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Chapter 4
Explanation TextHow it works
Learning Objectives:
1. The students are able to understand the meanings of spoken explanation monologs accurately, fluently, and contextually accepted in daily life.
2. The students are able to express the meanings of spoken explanation monologs accurately, fluently, and contextually accepted in daily life.
3. The students are able to read the meanings of written explanation monologs accurately, fluently, and contextually accepted in the forms of written materials.
4. The students are able to write explanation texts accurately, fluently, contextually accepted in the forms of formal and informal forms of writing.
SECTION ONE: Building the Knowledge
Activity 1: Sharing your own experience
Answer the questions well read by your teacher.
1. Have you seen this phenomenon?
2. When and where did you see it?
3. How do the phenomena occur?
4. Why did the phenomena happen?English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 36
5. Why do the experts explain those phenomena?
Activity 2: Exploring your knowledge
Say what you know about the following phenomena.
1. How does a computer work?
2. How do the plants grow?
3. How does the earth rotate?
4. How does a bomb explode?
5. How do gears run?
Activity 3: Improving Grammar Capacity
Study the following structure and grammar usually used in
the explanation text.
A. Complex Sentence
1. Subject + Verb + Conjunction + Subject + Verb
Examples:
a.It occurs when the water is contaminated by such substances as human
and other animal wastes, toxic (poisonous) chemicals, metals, and oils.
b.It occurs when wastes dirty the air.
c.When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible.
d.It occurs when the shadow of one object in space falls on another object
or when one object moves in front of another to block its light.English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 37
e.The wood-chipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a
selected area of the forest called a coupe.
2. Subject + Verb + Complement + Relative Pronoun + Verb
Examples:
a.It is a body of water that covers normally dry land.
b.It is the movement of our vocal organs that generate speech sounds
waves.
c.It is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs.
d.The logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces
called woodchips.
e.These movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract,
which in turn produce the different sounds of speech.
B. Passive Voice
Passive Voice is formed with ‘to be’ followed by the past participle,
Passive Subject + to be + Past Participle (V-3):
1. A plant is moved to a suitable place.
2. The plant was planted in the suitable place yesterday afternoon.
3. Plants will be cut next month.
4. The plants have been watered just now.
5. The plants will have been fertilized by the end of this week.
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 38
SECTION TWO: Modeling of the Text
Activity 4: Identifying the Text Structure and Linguistic Features
Read the following explanation text. Study its text structure and
Linguistic features. GENERAL STATEMENT,
EXPLANATION, CLOSING.
What Makes Talk?
Talk is when we have a thought that we put in to sound. When we talk, we use words to communicate with one another.
As humans, to be able to talk we need a voice box, lungs, tongue, lips and teeth. If you put your fingers about three cm under your chin and talk you can feel a vibration. That is because there is air floating past the vocal cords making vibrations. There are two stretchy flaps of skin called vocal cords in your voice box. When the vocal cords are stretched tight, you make a high sound. When the vocal cords are loose, you make a low sound. Did you know that if we didn’t have a tongue we wouldn’t be able to talk?
People all over the world use many languages to communicate. We all use talk every day in someway.
www.tki.org.nz/r/assessment/exemplars/eng/English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 39
Non-human participant
Present Tense
Action Verb
Present Tense
Passive Voice
Action Verb
Present Tense
General Statement
Explanation:Shows the
Process
Closing
Activity 5: Finding out the meaning of the words
Finding out the meaning of the following words.
1. communicate = …………………………………………………….
2. chin = …………………………………………………….
3. cord = …………………………………………………….
4. stretchy = …………………………………………………….
5. vibration = …………………………………………………….
Activity 6: Analyzing the text and context
Analyze the text in the Activity 4 by answering the followings.
1. What is the purpose of writing the explanation text?
2. Who writes the explanation text?
3. Who usually reads the explanation text?
4. What is the schematic structure of the text above?
5. What are the linguistic features used in the text above?
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 40
Activity 7: Identifying the text structure and linguistic features of the text
Identify the text structure and linguistic features of the following text.
How Are Sedimentary Rocks Formed?
Sedimentary rock is formed by the
comparison of layers of particles into a solid
form.
Sediments such as sand and mud settle
onto the floors of oceans and lakes. Over a
long period of time, several layers of
sediments collect on the floor. These layers
are pressed together for many thousands of
years, fusing the small solid particles of mud
and sand to form solid rock.
This type of rock is called sedimentary
rock.
Source: Exploring How Texts Work
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 41
1
2
3
4
5
a
b
c
SECTION THREE: Joint Construction of the Text
Activity 8: Composing an Explanation
Match the main clauses and sub-clauses in the table; then compose an explanation.
1. When the sun radiates heat, until they reach high land.
2. As soon as the water vapor
forms,
rain is precipitated.
3. While rising, the water flows back to the sea.
4. When the vapor cools, the vapor cools.
5. During condensation, it begins to rise
6. The clouds then move towards
land,
clouds are formed.
7. When the clouds reach high
land,
it condenses.
8. As the temperature falls, sea water evaporates.
9. On being precipitated, the air temperature falls.
10. After being absorbed, the rain is absorbed by the soil.
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 42
Activity 9: Arranging the sentences into an explanation
Arrange the following sentences into an explanation text.
Usually we have fine weather when the air pressure is high and
clouds, rain or snow when the air pressure drops.
Weather is produced when air moves from place to place.
This moving air is known as wind. Winds are caused by warm air
rising and cooler air moving in to place it.
Warm air is usually less dense (lighter) than cool air; therefore, it
creates low air pressure.
Cool air is denser (heavier) and creates high air pressure.
Weather is the physical condition of the atmosphere at a
particular time.
