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Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Historical Origins of Criminal Investigation
Chapter 1
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Overview
The Evolution of the Detective Development of Criminalistics Legal Influences on the
Development of Criminal Investigation
Review Questions Opportunity for Student Questions
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Learning Objectives
Understand historical evolution Appreciate the relationship of European and
American origins of criminal investigation Comprehend the concept of thief-catching Account for similarities and differences of early
American investigators and European counterparts Familiarize with American investigators who were
instrumental to the development of present-day investigation
Comprehend the development of forensic science List prominent European and American criminalists Understand the importance of legal influences on
the development of criminal investigation
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Evolution of the Detective: European Origins Law enforcement efforts evolved
over centuries– Frank-pledge system (middle ages)– Tithings ̶ subgroups of ten families – Watches ̶ government and merchant-
financed patrols (through the seventeenth century)
– Parliamentary Reward System (abolished in 1818)
– Thief-taking (early 1700s)
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Evolution of the Detective: European Origins Develop p6
The English Detective: The Bow Street Runners (1748)
Sir Robert Peel – Known as the father of modern policing– Instrumental in the creation of the
Metropolitan Police Act which created the London Metropolitan Police (Scotland Yard) in 1829
In 1877, Scotland Yard created the Criminal Investigation Department
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Peel’s Principles of Police The Police must be stable,
efficient and organized along military lines.
The Police must be under government control.
The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of Police.
The distribution of crime news is essential.
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Peel’s Principles Cont’d. The deployment of Police strength
by time and area is essential. No quality is more indispensable
to Police than a perfect command of temper: a quiet, determined manner has more effect than violent action.
Good appearance commands respect.
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Peel’s Principles Cont’d. The securing of training of proper
persons is at the root of efficiency. Public security demands that
every officer be given a number. Police Headquarters should be
centrally located and be easily accessible to the people.
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Peel’s Principles Cont’d. Policemen should be hired on a
probationary basis. Police records are necessary to
the correct distribution of Police strength.
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Evolution of the Detective: U.S. Origins p8 Growth in the U.S. parallels
Europe– Volunteer night watches began in
1636– Daytime paid police patrols began in
1830s– Northern states differed in
development from southern states– Local mayors often personally
administered punishment
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Evolution of the Detective: U.S. Origins Develop
1849 marks the first detective in Chicago
Plainclothes detectives became very popular and were a rapid development in comparison to European use of investigators
In Europe it was felt that the use of informants was beneath the Police dignity.
By the 1890s, nearly all heavily populated U.S. cities had full-time detectives
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Who Was Alan Pinkerton?
America’s foremost detective p11
Known as…“America’s Founder of Criminal
Investigation” First detective of the Chicago Police
Department in 1849 Opened a private detective agency in
the early 1850s–the North-Western Police Agency
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Criminal Investigation on the Federal Level p13 Congress created the office of the attorney
general in 1789 Until 1865, most federal investigations were
contracted out to private detectives From 1865 ̶ 1870 the federal government
created:– U.S. Secret Service– Internal Revenue Service– Custom Service – Department of Justice
FBI created in 1909 but wasn’t organized until 1924 by J. Edgar Hoover
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Federal Bureau of Investigation p13 Significant contributions to the
overall development of criminal investigation
Created a national identification file in Washington D.C.
