebreakingfleet was developingnearly in parallel with

domestic nuclear power.The decision to build thefirst nuclear icebreakerwas taken on November20, 1953, and the shipskeel laying took place atAdmiralteyskiy Zavod(shipyard) in Leningradon August 24, 1956. Theicebreaker Lenin was

undergone sea trials inthe Gulf of Finland inSeptember 1959 and was officially accepted for service on December 3, 1959. It was launchedon December 05, 1959. The 510 manufacturing plants and organizations all over the countrywere involved in its building. Vessel particulars include:

Length: 134 metres; Beam: 27.6 metres; Height: 16.1 metres; Max speed: 18 knots,


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Displacement: 16,000 metric tons without ballast; and Propulsion by three DC motors driving three screw propellers.

NS Lenin was both the world's first nuclear powered surface ship and the first nuclearpowered civilian vessel. The first nuclear propulsion unit (OK-150) on Lenin had threeidentical pressurised water reactors (PWR) with a maximum heat output of 90 MWt. The

shaft power was 44, 000 horsepower. Enriched uranium was used as fuel (the content of U-235 was equivalent 85 kg), and distillate water was used as a moderator and for heat transfer.The reactor core was 1.6 meters high and measured one meter in diameter. The coreconsisted of 7,704 fuel pins in 219 fuel assemblies.

There have been two accidents, the first took place in February 1965, when Lenin wasundergoing repairs and refuelling. The vessel sustained severe mechanical damages to thefuel assemblies, some of which were broken in two pieces, and were detected during theunloading of fuel from reactor number two. About 95 spent nuclear fuel assemblies weretransferred to the nuclear service ship Lepse and unloading was halted. After investigations

as to why the spent nuclear fuel assemblies were deformed, it was established that thenuclear reactor operators had made an error that left the reactor core without cooling water.The partial deformation of the fuel assemblies had occurred due to overheating of thereactor core. About 60 percent of the assemblies were damaged.

The second accident aboard the Lenin took place in 1967, when the pipe system of the thirdcircuit sprung a leak following the loading of fresh nuclear fuel. The second accidentresulted in one of the threeOK-150 reactors being damaged beyond repair. All three reactorswere removed, and replaced by two OK-900 reactors; the ship returned to service in 1970.The Lenin was taken out of operation in November 1989 and laid up atAtomflot, the base fornuclear powered icebreakers in the Murmansk Fiord before it was converted to a museum

ship.

The vessel was initially fitted with three OK-150 pressurized water reactors producing 90MW each. Due to operational problems including a partial core melt in 1965, two OK-900units producing 171 MWeach replaced the units.Remained in service for30 years in the NorthernSea Route, breaking icefor container ships to

navigate. During thisperiod, escorted 3,741transport ships. Voyagecovered 654,400 nauticalmiles, including 560,600nautical miles in ice.

2.2 Arktika-ClassNuclear Icebreakers:
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Thenuclear icebreakersof theArktika classare used to force through the ice for the benefitof cargo ships and other vessels along the northern seaway. The northern seaway comprisesthe eastern part of theBarents Sea, thePetchora Sea, theKara Sea, theLaptev Seaand theEastern Siberian Seato theBering Strait. Important ports on the northern seaway are,among others,Dikson,Tiksi, andPevek.

In addition to cruising onice-covered water, theicebreakers have alsobeen used for a numberof scientific expeditionsin the Arctic. On August17, 1977, theNSArktikawas the first surfacevessel in the world toreach theNorth Pole.Since 1989, someicebreakers have beenused for Arctic tourismcruises.

There are six icebreakersclassified as Arktika class icebreakers that represent the bulk of the Russian nuclearicebreaker fleet.

1. NS Arktika launched in 1959;2. NS Sibir launched in 1977;3. NS Rossiya launched in 1985;

4. NS SovetskiySoyuz launched in1990;

5. NS Yamallaunched in 1993;and

6. NS 50 Let Probedylaunched in 1993.

Since these icebreakershave been built over aperiod of thirty years,there is a fair bit ofvariation between shipsof the class; thus,specifications are listedas a range of values. Ingeneral, the newer ships
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from jets 9 m below the surface. Some ships havepolymer-coated hulls to reducefriction.Arktika-class ships can break ice while making way either forwards or backwards. Theseships must cruise in cold water, in order to cool their reactors. As a result, they cannot passthrough the tropics to undertake voyages in theSouthern Hemisphere. Although they havetwo reactors, normally only one is used to provide power, with the other being maintained ina standby mode.

Some ships carry one or twohelicoptersand severalZodiac boats. Radio and satellitesystems can include navigation,telephone,fax, andemailcapabilities.

