CHAPTER VII EPILOGUE - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76694/15... · Chapter VII Epilogue ... revolving loan funds and other technical support; iv) SHG-Bank linkage

CC

CHAPTER VII

EPILOGUE

Chapter VII

379

Chapter VII Epilogue

71 Introduction

Micro finance has garnered significant worldwide attention as being a successful tool to meet

this substantial demand for financial services by low-income people and micro entrepreneurs

It has evolved over the past quarter century across India into various operating forms and to a

varying degree of success India now occupies a significant place and a niche in global micro

finance through promotion of the self help groups (SHGs) and the home grown SHG-Bank

Linkage (SBLP) model (Das amp Bhowal 2013a 2013b) The Indian model offers greater

promise and potential to address poverty as it is focused on building social capital through

providing access to financial services through linking with the mainstream It is the largest

and fastest-growing micro-finance programme in the developing world (eg Seibel amp

Khadka 2002 Swain and Floro 2008)

The important milestones in the evolution of the SHG movement can be classified into six

major phases i) Women SHGs promoted by NGOs as an alternative to mainstream financial

services to reach un-reached segments of society ii) NABARDrsquos initiative along with

NGOs particularly MYRADA in launching SHG-bank linkage model iii) Governments of

South Indian States initiated a proactive role in the promotion of SHGs by arranging

revolving loan funds and other technical support iv) SHG-Bank linkage Programme reaches

the scale of over a million bank-linked SHGs v) SHG federations emerge to sustain the SHG

movement and to provide value-added services vi) SHGs and their federations been

recognised as implementing agents for mainstream agencies of the economy like financial

institutions corporate sector and government (Reddy amp Reddy 2012)

ldquoWhile the SBLP has experienced exponential growth over the past decade bank lending to

SHG federations is currently being piloted In the long-term if the federations acting as

lsquobusiness correspondentrsquo hold considerable potential for financial inclusion and this

financial inclusion if done well will prove to be a sustainable modelrdquo (Reddy amp Reddy

2012) SHG federations will emerge as sustainable institutions of the poor providing a basket

of financial and livelihoods services to their member SHGs and ultimately to the women The

SHG sector as a whole and SBLP in particular has been facing a number of challenges such

Chapter VII

380

as low quality of groups unequal growth policy contradictions huge shortage of capacity

building infrastructure including resource material and resource persons to support the SHPIs

(Reddy amp Reddy 2012)

SHGs in India established themselves as credible institutions for financial inclusion

livelihood promotion and social development vis-a-vis cultural changes As a result many

official agencies civil society organisations and corporate bodies are adapting and or

partnering with SHGs in pursuing of their own agendas Because of this all-round support

from village level volunteers to the Government of India and from international NGOs to

Multilateral and Bilateral Donors SHGs are growing at an exponential rate (APMAS 2009a)

Several studies pointed out that SHG - banking has resulted in a significant decline in poverty

among SHG members It also resulted in a significant decline in SHG membersrsquo dependency

on money lenders and other informal credit sources Evidence from many parts of the country

suggests that the SHG ndash bank linkage not only helped the groups and members but also the

banks in optimum utilisation of their vast network of rural branches Though the SBLP is in

existence for more than two decades there are very few large scale studies on SHGs

particularly on issues related to quality amp sustainability The present study has been made

with the objective of assessment of perception of direct stakeholders of SGHs about quality

parameters of SHGs in Nagaon District of Assam

Observation of information processing in survey population samples presents an entirely

different set of problems than it does in the laboratory The kind of research which is done

through a questionnaire more cautions needs to be taken In the present study the

respondents have asked questions on their perceptions in the quality assessment of SHGs and

other quality issues After collecting the data and doing the necessary analysis the findings

have to be presented This is required in order to make necessary policy decisions because the

findings have certain policy implications Given the previous chapters the objectives of the

present chapter is to revisit the conclusions implications of the present study generalisation

of the present study to suggest measure for SHGs quality improvement if any to point out

the limitations of the studies and scope of future research in this area

72 Overall Conclusion

The followings conclusions are forwarded from the overall analysis interview with different

direct stakeholders of the study districts

Chapter VII

381

i Since the majority of the group respondents belongs to 40 years amp above age group

who are mainly wage earner disguised labour non-agricultural labourers private

employees job seeker and below poverty level hence it may be concluded that the

main objectives of the SHG approach in the study area is to provide employment and

to remove poverty

ii The majority of the promoting organisations of SHG in the study area are from

government agencies DRDA (SGSY) is the major promoter of SHG in the study

district Further majority of donor respondents comes from Government Departments

(50) while majority of financial institution respondents (789) comes from Public

Sector Financial Institutions like SBI and Other nationalised commercial banks

available in the study district Further most of the promoters covered within the

study are originated from Assam while there are a good number of respondents who

belongs to all India level and they are mostly financial institutions and Donor

Therefore it is concluded that the SHG programme in the study district is dominated

by government agencies like in other areas

iii Regarding the recovery percentage of SHG funds it is observed average recovery rate

of different stakeholders is within 50 -75 Further it is observed that 1579

respondents belonging to financial institutions and 125 of the respondents

belonging to Donor who reported recovery percentage is above 75 Therefore under

this consideration the quality of SHGs in the study district is average

iv Only 2556 of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group

members reported that they conducted quality assessment Again only 1556

respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported

that they conducted Impact Assessment Therefore it may conclude that quality and

impact assessment of SHGs in the study area is still at nascent stage Further 4556

of respondents from all categories of stakeholders excluding group members reported

that they conducted performance assessment therefore it may be concluded that

stakeholders are little bit more concerned with performance assessment in comparison

to impact and quality assessment

Chapter VII

382

v Since the direct stakeholders of SHG have no differences of opinion regarding the

parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs ie about the scale

containing 61 quality parameters covering 8 subscales of quality parameters however

only on 37 quality parameters they perceived differences of opinion The direct

stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common understanding on 25 elements of

selected quality assessment parameters for SHGs on 7 subscales only since they do

not perceived any elements of the sub-scales titled Organisational discipline (OD)

such as Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in group meeting (QAP-18) Degree of

unanimity among the members while arriving at decision in SHG (QAP-19) Division

amongst members because of disagreements in meeting of SHG (QAP-20) Regularity

in savings of SHG (QAP-22) Revision of mandatory savings of SHG (QAP-23)

Frequency and regularity of group meetings (QAP-43) and Degree of dropout rate of

members of the SHG (QAP-55) However in many studies these elements were

considered as the key elements while assessing the quality and performance SGHs in

India In the present study all the stakeholders do not perceived these elements as the

elements of quality assessment of SHGs The reasons for non inclusion of

Organisational discipline as a sub scale of quality parameters of SHG by all the

stakeholders of SHG are self explanatory (Table No 71)

Table No 71

Descriptive Statistics on Organisational Discipline (OD) as Quality Parameters for SHG

QAP (OD)

Stakeholders Category

Descriptives Statistic Std Error

Attendance of members of SHGrsquos in

group meeting

[QAP 18]

Promoter Mean 149 077 95 Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 134 Upper Bound 165