It includes temperature, air pressure and water content.
Source: Text Types in English
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 43
Activity 10: Constructing an Explanation Text
Do the following steps before your group constructs an explanation
text.
1. Collect ideas and organize the information about the
phenomenon you know.
2. Use some visual materials to give a clear step of writing an
explanation.
3. Write a plot outline, which consists of general statement,
explanation, closing. Try to write the first draft together in your
group.
4. Edit the grammatical aspects and writing mechanism (spelling,
punctuation, capitalization, etc.)
5. Revise the text structure and linguistic features together in your
group.
6. Ask your teacher to give corrections and suggestions.
7. After revising the text well, rewrite it.
8. Make some copies of the final draft and give them to your
friends.
9. Do a conference and exhibit or explain it in front of the class
Activity 11: Writing an Explanation Text
Write an explanation text and use a set of pictures and clues below.
Explain it later in front of the class orally. Use the plan of
the explanation text: general statement, explanation, closing.
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 44
How evaporation occurs
Evaporation happens every day
The sun produces the heat energy
The sun heats the water surface
The temperature increases
The water evaporates
The substance's surface becomes vapor
The cloud forms
General Statement: …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Closing : …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 45
SECTION FOUR: Independent Construction of the Text
Activity 12: Recognizing the Phenomena
Match each phenomenon with its definition provided below.
It occurs when such substances as human and other animal wastes, toxic
(poisonous) chemicals, metals, and oils contaminate water.
It occurs when wastes dirty the air. People produce most of the wastes
that cause air pollution.
It is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of
large sections of the earth's rocky outer shell.
It occurs when a body of water that covers normally the dry land.
It occurs when the shadow of one object in space falls on another object or
when one object moves in front of another to block its light.
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 46
Activity 13: Answering the questions
Answering the following questions based on the information in
in the Activity 12.
1. How does the flood occur?
2. How does the earthquake occur?
3. How does a total eclipse occur?
4. How does the water pollution occur?
5. How does the air pollution occur?
Activity 14: Constructing Your Own Explanation
Follow the following steps.
Choose one of the followings as the topic of your own
explanation.
Build your knowledge of the field through reading, information
gathering, and note taking.
Construct your own explanation, approximating appropriate
schematic structure and grammatical patterns.
Consult with other students or with the teacher regarding the
appropriateness of the text.
Make a draft and edit where necessary.
Discuss it when necessary.
Focus on language lessons (such as spelling, punctuation, lay out
of text, handwriting).
Why a telephone rings
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 47
How a diesel engine works
Why a match burns
How atoms move
Why lightning occurs
Activity 15: Identifying the schematic structure and linguistic features
Identify the text structure and linguistic features of the following explanation text; then answer the questions below.
How a Spider’s Web Forms
A spider web looks delicate but it is very strong. I can hold 4000 times
a spider’s weight. But how does it form?
First, the spider spins a thread of silk. The thread gets blown over to a
branch by the wind. Then she makes another two threads and makes a Y
shape. Next she makes more threads and they look like spokes off a wheel.
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 48
Then the spider goes in a spiral, out and back in, sits in the middle and waits
for food.
This is how a web is formed.
Source: http://www. tki. org.nz/r/assessment/exemplars/eng/
1. What is the purpose of reading the explanation text?
2. Why does the writer write the explanation text?
3. How does the spider’s web form?
4. What is the generalized non-human participant based on the text?
5. Analyze the verbs are used in the text.
Activity 16: Arranging the sentences into the explanation text
Arrange the followings into the explanation text. Use the plan of the explanation text provided below.
The plan of explanation text:General Statement : an introduction to the explanation;
description of eventExplanation : a sequence of the processClosing : a conclusion
How Does an Oil Refinery Work?
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 49
Oil is first distilled, which breaks it down into gas, petrol, paraffin,
lubricant oils, diesel and other fuel oils and asphalt.
Before crude oil can be used it has to be processed in a refinery and
converted into many different products.
The vapors are cooler.
This is done by heating the crude oil, which is then pumped to the bottom
of a tall steel tube called a ‘fractionating tower’.
Crude oil is made up of a number of different ingredients and each of these
boils and vaporizes at a different temperature.
This tower is divided into compartments all the way up and the very hot
petroleum enters the bottom of the tower a vapor.
Ay the bottom of each compartment in the tower are trays, and the
different vapors condense, or turn into liquid, on the trays at different
levels.
In this way, the crude oil is separated into the various fractions, which are
drawn off ready for further refining.
Petrol collects in the top trays, paraffin condenses a little lower down and
the other oils become liquids at even lower levels.
Source: An Introduction to Genre-Based Writing
The plan of explanation text:
General Statement: …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Closing : …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 50
Ativity 17: Writing Your Explanation Text
Write an explanation text base on the clues below. Use the plan of the explanation text.
The steps for constructing a written explanation are:1. a general statement about the event or thing—this can serve as an
introduction to the explanation, and it gives the audience a description of the event or thing and a preview of what the rest of the text will be about.
2. a series of paragraphs that tell the hows or whys—these should be in a sequence so that the audience is told of the process that causes the event or thing to happen.
3. a concluding paragraph—if this is concluded, it signals to the audience that the explanation has finished.
4. Language features in an explanation: non-human participants; abstract nouns (technical terms), action verbs, the timeless present tense, complex sentence, and passive voice.
Air Pollution
transportation gasoline chemical matterindustry burning of fuels released
atmosphere contribute sulfurnitrogen carbon interact
automobiles dangerous ultraviolet radiationreact hydrocarbon nitrogen oxides
acid rain ecosystem global problem
The plan of explanation text:
General Statement: …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
Closing : …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
English for the Twelfth Grade of SMA/KTSP-2007 51