Uniform Crime Reports Bulletin (Index Crimes tracked)
Crime laboratories Leaders in investigative
competence
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Development of Criminalistics p14 Prior to the 1900s, investigations
relied mostly upon interactions of people– Informants– Interviews – Interrogations
Forensic science now has a prominent role in almost all criminal investigations
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
What is Forensic Science? p14 The application of natural science to
the detection of crime– Chemistry– Physics– Biology– Mathematics
Scientifically trained investigators function as a liaison between specialized scientists and police officials
There are over 300 public crime labs in the U.S. today
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Organization of a State Crime Lab (Based on WI Crime
Lab) Scientific analysis of physical evidence is conducted by 10 or 11 specialized
unitsgrouped into three sections. (A brief description of the areas of analysis for
eachunit is listed below.) Chemistry
– Drug Identification– Toxicology– Trace
Criminalistics – Firearm/Toolmark– Identification– Forensic Imaging– Questioned Document– Field Response– AFIS
DNA Analysis– DNA Databank– DNA Analysis
Information obtained from: http://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/crimelabs/analysis.asp
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Alphonse Bertillon: Founder of Criminal Identification
Bertillon p15– Recognized, in 1879, the
shortfalls of existing methods of identifying criminals
– Created a new system called anthropometry, adopted in 1882
Human body measured in 11 critical places
Color of eyes, hair, and skin System was 4,194,304 to 1
accurate Adopted by police
departments in Europe and the U.S. for more than 20 years
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Alphonse Bertillon: Founder of Criminal Identification Continued… Bertillon
– Credited with the “mug shot”– Developed the famous portrait parle’ – Instrumental in the science of fingerprinting–
first expert in Europe to solve a murder case solely by means of fingerprint evidence
– Died in 1914; known today for being instrumental for the inclusion of science and record-keeping in police identification
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Contributors to Criminalistics p19 Juan Vucetich
– Fingerprint classification Francis Galton
– Dactylography (Fingerprint Identification)
Edward Richard Henry– Devised a fingerprint classification
system Arthur Conan Doyle
– Wrote fiction depicting Sherlock Holmes
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Contributors to Criminalistics Karl Landsteiner
– Agglutination of human blood (blood types)
Calvin H. Goddard– Forensic ballistics
Hans Gross– Wrote field handbook for criminal
investigation Robert Heindl
– Witness perception and reliability ̶ he wrote a book that classified tire patterns
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Contributors to Criminalistics Edmond Locard
– Founded the Institute of Criminalistics
– Coined “Every contact leaves a trace”
Rudolph Reiss– Forensic photography
Harry Soderman– Wrote Modern Criminal Investigation
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Other Contributors to Criminalistics August Vollmer
– Concepts in police organization and administration
– Supervised Larson in developing the polygraph
Paul L. Kirk– Founded crime labs in Chicago and St. Louis– Wrote Crime Investigation: Physical Evidence
and the Police Laboratory Alec Jeffreys
– Discovered DNA profiling
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Legal Influences on the Development of Criminal Investigation p26
Criminal investigation is strictly governed by the law
Investigators must be aware of the legal guidelines
Important constitutional issues are found in:– The Bill of Rights– The 14th Amendment
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Relationship to Feds!!
The Congress abhorred in anything that appeared to be a strong central government.
Still 13 independent countries Had to have protection FROM
government
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Guarantee personal rights Particular importance to criminal
investigation include the: – Fourth Amendment ̶ search and seizure– Fifth Amendment ̶ obtaining information
and confessions– Sixth Amendment ̶ assistance of counsel
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Fourth Amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their person, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Fourth Amendment:Affecting Criminal
Investigations The exclusionary rule states that
evidence obtained as a result of unreasonable searches and seizures may not be admitted into federal court
Rule was made applicable to state criminal courts by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Mapp v. Ohio
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Famous Constitutional Court Cases Mapp v. Ohio (exclusionary rule is
applied to state courts) Escobedo v. Illinois (when the
investigation shifts to accusatory, the suspect is allowed an attorney)
Miranda v. Arizona (when a suspect is interrogated while in custody, he or she must be advised of their constitutional rights or any statements obtained are inadmissible)
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
EXCEPTIONS
Public Safety Exigent circumstances Inevitable discovery Good Faith
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
EXCEPTIONS Cont’d.
http://www.quizlaw.com/criminal_law/are_there_exceptions_to_the_ex.php
Probable Cause
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Exclusionary Rule
Weeks v. US. Mapp v. Ohio Escobedo v. Illinois Miranda v. Arizona
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Review Questions
1. Explain the importance that Sir Robert Peel had on modern policing.
2. Who was Alan Pinkerton?
3. Describe the role of the FBI.
4. Define criminalistics.
5. What is forensic science?
6. Explain the importance of the constitution on criminal investigations.
7. What is the exclusionary rule?
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Historical Origins of Crim inal Historical Origins of Crim inal InvestigationInvestigation
Chapter 1
Criminal Investigation, 7th EditionBy James N. Gilbert
PRENTICE HALL©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Student Questions