Median 200 Variance 329 Std Deviation 573

Donor Mean 156 128 95 Confidence Interval for Mean



Financial Institutions

Mean 174 104 95 Confidence Interval for Mean



Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)



Group Members Mean 81 094 95 Confidence Interval for Mean



Degree of unanimity among the members

while arriving at decision in

SHG [QAP 19]














Division amongst members

because of disagreements in meeting of

SHG [QAP 20]










Median 100 Variance 1064

Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)



Std Deviation 1032 Group Members Mean 69 100

95 Confidence Interval for Mean



Regularity in savings of

SHG [QAP 22]











Revision of mandatory savings of

SHG [QAP 23]


Lower Bound -08 Upper Bound 41












Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)



Std Deviation 915 Frequency

and regularity of group meetings [QAP 43]











Group Members Mean -05 097 95 Confidence Interval for Mean



Degree of dropout rate of members of the SHG [QAP 55]













Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)



Variance 631 Std Deviation 794

The twenty five elements of quality parameters of SHG wherein all the stakeholders of SHG

perceived no differences of opinion and hence concluded as the key elements for assessing

the quality of SHGs based on the perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs viz

(a) Group constitutions (GC) which consist four items such as lsquoVision based

functioning of SHGrsquo [QAP-1] lsquoGender based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-2] lsquoCaste

based formation of SHGrsquo [QAP-3] and lsquoDuration of existence of the SHGrsquo [QAP-

42]

(b) Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control

system (OS) which consist six items such as lsquoPre-fixed rules and regulation for

running the grouprsquo [QAP-5] lsquoLevel of awareness of members of SHGrsquo [QAP-8]

lsquoStrict following of the group norms by all the membersrsquo [QAP-9] lsquoElected group

leaders and office bearersrsquo [QAP-10] lsquoPractice of rotating leadershiprsquo [QAP-11]

and lsquoAccessibility of books and accounts by the membersrsquo [QAP-17]

(c) Financial management and performance (FM) which consist four items such as

lsquoDecision of SHG on loan sanctioningrsquo [QAP-26] lsquoPolicy of keeping emergency

funds by SHGrsquo [QAP-27] lsquoLoan recovery policy of SHGrsquo [QAP-28] and lsquoDegree

of exposure of investment portfolio risk assumed by SHGrsquo [QAP-49]

(d) Credit policy (CP) which consist three items such as lsquoFixation of rate of interestrsquo

[QAP-24] lsquoPractice of the doctrine all members needing loans have got them at

least oncersquo [QAP-58] and lsquoPractice of the principle of office bearers have taken

loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo [QAP-59]

(e) Capabilities and achievements (CA) which consist four items such as lsquoDegree of

participation measured in Percentage of members in decision makingrsquo [QAP-4]

lsquoMechanism for maintaining grouprsquos distinct identity in the communityrsquo [QAP-

57] and lsquoAccessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest

earned and default amount if any by the SHG membersrsquo [QAP-60]

Chapter VII

387

(f) ActivitiesServices undertaken by group members Activities Services

undertaken by group members (AC) that consist two items such as lsquoLevel of

awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justicersquo

[QAP-33] and lsquoOrganisation of community events by the SHGrsquo [QAP-34]

(g) External linkages (EL) which consist lsquoExistence of multiple agencies in group

promotionrsquo [QAP-41]

vi Direct stakeholders of SHGs have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective

parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Donor and Group

members have also lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to

be considered for assessing Quality of SHG while Promoter and Financial Institutions

have lsquohigh level of intensityrsquo However there are differences among direct

stakeholders regarding perception of stakeholders about on whose perspective

parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG

(a) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or

group itself have perceived strong level of desire to assess the quality of SHGs on

forty-one parameters

(b) All the stakeholders of SHGs ie promoters or donors or financial institutions or

group itself have perceived low desire to assess the quality of SHGs on eight

parameters

(c) Group members had perceived strong level of desire on the four elements while

other direct stakeholders have low level of desire on the said elements

(d) Promoter have perceived low level of desire on fourteen elements Donor have

perceived low level of desire on fifteen elements Financial Institutions have

perceived low level of desire on nineteen elements while Group members have

perceived low level of desire on eight elements to assess the quality of SHGs on

their own perspective

vii Since the opinion of direct stakeholders regarding SHGs as Empowerment model is

Chapter VII

388

more homogeneous and having high values of descriptive statistics and therefore it is

concluded that SHGs are considered more as Empowerment Model Further there is

statistically significant difference between the group means of empowerment and

financial model However it is concluded that

(a) Financial Institutions does not perceive to consider SHG as Empowerment Model

of development

(b) Promoter and Group member perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model

of development

(c) Donor strongly perceived to consider SHG as Empowerment Model of

development

(d) Group members do not perceived to consider SHG as financial Model of

development

(e) Donor and Promoter do not strongly perceive to consider SHG as financial Model

of development

(f) Financial Institutions strongly perceived to consider SHG as Financial Model of

development

(g) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which

does not recognise SHGs as Empowerment model viz lsquoParticipation in public

protests and campaigningrsquo (EM 1) lsquoAbility to make judicious purchasesrsquo (EM 2)

lsquoReduction in domestic violencersquo (EM 3) lsquoOvercoming the resistance from

husband and other members of the family to join the SHGrsquo (EM 5) lsquoSome women

can actively engage in the decision of their marriage with the elders in her

household ie freedom in choosing life partnerrsquo (EM 14) and lsquoCampaign against

social evilsrsquo (EM 32)

(h) Further direct stakeholders have negative perception on the statements which

does not recognise SHGs as Financial model viz lsquoHelps in money transfersrsquo (FM

4 ) lsquoHelps in insurance to group membersrsquo (FM 6) lsquoAbility to take financial riskrsquo

Chapter VII

389

(FM 7) lsquoHelps in preparation of cash book and other ledger booksrsquo (FM 9)

lsquoHelps in acquiring the skill of cash managementrsquo (FM 10) lsquoHelps in acquiring

the skill budgetingrsquo (FM 11) lsquoHelps in special loan products for women from

funding agenciesrsquo (FM 12) lsquoHelps in pre-loan help with business planning by

fund provider to the groupsrsquo (FM 13) lsquoHelps in special loan guarantee and

collateral arrangements for groupsrsquo (FM 14) lsquoUnderstand and manage

commercial rate of interest on loanrsquo (FM 19) lsquoUnderstand and manage investment

of SHGs Understand and manage investment of SHGsrsquo (FM 20) lsquoUnderstand and

manage assets of SHGrsquo (FM 21) lsquoUnderstand and manage liability of the SHGrsquo

(FM 22) lsquoUnderstand and manage financing portfolio of SHGrsquo (FM 23)

lsquoUnderstand and manage cash flow projectionrsquo (FM 28) lsquoUnderstand and manage

return on earningrsquo (FM 29) and lsquoUnderstand and manage operating expensesrsquo (FM

30)

viii Since there is statistically significant no differences among the opinion of the direct

stakeholders of SHGs regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG

and its involvement in larger social issues should be core or peripheral components

of quality indicators of SHG ie about the scale containing 65 statements on impact

on members of SHGs covering 9 subscales however only on 27 elements there are

differences of opinion The direct stakeholders of SHGs have perceived a common

understanding on 38 elements covering 9 sub-scales of selected statements regarding

whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger

social issues should be core or peripheral components of quality indicators of SHG

and hence considered the key factors that impact the members of SHGs These are as

follows

(a) Economic impact (EC) with the elements like lsquoReduction in poverty through