Most nuclear powered icebreakers in the Russian service today have aswimming pool, asauna, acinema, and agymnasium. In the restaurants aboard there is abarand facilities forlive music performances. Some also have alibraryand at least one has avolleyballcourt.

The Arktika was retired for several years, but was repaired in the late 1990s.

On April 9, 2007, a fire broke out on the Arktika. The fire caused minor damage to threecabins and knocked out an electricity-distribution panel. The nuclear reactor was notdamaged. There were no injuries. The icebreaker was in theKara Seawhen the blazeerupted, and was sent toMurmansk. The ship was officially taken out of service in October2008.

Thevessel served shippingroutes in the Arctic Ocean and the seas north of Russia from April1975, powered by two 171 MWt pressurized water reactors which provided 54 MW at itspropellers. In 2000, it was the first civilian ship to operate for a whole year without docking.

Most of theArktika-class vessels have had operating life extensions based on engineering

knowledge built up from experience withArktika itself. Nuclear.Ru reported that the shipwas originally designed for 100,000 hours of reactor life, but this was extended first to150,000 hours, then to 175,000 hours. In practice, this equated to a lifespan of eight extrayears of operation on top of the design period of 25. In that time, it covered more than 1million nautical miles.

Apart from that, it will not sail again, the future for Arktika is uncertain. Docked at anAtomFlot facility, it will initially provide an engineering base to study further life extensionoptions for its sister vessels. It will ultimately be dismantled under a schedule to bedetermined by the Rosatom agency, which sets the strategy for all Russian nuclear programs.

The NS Sibiris presently not in operation and stationed at Atomflot for extensive repair.Among other things, the nuclear reactors and turbine generators are to be upgraded, asthese do not satisfy the safety standards established for newer nuclear powered icebreakers.The NS Sibirmight not ever come into operation again due to the operational economics.Unless there is a significant increase of transport in the Arctic, it will not be profitable tooperate all six Arktika-class icebreakers. It is to be expected that the oldest icebreakerswould be the first ones to be taken out of operation.
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The NS Rossiya carries two helicopters. Rossiya was used to transport an expedition ofaround 40West Germansto the North Pole in the summer of 1990; this may have been thefirst non-communist charter of a nuclear icebreaker. Rossiya was in refit as of December2004.

The NS Sovetskiy Soyuz was trapped in ice for three days in 1998. In 2004, it was one of three

icebreakers used for an Arcticice coreexpedition intended to researchclimate changeandglobal warming. One tourism operatorlists itas being possibly used for North Pole cruises.

The NS Yamalis mostly used for tourism and scientific expeditions. It has 50 passengercabins and suites, and carries one helicopter. The crew is 150, including 50 officers andengineers. Yamalwas the 12th surface ship ever to reach the North Pole.

The NS50 Lyet Pobyedi is the finalArktika class ship. It was launched from the shipyard atSaint Petersburgon December 29, 1993 as the NS Ural, and delivered toMurmanskin 1994.It was later renamed and not actually completed and commissioned until 2006 due tofunding delays. The crew is expected to normally number 138 persons. It has anenvironmental waste processing module added to the hull, which accounts for 9 m of theship's 159 m length; this makes it the largest of theArktika class and the largest nuclearpowered icebreaker in the world. It carries twoKa-32helicopters. It entered service on April2, 2007.

2.3 Taymyr-ClassNuclear Icebreakers:The Finnish shipbuilderWartsila built manyicebreakers for the Soviet

Union and providedmany advances in designduring the years ofdevelopment ofconventionally poweredicebreakers. Recently,these two technologiesmerged to developTaymyr-class, shallow-draft polar icebreakers

built in Helsinki NewShipyard in Finland andthe nuclear reactors were installed at Leningrad Baltic Shipyard in the Soviet Union afterdelivering from Finland.

The Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet includes two third-generation Taymyr-classriver icebreakers Taymyr (Also known as Taimyr) and Vayguch (Also known as Vaigach).Taimyr class specifications:

Length: 150.2 m (Taimyr), 151.8 m (Vaiguch)
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Beam: 29.2 m Draft: 8.0 m Height: 15.2 m keel to main deck, 8 stories from main deck to bridge Displacement: 20,000 tons Speed: 18.5 knots Crew: 120 to 138 Reactors: One KLT-40M reactor producing 135 MW Propulsion: 3 propellers totalling 52,000 hp

The bow hull plating is approximately 32 mm thick. As of December 2004, both vessels wereundergoing refitting.

Like NS Lenin and NS Arktika, icebreaker Taymyr is a turbo-electric nuclear ship with athree-shaft propulsion plant. However, main power plant incorporates one reactor insteadof two that generates steam for two steam turbines being a drive for two main ac generators.A principle of single electric power system is realized on the icebreaker. The 32.5-MWe

single reactor ships use a single modified KLT-40M reactor each. The icebreakers Taymyrand Vayguch have special devices to control the exact running of the turbines within theplant receiving the steam from the nuclear reactor. The main activity is continuousmonitoring of the turbine shaft frequency. A personal computer based system gives analarm if there is a significant deviation.

