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Chapter1 Fundamental of Computer Design
Dr. Bernard Chen Ph.D.University of Central Arkansas
Outline
Computer Science at a Crossroads
Defining Computer Architecture Trend in Technology and Cost
Computer Science at a Crossroads Computer technology has made incredible
progress in the roughly 60 years. A better personal computer (< $500) with
faster processor, more main memory, and more storage can be bought than a super computer cost for 1M in 1985
However…
Computer Science at a Crossroads
“Power wall” Triple hurdles of maximum power
dissipation of air-cooled chips
Computer Science at a Crossroads
“ILP wall” Little instruction-level parallelism
left to exploit efficiently
Computer Science at a Crossroads
“Memory wall” Almost unchanged memory
latency
Computer Science at a Crossroads Old Conventional Wisdom :
Uniprocessor performance 2X / 1.5 yrs
New Conventional Wisdom : Power Wall + ILP Wall + Memory Wall = Brick Wall
Uniprocessor performance now 2X / 5(?) yrs
Computer Science at a Crossroads
1
10
100
1000
10000
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
(vs
. V
AX
-11
/78
0)
25%/year
52%/year
??%/year
Computer Science at a Crossroads Indeed, in 2004 INTEL canceled its high-
performance uniprocessor projects and joined IBM and Sun in declaring that the road to higher performance would via multiple processors per chip rather than via faster uniprocessors
“We are dedicating all of our future product development to multicore designs. … This is a sea change in computing”
Paul Otellini, President, Intel (2004)
Computer Science at a Crossroads Difference is all microprocessor companies
switch to multiprocessors (AMD, Intel, IBM, Sun; all new Apples 2 CPUs)
Biggest programming challenge: 1 to 2 CPUs
This signals a historic switch from instruction-level parallelism (ILP) to thread-level parallelism (TLP) and data-level parallelism (DLP)
Problems with Sea Change
• Algorithms, Programming Languages, Compilers, Operating Systems, Architectures, Libraries, (EVERYTHING!!) … not ready to supply Thread Level Parallelism or Data Level Parallelism for CPUs
Problems with Sea Change• Unlike Instruction Level Parallelism,
cannot be solved by just by computer architects and compiler writers alone, but also cannot be solved without participation of computer architects
The 4th Edition of textbook Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach explores shift from Instruction Level Parallelism to Thread Level Parallelism / Data Level Parallelism
Outline
Computer Science at a Crossroads Defining Computer
Architecture Trend in Technology and Cost
Defining Computer Architecture
The task of computer designer:Determine what attributes are important for a new computer, then design a computer to maximize performance while staying within cost, power, and availability constrains
Defining Computer Architecture This task has many aspects:
Instruction set design Functional organization Logic design And implementation
Also, Integrate circuit design Packaging Power Cooling
AND Optimization, including a lot of technologies
(complier, OS…)
Defining Computer Architecture In the past, the term computer
architecture often referred only to instruction set design
Other aspects of computer design were called implementation, often assuming that implementation is uninteresting or less challenging
Of course, it is wrong for today’s trend
Instruction Set Design (ISD) Instruction set servers as the boundary
between software and hardware
ISD include Class Memory addressing Address mode Operations …and more
Instruction code format Instruction code format with two
parts : Op. Code + Address Op. Code : specify 16 possible operations(4
bits) Address : specify the address of an
operand(12 bits) If an operation in an instruction code does
not need an operand from memory, the rest of the bits in the instruction(address field) can be used for other purpose
Op. Code Address
15 12 11 0
instruction
data
15 12 11 0
Not an instruction
Defining Computer Architecture We will have a complete
introduction to this part. (Some examples in the next two slides)
Architect’s job much more than instruction set design; technical hurdles today more challenging than those in instruction set design
Outline
Computer Science at a Crossroads Defining Computer Architecture Trend in Technology and Cost
Trends in Technology To evaluate a computer, designer must
be aware of rapid changes in implementation technology Integrated circuit logic:
transistor density increase by about 35% per year Increase in die size is ranging from 10% to 20%
per year The combined effect is a growth rate in transistor
count on a chip is about 40%~55% per year
Trends in Technology DRAM (dynamic random-access memory):
Capacity increases by about 40% per year, doubling roughly every two years
Magnetic disk technology Before 1990: 30% per year, doubling in 3 years 1996~2004: from 60% to 100% increase per year After 2004: drop back to 30% per year Despite this roller coaster of rates of
improvement, it is still 50-100 times cheaper than DRAM
Intel Pentium4 and Pentium M price over time
Intel Pentium4 and Pentium M price over time The most recent introductions will continue
to decrease until they reach similar price to the lowest-cost parts available in 2005 ($200)
Such price decreases assume a competitive environment
(Data Courtesy of Microprocessor Report, May 2005)
Cost of an Integrated Circuit
Cost of integrated circuit=
Cost of die + Cost of testing die + Cost of packaging and final test
Final test yield
In this section, we focus on cost of dies
Cost of an Integrated Circuit Cost of die =
Cost of wafer / (Dies per wafer * Die yield)
Learning how to predict the number of good chips per wafer requires first learning how many dies fit on a wafer
Cost of an Integrated Circuit This 300 mm wafer contains 117 AMD
chips
Cost of an Integrated Circuit
Cost of an Integrated Circuit