SHGrsquo [IMPC 12] lsquoEnhancement of employment opportunities in rural areasrsquo

[IMPC 14] and lsquoEnhancement of creation of assets in rural areasrsquo [IMPC 15]

(b) Participatory (PA) with the element like lsquoEnhancement of ability to

understand amp solve problemsrsquo [IMPC 55]

Chapter VII

390

(c) Empowerment (EM) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos

economic and social empowermentrsquo [IMPC 11] lsquoIncrease in power of

decision makingrsquo [IMPC 31] lsquoImproving communication skillrsquo [IMPC 38]

lsquoEnhancement of ability to fight injusticersquo [IMPC 44] lsquoEnhancement of

strengthened ties among womenrsquo [IMPC 50] lsquoEnhancement of womenrsquos

improved status in household and communityrsquo [IMPC 52] and lsquoEnhancement

of ability to participate in non-family grouprsquo [IMPC 65]

(d) Skill development (SD) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in technical amp

practical skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 13] lsquoEnhancement of use of skills for

income generationrsquo [IMPC 17] lsquoEnhancement of awareness about trainings

organized by NGOrsquo [IMPC 20] and lsquoImprovement in technical and practical

skills through trainingrsquo [IMPC 30]

(e) Access to social services (AS) with the elements like lsquoAwareness on health

and sanitationrsquo [IMPC 7] lsquoEnhancement of help government in immunisation

programmesrsquo [IMPC 57] and lsquoEnhancement of social responsibility drivesrsquo

[IMPC 29]

(f) Social (SO) with the elements like lsquoImprovement in the literacy levelrsquo [IMPC

5] lsquoReduction in childrenrsquos school dropoutsrsquo [IMPC 56] lsquoEnhancement of

menrsquos positive change in behaviour and attitudersquo [IMPC 53] and

lsquoEnhancement of action to bring gender equalityrsquo [IMPC 54]

(g) Psychological (PS) with the elements like lsquoImprovements in couragersquo [IMPC

1] lsquoAwareness on food and nutritionrsquo [IMPC 8] lsquoConfidences to talk within

family by womenrsquo [IMPC 9] lsquoCreating awareness about self reliancersquo [IMPC

35] lsquoEnhancement of societal statusrsquo [IMPC 36] and lsquoEnhancement of

improved relationships with husbandsrsquo [IMPC 51]

(h) Community development (CD) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of

creating awareness about cleanliness of surrounding of environmentrsquo [IMPC

37] lsquoEnhancement of water supply within the residential localityrsquo [IMPC 61]

and lsquoEnhancement of medical facility for livestock within localityrsquo [IMPC 62]

and

Chapter VII

391

(i) Capacity building (CB) with the elements like lsquoEnhancement of managerial

abilities of womenrsquo [IMPC 16] lsquoOrientation for groups managementrsquo [IMPC

18] lsquoEnhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groupsrsquo [IMPC

19] lsquoEnhancement of setting micro enterprisesincome generating activityrsquo

[IMPC 21] lsquoEnhancement of ability to try new venturesrsquo [IMPC 41]

lsquoEnhancement of inducing to assume leadership on issues and skillsrsquo [IMPC

42] and lsquoEnhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding

itrsquo [IMPC 58]

ix Different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its

involvement in larger social issues are lsquoneither core nor peripheral componentrsquo

Promoter Financial Institutions and Group member perceived their opinion that

impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues should be

lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo while Donor perceived their opinion as

lsquoMostly core componentrsquo This implied that Donorrsquos are more concerned with the

social impact on members while Financial Institutions are less concerned with such

issues

x Direct stakeholders perceived their opinion that impact on members on social

perspectives are seems to be a core component or neither core nor peripheral

component on 46 selected statements while assessing the quality parameters of SHGs

Similarly they showed their negative perceptions on 19 selected statements and hence

considered peripheral components while assessing impact on members of SHGs and

its involvement in large social issues is core or peripheral components of quality

indicators of SHGs The elements on which the different stakeholders showed

negative perception signify that these elements are peripheral components of quality

indicators of SHGs These are (i) Social impact (Negative attitude towards dowry and

other social evils [IMPC-4] Enhancement of action to bring gender equality [IMPC-

54]) (ii) Capacity building (Orientation for groups management [IMPC-18]

Enhancement of sustainability and cohesiveness of the groups [IMPC-19]

Enhancement of promotion of new and another SHG and is guiding it [IMPC-58]

Enhancement of lobbying with administrative authorities for amenitiesproblem

solving [IMPC-59]) (iii) Economic Impact (Increases the value of asset [IMPC-25]

Chapter VII

392

Enhancement of ability to control resources [IMPC-63]) (iv) Access to Social

Services (Enhancement of social responsibility drives [IMPC-29]) (v) Participatory

(Inducing participation in politics [IMPC-39] Induce to contest election [IMPC-40])

and (vi) Community development (Enhancement of water supply within the

residential locality [IMPC-61] Enhancement of medical facility for livestock within

locality [IMPC-62]) The other elements covering 9 subscales are thus considered the

core components or neither core nor peripheral component while assessing impact on

members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues

In nutshell it may be concluded that

There is no significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of

SHGs regarding the parameters to be considered while assessing the quality of

SHGs (Same as hypothesis I)

There is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs

regarding the perspectives of Promoters Donors Financial Institutions and Group

itself while determining the quality indicators of SHGs (Not same as hypothesis

I)


regarding the issue whether SHG is an empowerment model or financial model

(Not same as hypothesis IV)


SHGs regarding the issue whether impact on members of SHGs and its

involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality

indicators (Same as hypothesis IV)

73 Generalisation of Findings

Generalisability refers to the degree to which research findings are applicable to other

populations or samples (Polit and Hungler 1991 Ryan and Bernard 2000) It involves ldquothe

usefulness of one set of findings in explaining other similar situationsrdquo (Grbich 1999)

Generalising is ldquocentral to the definition and creation of valid public knowledgerdquo (Metcalfe

2005) It is sometimes equated with terms of lsquotransferabilityrsquo and lsquoexternal validityrsquo

(Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) In traditional quantitative social research the problem of

generalisation is discussed under the concept of external validity wherein the same result

Chapter VII

393

would be found under a different set of circumstances (Sarafino 2005) Again in quantitative

research generalisability is considered a major criterion for evaluating the quality of a study

(Kerlinger amp Lee 2000 Polit amp Beck 2008) A familiar criticism of qualitative methodology

questions the value of its dependence on small samples which is believed to render it

incapable of generalising conclusions (Yin 1984 Hamel et al 1993 Yin 1993 Yin 1994]

Indeed generalisation represents ldquoan active process of reflectionrdquo (Greenwood amp Levin

2000) Firestone (1993) developed a typology depicting three models of generalisability that

provides a useful framework for considering generalisations in quantitative and qualitative

studies viz Statistical generalisation Analytic generalisation and Case-to-case translation