Taymyr and Vayguch are to be withdrawn from service in 2015 and 2016, according toestimates made in 2000. In 2008, one source estimated that the Taymyr could remain inoperation until 2013 and the Vayguch until 2014. Reactor and ship designers wereinvestigating the feasibility of extending reactor service life from 100,000 hours to 150,000hours, corresponding roughly to 10 additional years of icebreaker operation. Most of theArktika-class vessels have had operating life extensions based on engineering knowledgebuilt up from experience with Arktika itself.

2.4 Future Plans for Nuclear Icebreakers:Russian planners foresee a need for six to ten new nuclear-powered icebreakers in the next20 years.

Russia is planning to start building new icebreakers (Project 22220 or 60) after 2010. InJune 2008 the head of the state nuclear corporation Rosatom,Sergei Kiriyenko, said "It isimportant to not only use the existing fleet of icebreakers, but also to build new ships, and

the first nuclear icebreaker of a new generation will be built by 2015. This should be anicebreaker capable of moving in rivers and seas," he said.

Further Reading:1. Chapter09: Nuclear Civil Vessels Nuclear Merchant Ships:2. Chapter08: Generation IV Advanced Nuclear Reactors:http://intuitech.biz/?p=95793. Chapter07: Generation III Advanced Nuclear Reactors Part 2:

http://intuitech.biz/?p=9432&preview=true
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4. Chapter06: Generation III Advanced Nuclear Reactors Part 1:http://intuitech.biz/?p=8013

5. Chapter05: Small Nuclear Power Reactors:http://intuitech.biz/?p=78566. Chapter04: The Conventional Nuclear Power Reactors:http://intuitech.biz/?p=78407. Chapter03: Research Nuclear Reactors:http://intuitech.biz/?p=78288. Chapter02: Nuclear Power Reactors Components:http://intuitech.biz/?p=78039. Chapter01: Atoms for Peace Nuclear Energy:http://intuitech.biz/?p=7788

Sources:1. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker2. Bellona:

http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131

3. State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom:http://www.old.rosatom.ru/en/armada/4. Nuclear Power in Russia:http://www.world-

nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20ships5. Russian Arktika Class Nuclear Powered Icebreakers:

http://www.360cities.net/image/50-let-pobedy-2#344.50,-11.60,75.06. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker#Arktika_class7. Nuclear Powered Icebreaker:

http://www.enotes.com/topic/Nuclear_powered_icebreaker8. Russia: Nuclear-Powered Icebreakers:

http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/naval/civilian/icebrkrs.htm9. Global Security:http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/105801.htm10.
http://intuitech.biz/?p=8013http://intuitech.biz/?p=8013http://intuitech.biz/?p=7856http://intuitech.biz/?p=7856http://intuitech.biz/?p=7856http://intuitech.biz/?p=7840http://intuitech.biz/?p=7840http://intuitech.biz/?p=7840http://intuitech.biz/?p=7828http://intuitech.biz/?p=7828http://intuitech.biz/?p=7828http://intuitech.biz/?p=7803http://intuitech.biz/?p=7803http://intuitech.biz/?p=7803http://intuitech.biz/?p=7788http://intuitech.biz/?p=7788http://intuitech.biz/?p=7788http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131http://www.old.rosatom.ru/en/armada/http://www.old.rosatom.ru/en/armada/http://www.old.rosatom.ru/en/armada/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.360cities.net/image/50-let-pobedy-2#344.50,-11.60,75.0http://www.360cities.net/image/50-let-pobedy-2#344.50,-11.60,75.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker#Arktika_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker#Arktika_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker#Arktika_classhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Nuclear_powered_icebreakerhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Nuclear_powered_icebreakerhttp://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/naval/civilian/icebrkrs.htmhttp://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/naval/civilian/icebrkrs.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/105801.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/105801.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/105801.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/105801.htmhttp://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/naval/civilian/icebrkrs.htmhttp://www.enotes.com/topic/Nuclear_powered_icebreakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker#Arktika_classhttp://www.360cities.net/image/50-let-pobedy-2#344.50,-11.60,75.0http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=366&terms=Nuclear%20Icebreaker%20shipshttp://www.old.rosatom.ru/en/armada/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30131http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreakerhttp://intuitech.biz/?p=7788http://intuitech.biz/?p=7803http://intuitech.biz/?p=7828http://intuitech.biz/?p=7840http://intuitech.biz/?p=7856http://intuitech.biz/?p=8013

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Chapter11 Nuclear Icebreakers 20111019