CHAPTER - V RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40789/12/12_chapter_05.pdf · CHAPTER - V RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME STRUCTURE 5.1

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CHAPTER - V

RURAL OCCUPATION, WAGE AND INCOME

STRUCTURE

5.1 INTRODUCTION :

In order to identify the nature of rural occupation, wage level and

income structure of the sample population of agro based industrial units

and agricultural sector under study, various questions were included in

the Questionnaire relating to some of the essential characteristics of the

Agriculturist and agro based industrial workers. The data collected

through the questionnaire has been presented in this chapter. This chapter

is help to the information presented in the previous chapter i.e. cropping

pattern and rural employment. Jointly these two chapters present total

profile of agriculturist, agricultural labour and agro based industrial units

and industrial workers of Kavathe Mahankal Taluka of Sangli districts.

The intention is that it would be in complete to understand without the

other and also to explain the impact of agro based industrial unit’s rural

development. The present chapter investigates the basic characters of the

setting up of agro-based industrial units in or near rural areas; the

occupational pattern of the rural population may be expected to have

undergone some changes over a period of time. The agro-based industries

naturally create employment opportunities for the rural population if they

happen to be located in rural areas. Even if they happen to be located

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nearby urban areas, they may be expected to bring about changes in the

occupational pattern of the rural population.

The changes in the occupational pattern may be different in their

extent in different categories of rural population. For example, the change

may be the least in the agriculturist themselves. But it may be the

maximum in agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers

because of the low wage level in agriculture, when compared with that in

industry, apart from other factors, such as seasonal employment etc.

The impact of agro-based industries on the occupational pattern of

the rural population may also depend on the type of agro-based industries

that are established. Some agro-based industries are likely to be relatively

capital-intensive in which case there would be relatively more white-

collar jobs in such industries than in labour-intensive agro-bases

industries. This would mean relatively greater. Employment opportunities

for the educated unemployed rather than for the uneducated rural

unemployed.

Further, the extent of job opportunities itself would depend upon

the nature of agro-based industries. An attempt has been made to study

the impact of Agro based industrial units on the occupational structure of

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the rural population in sample villages during. 2005-06 to 2009-10, to

bring out the impact of the agro-based industry.

The changes that have come about during the entire period from

2005-06 to 2009-10 have also been studied to have an idea of the changes

that have come about during this period due to agro-based industry.

Therefore, the impact has been studied for the entire period of 2005-06 to

2009-10, in selected villages. This shows the influence of agro-based

industries on the occupational structure of these village.

For this purpose, the methodology adopted has been to study the

villages concerned and the households of agriculturists and agricultural

workers in 2009-10 and consideration their occupations in the earlier

years in comparison with their present occupations to determine the

impact of agro-based industries on their occupational to determine the

impact of agro-based industries on their occupational positions. Another

approach adopted is to take up the employees in and entrepreneurs of,

agro-based industries in 2009-10 and consider their occupations in the

earlier year (i.e., 2005-06) in order to determine their occupational

background.

Thus, the changes in the occupational pattern of the rural

population are discussed. This study gives an idea of the past occupations

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of the respondent rural population, and also whether there was an

improvement in their occupational positions or not. Also, an analysis has

been made to indicate the inter-occupational movement within the farm

sector of the selected villages. Finally, an attempt has been made to

determine the occupations from which the agro-industrial workers and

agro-industrial entrepreneurs were adopted by the year 2009-10.

5.1.1 The selection of sample villages, farmers, agricultural labour

and agro based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal

taluka: - This is given in the table No.5.1 and graph No. 5.1

Table No. 5.1

Sample Villages, Size of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro

Based Industrial Workers in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka

Sr.

No. Name of the Village

Farmers Agricultural

labour

Agro based

industrial workers

Total

No.

Sample

Size 5%

Total

No.

Sample

Size 5%

Total

No.

Sample

Size 10%

1 Agalgaon 104 5 127 6 450 45

2 Kavathe Mahankal 91 4 96 5 786 79

3 Dhulgaon 95 5 205 10 - -

4 Ranjani 110 6 234 12 292 29

5 Shirdhon 103 5 208 11 - -

6 Hingangaon 175 9 207 11 - -

7 Deshing 97 5 121 6 300 30

8 Kuktoli 198 10 225 11 - -

9 Kognoli 103 5 130 6 - -

10 Kuchi 114 6 185 9 - 0

Total 1190 60 1738 87 1828 183

Source: Primary Data based on the field survey.

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There are 17 irrigated and 43 non-irrigated villages in Kavathe

Mahankal taluka. Out of this 10 villages are selected for detailed field

survey. 5 percent farmers, agricultural labour and 10 percent agro based

industrial workers were selected for detail study.