(transferability) The present study featured statistical generalisation since it is based on

random sampling which give every member of the population an equal chance to be included

in the study with a determinable probability of selection (Polit 2010) The present study is

considered to be having general acceptability as a whole to the present socio-economic set up

of the study area since the sample was selected randomly from the population and there were

a low proportion of refusals and dropouts ie below 30 (Will 1999) Analytical

generalisation has been applied by using a theoretical framework proposed by different

theorists as described in chapter 2 (Sec 28) The analysis presented in section 28 of chapter

2 supports the process of analytical generalisation Further the present study also satisfy the

third model of generalisability ie case-to-case translation or reader generalisability (Misco

2007) or transferability (Lincoln 1985) since similar findings are also observed by other

researchers in different contexts or in the same context by the researcher (external validity

proximal similarity)

731 Quality Assessment Parameters of SHGs

The present finding of the study that support or contradicts with earlier studies is tabulated

below for better understanding Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings

of the researcher considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal

2013a Das amp Bhowal 2014a) The present finding of the study that support or contradicts

with earlier studies are replicated in Table No 72 for better understanding Table No 72

Reader generalisability of the present research findings

Quality Parameters Code Statements of Quality Parameters

Case-to-case Translation or Reader Generalisability

Group constitutions QAP-1 Vision based functioning of SHG Similar observation also perceived

Chapter VII

394



(GC) QAP-2 Gender based formation of SHG while assessing the quality of SHGs [Sahu 2010 NABARD CRI BASIX MYRADA and APMAS]

QAP-3 Caste based formation of SHG QAP-42 Duration of existence of the SHG

Organisational discipline (OD)

NIL NIL No elements perceived in the present study under this category but studies like Roy 2007 and assessment tools used by NABARD BASIX MYRADA APMAS strongly consider these elements for quality assessment for SHGs

Organisational systems ie covering governance and management control system (OS)

QAP-5 Pre-fixed rules and regulation for running the group

Elements under this category that are perceived in the present study contradict with assessment tools of NABARDrsquos CRIrsquos Governance and systems related variables but support the findings of Govt of Haryana 2007 and also the assessment tools of MYRADA and BASIX

QAP-8 Level of awareness of members of SHG

QAP-9 Strict following of the group norms by all the members

QAP-10 Elected group leaders and office bearers

QAP-11 Practice of rotating leadership QAP-17 Accessibility of books and

accounts by the members Financial management and performance(FM)

QAP-26 Decision of SHG on loan sanctioning

These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 and the assessment tools of BASIX and MYRADA

QAP-27 Policy of keeping emergency funds by SHG

QAP-28 Loan recovery policy of SHG QAP-49 Degree of exposure of investment

portfolio risk assumed by SHG Credit policy (CP) QAP-24 Fixation of rate of interest Present findings also virtually

supported by the assessment tools of BASIX and Govt of Haryana 2007

QAP-58 Practice of the doctrine lsquoall members needing loans have got them at least oncersquo

QAP-59 Practice of the principle of lsquooffice bearers have taken loan only after the need of all others has been metrsquo

Capabilities and achievements (CA)

QAP-4 Degree of participation measured in Percentage of members in decision making

Present findings also virtually supported by Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX assessment tools QAP-57 Mechanism for maintaining

groups distinct identity in the community

QAP-60 Accessibility amp up to date information about total group saving interest earned and default amount if any by the SHG members

Activities Services undertaken by group members Activities Services undertaken by group members (AC)

QAP-33 Level of awareness of SHG members about issues of social harmony and social justice

These elements are also strongly supports by Shetty 2009 and NABARD CRI

QAP-34 Organisation of community events by the SHG

External linkages (EL) QAP-41 Existence of multiple agencies in group promotion

These elements are also strongly supports by the Govt of Haryana 2007 Shetty 2009 and BASIX

Chapter VII

395

732 On whose perspective parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG

Some of the findings of the present study about grouprsquos members and financial institutions

strong perception towards some specific quality assessment parameters are also supported by

some earlier research findings The present study virtually supports the earlier study of Das

(2012) while studying the quality issues and perceptions of SHG memberrsquos in the context of

Barak Valley of Assam wherein the researcher observed that (a) lsquoFinancial managementrsquo is

the most critical factor where respondents are supporting highly followed by lsquoPlans amp

Visionrsquo (b) lsquoOrganisational capacityrsquo and lsquoSaving amp creditrsquo are among the some other

parameters which are perceived at higher level (c) lsquoEmpowerment and Influencersquo amp

lsquoAwareness and attitudesrsquo undertaken by groupmembers are perceived as less supportive

parameters in measuring quality of SHGs Kavitha et al (2011) observed membersrsquo

perception of effectiveness of group functioning mainly in terms of the quality of official

procedures comprising of discipline accountability transparency and equity These elements

are also strongly perceived in the present study Similarly the finding of the present study

about group memberrsquos strong desire to assess quality of SHG on the elements of

empowerment and awareness of members is also revealed in the study of Meena amp Singh

(2012) Dhar et al (2008) while studying SBLP in India and consequent bankers perceptions

on this regard observed that the main problem were timely communication with these bodies

lack of understanding of banking operations by the members faulty identification of

beneficiaries etc which are also perceived by the financial institutions in the present study

Moreover the present study fully supports the earlier findings of the researcher considering

different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013a Das amp Bhowal 2013b)

733 SHG is primarily an Empowerment model or a Financial model

The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher

considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013c Das amp

Bhowal 2013d Das amp Bhowal 2013e Das amp Bhowal 2013f) Similarly present

perceptions of Donor and Promoterrsquos perception towards SHGs as empowerment model are

also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Nylund 2000 Mok 2001

and Chesler 2006) Further perceptions of Financial Institutions towards SHGs as Financial

model are also virtually supported by the findings of other researchers (eg Tankha 2002

Kropp amp Suran 2002 Sinha and Patole 2002)

Chapter VII

396

734 Impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger social issues Core

or Peripheral The findings of the present study fully support the earlier findings of the researcher

considering different data sets in the same study area (Das amp Bhowal 2013g Das amp

Bhowal 2014b Das amp Bhowal 2013h) The perceptions of direct stakeholders of SHGs

regarding whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger

social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG either

theoretically or morally supported by other research findings (eg Antia and Kadekodi 2002

Sinha and Sinha 2002 Jahan Kelkar and Nathan 2004 and Ghalib 2009) though not

accurately in pure sense of the terms

Thus the present finding of the study is of profound implications since attitudes amp

perceptions guide behaviour toward valued goals and away from aversive events (Baron and

Byrne 1993) In fact the present study is totally a new dimension of SHGs quality

assessment (though is it an extension of the earlier works of Sa-Dhan (2003) and the

resultant unresolved issues ) hence justification regarding overall generalisation of present

finding needs further research and future investigation in the same subject area and in the

same construct

74 Overall Suggestions Based on the findings of the study and interview and further discussions with the direct

stakeholders the following suggestions are forwarded

a) The spread of SHGs in the North-Eastern Region is poor One of the reasons for this

is the weak banking network and social backwardness and less NGO activity Hence

there is a need to increase the banking network and should evolve new SHG models

that suited to the local context

b) Financial inclusion of the poor and marginalised sections of society in the state is

possible through a proper blend of expansion of bank expansion policy and increasing

the number of credit linked SHGs Expansion of bank branches have a positive impact

on the growth of SHGs and credit linked So more emphasis should be given to

establish more bank branches in rural and under-banked areas

Chapter VII

397

c) Since there is abundant number of poor quality SHGs hence there is a need for

sufficient training for SHGs and local NGOSbank staff on SHG concept to face the

challenge of quality and sustainability issues

d) Steps must be introduced so that SHG movement retains its participatory and self-help

character

e) The enthusiasm that are shown initially by the members in forming the group must be

sustained among the women and other marginalised sections so that the micro finance

movement would be addressing the long awaited demand of ensuring access to credit

to poor in general and women in particular

f) The rapport that was established crossing the boundaries of class caste must be used

for strengthening the collective interests to create a world without disparities and

micro finance has really revalorised in this regard This must be sustained in the long

run too

g) Savings first should be the main principle of SHGs No credit or loan will be granted

by the SHG without savings by the individual members of the SHG These savings

are to serve as partial collateral for their loans The ratio of credit to savings will be

contingent upon the creditworthiness of the group and the viability of the projects to

be implemented and is to increase over time with repayment performance

h) Multiplicity of membership in SHG is emerging which will affect the sustainability in

future ie a member of one SHG becomes member of another SHG promoted by

another NGO or bank or Government department Therefore a scientific method

needs to be introduced to check this multiplicity of membership in SHG

i) Since there is a positive relation with number of registered NGOs and growth of

SHGs therefore more NGO needs to be set up for the expansion of the number and

growth of SHGs There is evidence that lack of NGOs specialising in SHG formation

and dealing with only micro finance activities is one of the inhibiting factors that has

retard growth of the linkage programme in the region Encouragement should be

Chapter VII

398

given by government to specific NGOs which are keen to take interest in micro

finance activities

j) Quality aspects of SHGs need to be addressed to ensure sustainability and financial

viability

k) To have a sustainable growth of the SHG movement quality management of the SHGs

is important Greater involvement of members effective participation and change in

the orientation of mindset is required

l) As a whole drop out still remains a key concern in most of the SHGs Group

sustainability may be ensured by discouraging dropouts of existing groups from

becoming the members of new groups

m) Stakeholders of SHGs with the help of apex institutions like NABARD should evolve

a common checklist for all SHGs with very simple quality assessment model

n) The long run stability and sustainability of SHGs require the groups forming a

networking and federating so that it would collectively represent in future to get their

problems solved

o) Since education is an important variable of women empowerment therefore the first

and foremost step for empowering women is the removal of illiteracy among them

Adult Literacy Programmes and other literacy mission should be integrated with

SHGs and implemented strictly in order to make the adult female illiterates as literates

so as to empowering them

p) Continuous monitoring of SHGs should be done by the banks in order to maintain the

quality of the groups Further the Reserve Bank of India should look into the

supervision and regulation aspects of the sector in the interests of millions of the poor

who access financial services through this mode

q) In order to ensure sustainability of the SHGs their activities and linkages it is

suggested that there should be better transparency in the books of accounts maintained

at the group level These books should reflect the position of deposits in membersrsquo

Chapter VII

399

accounts interest paid on savings distribution of corpus or operating surplus among

members etc

r) Federations if they emerge voluntarily from amongst SHGs can be encouraged

Recently federations of SHGs are formed to make SHGs financially viable

s) SHG federations must be facilitated and linked to various apex development agencies

so that they become a vehicle of macro-finance human development and sustainable

livelihoods for the rural poor

t) The networking of SHG initiated micro enterprises at the national regional and local

levels may enable to find the market They can organise trade fairs periodically at all

levels to introduce and market the products to widespread customers This would

improve the market share of SHGs and in the long run may be competent to large

corporations

u) Different stakeholders of SHG have been revealed that both social and economic

empowerment was realised by the SHG members In fact there is need for more

economic empowerment which would take care of other aspects like social

psychological empowerment etc

v) Existing groups may be further strengthened Steps must be ensured for institution

building capacity building and protection mechanism for the long run survival of the

institutions Higher number of SHGs may be formed for the economically and

socially backward rural households in order to bring the poor under the fold of formal

banking institutions This will revealed SHG as financial intermediary or financial

model of development

w) In the ever changing technology there is good scope for ICT tools to reduce cost of

financial inclusion This needs to be sufficiently explored for the benefit of both banks

and rural SHG members

x) The coordination between different stakeholders needs to be further intensified

aiming at achieving a common promotion policy and well-matched support packages

In particular support programmes by NABARD and various governmental

Chapter VII

400

institutions supplementing SHPAsrsquo promotional efforts urgently need to be

disseminated more effectively

y) Regular audits of SHG institutions should be made mandatory The audit should

comprise financial social audit as well as management audit There should be proper

check of internal control and should check the internal monitoring (reporting)

procedures (governance audit)

z) Proper regulating and monitoring system should be evolved by respective state govt

agencies so that the self employment schemes are taken seriously by SHGs members

With respect to mobilisation of subsidy amount special care needs to be taken

aa) SHGs performed a lot of functions by in different sphere of activities The social

service function is the other core area of SHG activities which need to be augmented

This will necessarily address directly the improvement of the social situation and the

further empowerment of women Therefore such functions need to be intensified

bb) The structure of SHG should pay specific attention to the sector-development service

function This function include lobbying and advocating common interests initiating

organising and monitoring sector-strategy planning developing sector norms and

rules monitoring awareness providing advisory and training services organising

managing sector- own control and stabilisation (protection)

cc) The financial service function of the SHGs should be carefully developed by a

stepwise realisation of financial intermediate solutions taking into account the

specific challenges and risks of this function

dd) The members should choose their income generating activity based on their own

experience expertise and analysis of marketing situation Location specific amp need

based activities may be identified to undertake income generating activities by the

groups

ee) Asset creation should be encouraged and diversion of loan and mis-utilisation of loans

needs to be avoided Necessary steps needs to be initiated to diversify the unviable

IGA which generate poor return with help of stakeholders

Chapter VII

401

ff) Members of SHGs should actively participate in protests against social problems such

as child marriage dowry domestic violence and alcoholism etc

gg) Micro-insurance plays an important role to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks of the

poor people Micro insurance products have to be introduced in large scale so as to

protect the poor against shock and stresses

hh) An autonomous expert Committee on SHGs and micro finance may be established at

state level to provide a systematic supervisory and regulatory mechanism Such

committee should study SHG based programmes in order to assess the extent to

which these programmes address the rights of women It should recommend changes

relating to the framework approach and design of micro finance programmes as well

as changes that might be required in the larger policy and programme environment in

empowering women The Committee should have eminent academics and

practitioners as members who have a substantial background in the issues of

womenrsquos empowerment poverty and alternate livelihood practices

ii) Sustainable alternative livelihood practices should be formulated and developed by

the development departments and NGOs and voluntary agencies and rural women

should be encouraged to follow the livelihood practices to ensure holistic and

sustainable rural development Welfare and development programmes of the

Government may be implemented through SHGs

75 Limitation of the Study

The output of any endeavour is subjected to certain limitations Similarly the present

research also underwent the following limitations

a) Key Unresolved Issues The present study is limited to some specific unresolved

issues of Quality Assessment of SHGs like a) Parameters considered while assessing

the quality of SHGs b) on whose perspective quality parameters should determine

while assessing the quality of SHG c) whether SHG is primarily an empowerment

model or a financial model d) whether the aspects like impact on members of SHG

and its involvement in larger social issues should be peripheral or core components of