Graph No. 5.1

Sample Size of Farmers, agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka

In this section, the occupational background of agriculturist

agricultural laborers and agro based industrial workers was studied. For

this purpose, 5 percent of the agriculturists, agricultural labour and 10

percent agro based industrial workers. Were selected on the basis of the

stratified random sample technique from the ten villages. This gave us an

idea of the occupational position of these agriculturists agricultural

laborers and agro based industrial workers in 2005-06 and enabled us to

assess the improvement, if any, in the occupational status of these

respondents consequent upon the setting up of different types of agro-

based industrial units in or nearby the villages.

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5.2 Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers

The occupational position of the farmers in selected villages during

2005-06 and 2009-10 have been shown in Table No. 5.2 A and 5.2 B

Table No. 5.2 A

Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers Sr. No. Occupation 2005-06 2009-10

1 Karvathe-Mahakal

I Agriculture 2 3

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1

V Total 4 4

2 Deshing

I Agriculture 3 5




V Total 5 5

3 Shirdon

I Agriculture 4 5




V Total 5 5

4 Ranjani

I Agriculture 4 5




V Total 6 6

5 Kuchi

I Agriculture 4 6




V Total 6 6

Source: Primary data based on the field survey.

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Table No. 5.2 B

Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers

Sr. No. Occupation 2005-06 2009-10

6 Agalgaon

I Agriculture 3 4




V Total 5 5

7 Dhulgaon

I Agriculture 3 4




V Total 5 5

8 Hingangaon

I Agriculture 6 8




V Total 9 9

9 Karoli (T)

I Agriculture 6 8




V Total 10 10

10 Kangoli

I Agriculture 3 4




V Total 5 5

Source: Primary data based on the field survey.

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It is observed from the table, 5.2 A and 5.2 B that number of

farmers during 2005-06 in Table 5.2 A and 5.2 B reveals that Kavathe

Mahankal, Deshing, Shridhon, Ranjani, Kuchi, Agalagaon, Dhulagaon,

Hingangaon, Kuktoli & Kognoli was 3, 3,4,4,4,3,3,6,6 and 3 respectively.

The number of farmers during 2009-10 in the same villages was 4, 5, 5, 5,

6, 4, 4, 8, 8 and 4 respectively.

The number of daily wage workers during 2005-06 in these

villages was 01, 02, 01, 01, 01, 01, 01, 02, 02 & 01 respectively. The

number of annual wage workers during 2005-06 was same in Kavathe-

Mahankal, Ranjani, Kuchi, Agalgaon, Dhulgaon, Hingaongoan &

Kangoli i.e. one and in Kuktoli there is 2 agricultural annual wage

workers in 2005-06. The number of entrepreneurship of agro based

industrial units was negative i.e. 0 in all sample villages during 2005-06.

The number of entrepreneurship during 2009-10 in Kavathe-Mahankal,

Ranjani and Agalgaon are same i.e. one. It is clear from the table no.

5.2A and 5.2B that the Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial units

were started after 2006 and developed gradually up to 2009-10 and there

is no daily and annual wage workers during 2009-10. It means

agricultural daily & annual wage workers in 2005-06 were merged in

agricultural occupations during 2009-10.

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5.3 RUEAL WAGE STRUCTURE

The agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is

forming a substantial portion of the weaker sections of Indian population.

In Maharashtra they constitute 26.7 percent of the total workers and 40.4

percent of agricultural workers in 2005-06. This has decreased to 26.5

percentage of the total population and 36.7 percent of workers in 2006-07

the data were collected by the Researcher from all the 10 selected sample

villages in the taluka of Kavathe Mahankal during 2005-06 and 2009-10.

The Govt. of Maharashtra has fixed minimum wages to agricultural

labour and agro based industrial workers in 2008 by their notification in

the of ficial dated 17th January 2008. This is shown in Table No.5.3.

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Table No. 5.3

Minimum Wage Fixed By Govt. of Maharashtra as per official

Gazette No. SWL/89/LMW/134 dated 17th

Jan 2008

Class of Employment

All Inclusive minimum rates of daily

wages

Dry Land Wet Land Garden

Land

1 2 3 4

Class A

1. Ploughing

124.10

132.90

155.60

2. Digging

124.10

132.90

155.60

3. Harrowing

124.10

132.90

155.60

4. Sowing

124.10

132.90

155.60

5. Inter culturing

124.10

132.90

155.60

6. Irrigation or watering

124.10

132.90

155.60

7. Uprooting 124.10

132.90

155.60

Class B

1. Manu ring

113.25 123.65 144.45

2. Transplanting

113.25 123.65 144.45

3. Weeding

113.25 123.65 144.45

4. Reaping 113.25 123.65 144.45

a) Harvesting

113.25 123.65 144.45

b) Threshing 113.25 123.65 144.45

c) Winnowing 113.25 123.65 144.45

5. Picking in case of cotton 113.25 123.65 144.45

Source : Govt. of Maharashtra of ficial gazette dt. 17th Jan. 2008.