Chapter VII

402

quality indicators of SHGs while other quality issues are remained out of the scope of

the study

b) Limitations of Statistical Tests Analyses of the data collected has been done using

various statistical tests These tests itself suffers from certain limitations Hence the

conclusions arrived at are bound to be influenced by the limitations of the statistical

tests employed in the analyses

c) Biased Opinion The questionnaire served by the researcher consisted of certain

sensitive statements like income repayment and recovery position of loan etc In spite

of the assurance given to the respondents as regards the maintenance of the

confidentiality of the valued opinion there is possibility that some of them might have

given biased opinion to safeguard their image in the organisation

d) Problems in Data Collection The researcher found that few respondents were

reluctant to fill the questionnaire Some of the respondents even delayed the task of

filling it Even the cases of non-response took place at the time of data collection

e) Limitation towards Generalisation The study has been done only limiting one

district Since there is no specific theory relating to quality assessment of SHGs exists

hence analytical generalisation remains serious limitation of the present study

However the present study supports the statistical analytical and readerrsquos

generalisation as mentioned in section 73 of chapter 7 Since the present study is

totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment hence justification regarding

overall generalisation of present finding needs further research and future

investigation in the same subject area and in the same construct

76 Research Contributions

This dissertation set out to investigate the role that computation plays in various aspects of

preference aggregation and to use computation to improve the resulting outcomes In this

final chapter researcher will review the research contributions of this dissertation as well as

discuss directions for future research

The following are the main research contributions of this dissertation (Some minor

contributions are omitted)

Chapter VII

403

The instrument or Scales that were used in the present study (developed earlier by the

researcher for measuring quality of SHGs and with respect to quality issues) are

further generalised These scale includes viz (i) Scale for Determining Quality

Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos (ii) Scale to measure on whose perspective

parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (iii) Scale for measuring

SHGs as empowerment model (iv) Scale for measuring SHGs as financial model and

(v) Scale for measuring impact on members of SHG and its involvement in larger

social issues should be peripheral or core components of quality indicators of SHG

This study had provided a way to the different stakeholders of SHGs (like Promoter

Donors Financer and the Groups members) to share their views feelings and

experiences ie perceptions regarding the quality parameters of SHGs and other key

issues to develop quality indicators for SHGs

Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the parameters

to be considered while assessing the quality of SHGs Further there are low level of

association between the direct stakeholders and quality parameters Twenty-five

elements covering seven subscales of quality parameters are considered as the key

elements for quality assessment of SHGs (chapter 3)

Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion about on whose perspective

parameters to be considered for assessing Quality of SHG Further direct

stakeholders have lsquolow level of intensityrsquo about on whose perspective parameters to

be considered for assessing Quality of SHG (chapter 4)

Direct stakeholders of SHGs have differences of opinion regarding the issue whether

SHG is an empowerment model or financial model (chapter 5) However donor and

Promoters claimed SHGs as empowerment model while Financial Institutions claimed

SHGs as financial model of development

Direct stakeholders of SHGs have no differences of opinion regarding the issue

whether impact on members of SHGs and its involvement in large social issues be

peripheral or core components of quality indicators (chapter 6) Further there are low

Chapter VII

404

level of association between the direct stakeholders and impact on members of SHGs

Moreover different stakeholders believed that the impact on members of SHG and its

involvement in larger social issues are lsquoNeither core nor peripheral componentrsquo

77 Scope of Future Research

Since the present study is based on the holistic approaches of Social Action Theory Meta

Theory and Bloomrsquos Theory of Taxonomy (already mentioned in section 28 of chapter 2)

and totally a new dimension of SHGs quality assessment and consequent impact assessment

on social issues hence further research and investigation are essential on the same construct

under different socio-economic conditions The quality assessment tools and other scales

regarding quality issues that were used in the present study (was developed by the researcher)

for its further generalisation provides a natural guide to future research However following

are the key areas on which future research may be extended

a) Measurement of quality of SHGs with appropriate benchmark of the quality parameters

b) Development of quality measurement index for SHGs Joint liability Groups and other

similar social groups c) Measurement of empowerment level among members of SHG Joint liability Group

and other similar social group beneficiaries d) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as financial model

of development e) Assessment of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups as empowerment

model of development f) Impact on members of Joint liability Group and other similar social groups and its

involvement in large social issues be peripheral or core components of quality indicators

g) Social Impact assessment of SHGs Joint liability Group and other similar social

groups h) Some unresolved issues forwarded by Sa-Dhan (2003) that were not covered in the

present study viz

Chapter VII

405

(i) What are the common indicators that best reflect the characteristics or quality of an SHG

(ii) What should be the pre-dominant purpose (like self-administration by SHG for credit linkage by banks monitoring progress of SHG by promoting institution associating SHG to a federal structure making withdrawal decision by promoting institution etc) of applying quality indicators to SHGs

(iii)Whether the quality indicators should be neutral to user purpose geographical

location of SHG operational features of SHG age of SHG etc or differential set of indicators are required

(iv) What should be the age (time lag since formation) of an SHG at which the

quality indicators will be applicable to it

REFERENCE

[1] Antia N H and Kadekodi G K (2002) Dynamics of Rural Development Lessons from Ralegaon Siddhi A Joint Study by the Foundation for Research in Community Health Pune and Centre for Multi-disciplinary Development Research Dharwad (pp 53-56) Retrieved from httpbooksgooglecombooksaboutDynamics_of_rural_developmenthtml [Accessed 2212 2012]

[2] APMAS (2009a) Quality and Sustainability of SHGs in Assam Retrieved from httpwwwapmasorg pdf5CAssam20SHG20study20report-2final20030909 [Accessed 1202 2012]

[3] Baron R A and Byrne D (1993) Social Psychology-Understanding human interaction (16th ed) New Delhi Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd (pp 142-143)

[4] Chesler M A (2006) Mobilizing consumer activism in health care The role of Self Help Groups Research in Social Movements Conflicts and Change Journal of Consumer Research Inc 13 275-305

[5] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013a) Quality Assessment Parameters of Self Help Grouprsquos a Psychometrics Analysis on Stakeholdersrsquo Perception Journal of Finance and Economics Science and Education Publishing 1(4) 69-83

[6] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013b) Quality assessment of Self Help Groups on stakeholderrsquos perspectives a psychometrics analysis International Journal of Economics Finance and Management Sciences Science Publishing Group journals December 1(6) 347-366

[7] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013c) Stakeholdersrsquo perceptions on Self Help Groups as financial model of development International Journal of Advanced Research 1(9) 690-704

[8] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013d) Self Help Groups-An Empowerment Model or Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders European Journal of Business and Management The International Institute for Science Technology and Education (IISTE) 5(29) 170-190

[9] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013e) Self Help Groups as an Empowerment Model Perceptions of Direct Stakeholders American Journal of Rural Development 1(5) 121-130

[10] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013f) Self Help Groups- A Financial Model Perceptions of Stakeholders Global Journal of Management and Business Research (GJMBR) Global Journals Inc(US) October 13(11) 44-59

[11] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013g) Impact of micro finance perceptions of direct stakeholders of Self Help Groups International Journal of Business and Economics Research Science Publising Group journals December 2(6) 142-157

Chapter VII

406

[12] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2013h) Impact of Self Help Group on Members and Its Involvement in Social Issues Core vs Peripheral Issues International Journal of Business and Management Invention December 2 (12) 48-72

[13] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014a) Stakeholdersrsquo Perception on Self Help Grouprsquos Quality Parameters A Psychometrics Analysis British Journal of Economics Management amp Trade SCIENCEDOMAIN international (SDI) 4 (4) 487-522

[14] Das S K amp Bhowal Amalesh (2014b) A Psychometrics Analysis on Impact of Self Help Group on Members Core vs Peripheral Issues TIJrsquos Research Journal of Social Science amp Management 3(9) 46-71

[15] Das S K (2012) Quality Issues and Perceptions of Self Help Group Memberrsquos about Quality Assessment A case study of Barak Valley of Assam Asian Journal of Management 3(2) 99-108

[16] Dhar Samirendra Nath Kiranjit Sett amp Sarkar Soumitra (2008) SHG-Banknig in India-Empirical Evidences of Bankerrsquos Perception amp Problems Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce March 13 54-65

[17] Firestone W A (1993) Alternative arguments for generalising from data as applied to qualitative research Educational Researcher 22 16ndash23

[18] Ghalib Asad Kamran (2009) Measuring the impact of micro finance intervention A Conceptual framework of social impact assessment Impact Assessment Research (IARC) University of Manchester IARC Working Papers Series No 242009 Retrieved from httpwwwsedmanchesteracukresearchiarcpdfsiarc_wp24pdf [Accessed 1202 2012]

[19] Government of Haryana (2007) Self-Help Group Capability Assessment Forest Department Govt of Haryana Haryana Community Forestry Project Retrieved from httpwwwhcfpgovindownloadsstudiesSHG_Capability_Assessment_Studypdf [Accessed 0212 2010]

[20] Grbich C (1999) Qualitative Research in Health An introduction Allen and Unwin Crows Nest NSW

[21] Greenwood D J amp Levin M (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research In N K Denzin amp Y S Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research (pp 85-106) Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications

[22] Hamel J Dufour S amp Fortin D (1993) Case study methods Newbury Park CA Sage Publications [23] Jahan R Kelkar G and Nathan D (2004) Redefining Womenrsquos Samman Micro credit and Gender

Relations in Rural Bangladesh Economic and Political Weekly 39(32) 3627-3640 [24] Kavitha V Jiji R S amp Rajkamal P J (2011) Perception of effectiveness of group functioning by

the members of women self help groups in goat farming Veterinary World 4(11) 507-510 [Online] Retrieved from doi 105455vetworld2011507-510 [Accessed 1202 2012]

[25] Kerlinger F N amp Lee H B (2000) Foundations of Behavioural Research (4th ed) Fort Worth TX Harcourt College Publishers

[26] Kropp Erhard W amp Suran B S (2002 November) Linking Banks and (Financial) Self Help Groups in India An Assessment Paper presented at the Seminar on SHG-bank Linkage Programme on 25th and 26th at New Delhi Retrieved from httpssrncomabstract=1170845 [Accessed on July 25 2009]

[27] Lincoln Y Guba E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [28] Meena M S amp Singh K M (2012) Measurement of Attitude and Behaviour of Self help Group

Members Evaluative Study of Eastern India MPRA Paper No 46902 Retrieved from httpmpraubuni-muenchende469021MPRA_paper_46902pdf [Accessed 1209 2013]

[29] Metcalfe M (2005) Generalisation Learning Across Epistemologies Forum Qualitative Social Research 6 1 Retrieved from httpwwwqualitative-researchnetfqs-texte1-0505-1-17-ehtm [Accessed 1202 2012]

[30] Misco T (2007) The frustrations of reader generalisability and grounded theory Alternative considerations for transferability Journal of Research Practice 3 1ndash11

[31] Mok E (2001) Empowerment of Cancer Patient from a Chinese Perspective Nursing Ethics 8(1) 69-76

Chapter VII

407

[32] Nylund M (2000) The mixed-based nature of Self Help Groups in Finland Group Work 12 (2) 64-85

[33] Polit D and Hungler B (1991) Nursing Research Principles and methods (3rd ed) New York JB Lippincott

[34] Polit D F amp Beck C T (2008) Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed) Philadelphia PA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins

[35] Polit D F (2010) Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research (2nd ed) Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Education

[36] Reddy C S and K Raja Reddy (2012) Self Help Groups in India A study on quality amp sustainability ENABLE Publication Retrieved from httpwwwmicrofinancegatewayorggmdocument-1960645 SHG_Indiapdf [Accessed 1202 2012]

[37] Roy Durgadas (2007) Mid-term Evaluation of the composition and working of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana in 24 Parganas South District West Bengal Retrieved from httpwww planningcommissionnicin [Accessed 2203 2012]

[38] Ryan G and Bernard H (2000) Data management and analysis methods In Denzin N and Lincoln Y (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp 769-802) Thousand Oaks Sage Publications

[39] Sahu Gagan Bihari (2010) SHG Bank Linkages in North West India Lucknow Centre for Microfinance Research BIRD Retrieved from httpwwwbirdlucknowinSHG20Bank20linkage20final20after20 [Accessed 1202 2012]

[40] Sarafino Edward P (2005) Research methods Using processes and procedures of science to understand behaviour PearsonPrentice Hall Upper Saddle River

[41] Seibel H D amp S Khadka (2002) SHG Banking in India Savings and Development 26(2) 132-149 [42] Shetty Naveen K (2009) Index of Micro finance Group Sustainability Concepts Issues and

Empirical Evidence from Rural India The microFINANCE REVIEW Journal of the Centre for Microfinance Research 1(1) 131-152

[43] Sinha F and Sinha S (2002) Sustainability and Development Evaluating the Performance of Indian Micro finance In Beyond Micro credit Putting Development Back into Micro finance (pp 264-298) New Delhi Vistar Publishers

[44] Sinha Sanjay and Meenal Patole (2002) Micro finance and the Poverty of Financial Services How the poor in India could be better served Working Paper Series 56 Gurgaon India EDA Rural Systems Pvt Ltd

[45] Swain Bali Ranjula and Maria Floro (2008) Effect of Microfinance on Vulnerability Poverty and Risk in Low Income Households Paper presented to American University Department of Economics Working Paper No 2008-02 Retrieved from httpwwwamericaneducaseconomics [Accessed 1202 2012]

[46] Tankha Ajay (2002) Self Help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India Cost of Promotion Sustainability and Impact A study Paper presented for ICCO and Cordaid Netherlands Retrieved from httpwwwaptsourceinadmSHG20as20Fin20Intermediary20Cost20of2PDF [Accessed 1202 2012]

[47] Tashakkori A and Teddlie C (Eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications Inc

[48] Will G Hopkins (1999) How to write a literature review Sportscience 3(1) Retrieved from httpsportsciorgjour9901wghreviewhtml [Accessed 12032013]

[49] Yin R (1984) Case study research Design and method Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [50] Yin R (1993) Applications of case study research Beverly Hills CA Sage Publications [51] Yin R (1994) Case study research Design and method (2nd ed) Beverly Hills CA Sage

Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

379

Chapter VII Epilogue

71 Introduction

Micro finance has garnered significant worldwide attention as being a successful tool to meet

this substantial demand for financial services by low-income people and micro entrepreneurs

It has evolved over the past quarter century across India into various operating forms and to a

varying degree of success India now occupies a significant place and a niche in global micro

finance through promotion of the self help groups (SHGs) and the home grown SHG-Bank

Linkage (SBLP) model (Das amp Bhowal 2013a 2013b) The Indian model offers greater

promise and potential to address poverty as it is focused on building social capital through

providing access to financial services through linking with the mainstream It is the largest

and fastest-growing micro-finance programme in the developing world (eg Seibel amp

Khadka 2002 Swain and Floro 2008)

The important milestones in the evolution of the SHG movement can be classified into six

major phases i) Women SHGs promoted by NGOs as an alternative to mainstream financial

services to reach un-reached segments of society ii) NABARDrsquos initiative along with

NGOs particularly MYRADA in launching SHG-bank linkage model iii) Governments of

South Indian States initiated a proactive role in the promotion of SHGs by arranging

revolving loan funds and other technical support iv) SHG-Bank linkage Programme reaches

the scale of over a million bank-linked SHGs v) SHG federations emerge to sustain the SHG

movement and to provide value-added services vi) SHGs and their federations been

recognised as implementing agents for mainstream agencies of the economy like financial

institutions corporate sector and government (Reddy amp Reddy 2012)

ldquoWhile the SBLP has experienced exponential growth over the past decade bank lending to

SHG federations is currently being piloted In the long-term if the federations acting as

lsquobusiness correspondentrsquo hold considerable potential for financial inclusion and this

financial inclusion if done well will prove to be a sustainable modelrdquo (Reddy amp Reddy

2012) SHG federations will emerge as sustainable institutions of the poor providing a basket

of financial and livelihoods services to their member SHGs and ultimately to the women The

SHG sector as a whole and SBLP in particular has been facing a number of challenges such

Chapter VII

380
































Chapter VII

381





to remove poverty

























Chapter VII

382



















Table No 71


QAP (OD)




group meeting

[QAP 18]











Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 19]
















SHG [QAP 20]











Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)










42]




















Chapter VII

387



















parameters









Chapter VII

388






of development


of development


development


development


of development


development












Chapter VII

389













30)











follows






Chapter VII

390
















[IMPC 29]














and

Chapter VII

391








itrsquo [IMPC 58]








issues
















Chapter VII

392
















I)
















Chapter VII

393

































Chapter VII

394


































Chapter VII

395
































Chapter VII

396
















same construct












Chapter VII

397





character








run too















Chapter VII

398


finance activities


viability











problems solved













Chapter VII

399


members etc










corporations

















Chapter VII

400

























groups




Chapter VII

401





























Chapter VII

402


the study




























Chapter VII

403





























Chapter VII

404






















present study viz

Chapter VII

405







REFERENCE












Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

380
































Chapter VII

381





to remove poverty

























Chapter VII

382



















Table No 71


QAP (OD)




group meeting

[QAP 18]











Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 19]
















SHG [QAP 20]











Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)










42]




















Chapter VII

387



















parameters









Chapter VII

388






of development


of development


development


development


of development


development












Chapter VII

389













30)











follows






Chapter VII

390
















[IMPC 29]














and

Chapter VII

391








itrsquo [IMPC 58]








issues
















Chapter VII

392
















I)
















Chapter VII

393

































Chapter VII

394


































Chapter VII

395
































Chapter VII

396
















same construct












Chapter VII

397





character








run too















Chapter VII

398


finance activities


viability











problems solved













Chapter VII

399


members etc










corporations

















Chapter VII

400

























groups




Chapter VII

401





























Chapter VII

402


the study




























Chapter VII

403





























Chapter VII

404






















present study viz

Chapter VII

405







REFERENCE












Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

381





to remove poverty

























Chapter VII

382



















Table No 71


QAP (OD)




group meeting

[QAP 18]











Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 19]
















SHG [QAP 20]











Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)










42]




















Chapter VII

387



















parameters









Chapter VII

388






of development


of development


development


development


of development


development












Chapter VII

389













30)











follows






Chapter VII

390
















[IMPC 29]














and

Chapter VII

391








itrsquo [IMPC 58]








issues
















Chapter VII

392
















I)
















Chapter VII

393

































Chapter VII

394


































Chapter VII

395
































Chapter VII

396
















same construct












Chapter VII

397





character








run too















Chapter VII

398


finance activities


viability











problems solved













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399


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Chapter VII

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Chapter VII

406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

382



















Table No 71


QAP (OD)




group meeting

[QAP 18]











Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 19]
















SHG [QAP 20]











Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)










42]




















Chapter VII

387



















parameters









Chapter VII

388






of development


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Chapter VII

389













30)











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Chapter VII

390
















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391








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Chapter VII

392
















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393

































Chapter VII

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395
































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Chapter VII

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Chapter VII

398


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399


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400

























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401





























Chapter VII

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Chapter VII

403





























Chapter VII

404






















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Chapter VII

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Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

383

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 19]
















SHG [QAP 20]











Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

QAP (OD)










42]




















Chapter VII

387



















parameters









Chapter VII

388






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Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

384

QAP (OD)








SHG [QAP 22]












SHG [QAP 23]














Chapter VII

385

QAP (OD)































Median 100

Chapter VII

386

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42]




















Chapter VII

387



















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Chapter VII

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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

385

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Chapter VII

386

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387



















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391








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400

























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398


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399


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400

























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401





























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405







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406





















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392
















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400

























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401





























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400

























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401





























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398


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399


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400

























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401





























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403





























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clubs clubs clubs

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397





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398


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400

























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401





























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clubs clubs clubs

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396
















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397





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398


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399


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400

























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401





























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402


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403





























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404






















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405







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406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

397





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398


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Chapter VII

399


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400

























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401





























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403





























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404






















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405







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406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

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398


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399


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400

























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401





























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403





























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405







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Chapter VII

406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

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399


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400

























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401





























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clubs clubs clubs

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400

























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401





























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403





























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405







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406





















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clubs clubs clubs

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401





























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403





























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405







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406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

402


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403





























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404






















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405







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406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

403





























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404






















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Chapter VII

405







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Chapter VII

406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

404






















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405







REFERENCE












Chapter VII

406





















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407



















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clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

405







REFERENCE












Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

406





















Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Chapter VII

407



















Publications

clubs clubs clubs

Documents

CHAPTER VII EPILOGUE - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76694/15... · Chapter VII Epilogue ... revolving loan funds and other technical support; iv) SHG-Bank linkage