The table no 5.3 shows minimum wages.The agricultural wage rates

changed several times in Maharashtra State. The wage was the

remuneration for the work of agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers done in agriculture. The agricultural wage rates in India during

1998-99 show that the states of Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh and Rajasthan were low. The wage rates between Rs.30 to 40

per day for female and Rs.50 to 60 for male agricultural labour and agro

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based industrial workers. In Kerala the wage rate was high i.e. Rs.105.84

to female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers and

Rs.128 to male agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. It

was followed by the states of W.B., Haryana, Goa, T.N., and

Maharashtra. The low agricultural wage rates contribute to the poverty.

The difference in wage rates between male and female agricultural labour

and agro based industrial workers leads the economic conditions of the

family. The states in which agricultural wage differences are low, the

number of female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is

also low. To indicate the wage inequality among the states. The male

agricultural wage is taken ideally. It should be the same to both male and

female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The wage

taken in to account for the Research was the average wage rate of non-

public works in Maharashtra state and Sangli district in general and

Kavathe Mahankal taluka in particular during the survey periods. The

female labour has a visible role in economic life of their family. Females

are responsible for producing and processing food for their families. In

study area the female agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers are participating in each and every activities of agricultural work

irrespective of types of crops. The females are considered unfit for heavy

agricultural work, so there is a wage difference among the male and

female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in the study

area as well as all over the country. The female agricultural wage rate is

low comparing to male agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers. The wage rates are always different in all the states of the

country. During the harvest and post harvest times agricultural wage

rates for both male and female are very high in Maharashtra state as well

as in Kavathe Mahankal taluka. It was Rs.50 per day for female

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers and Rs.80 to male

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agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in study area during

past decade. There is a large amount of increase in wages of male as well

as female agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in study

area. Today the daily wage rate is Rs. 150 for males and Rs. 80 for female

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers.

The minimum wages Act of 1948 was extended to cover agricultural

labour and agro based industrial workers. The State Governments are

empowered to fix the minimum wages for agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers. The minimum wages are fixed keeping in view

the total cost of necessary good and services standard of living of the

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The first five year

plan recommended that the fixing of wages for agricultural labour and

agro based industrial workers may be carried out in a phased manner, The

low wage rate in the different states under minimum wages for a part of

the state also in stead of fixing minimum wages rates for the whole state.

Through legislation the minimum wages have been fixed in A.P., M.P.,

U.P., H.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, Punjab, W.B., T.N., Maharashtra, Kerala,

Delhi, and Tripura. The minimum wage rates differ from state to state. It

is observed that in advanced states the minimum wages are high and in

backward states like Bihar, M.P. and Rajastan the minimum wages in

agricultural sector are low compared to other states of the country.

5.3.1 Wage Structure in Study Area

The wage structure of agricultural labours in selected villages and

agro based industrial workers in selected agro based industries are

shown in table no 5.4 A and 5.4 B.

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Table No. 5.4 A

The Wage Structure of Agricultural Labours in Selected Villages

Sr.

No. Village

Wage Rate Per Day (2009-

10)

Male Female Children

1 Agalgaon 150 125 50

2 Kavathe

Mahankal

200 125 75

3 Dhulgaon 125 90 40

4 Ranjani 185 125 75

5 Shirdhon 185 125 75

6 Hingangaon 125 90 40

7 Deshing 200 125 75

8 Kuktoli 150 100 50

9 Kongnoli 150 100 50

10 Kuchi 150 100 50

Table No.5.4 A shows that wage rate is highest in Kavathe

Mahankal and Deshing villages due to setting up agro based industries in

both villages. There is lowest wage rate in Dhulgaon and Hingangaon

because of absence agro based industries and majority of population in

these villages were agricultural labours. The wage rates were very high in

the villages covered by agro based industries. It may be absorbed from

the table that the wage rate is near by same in all villages during 2009-

10.

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Table No. 5.4 B

Wage Structure of Agro Based Industrial Workers

Sr.

No. Agro Based Industry

Wage Rate Per

Month (2009-10)

Skilled

Worker

Unskilled

Workers

1 Sugar Factory 27000 15000

2 Jolly Board Plywood

Industry

25000 7000

3 Maize Industry 20000 7000

4 Grape Processing Unit 15000 4500

Table No.5.4 B reveals that in Sugar Factory Rs. 27000 wage per

month for skilled workers and Rs.15000 for unskilled workers. In Jolly

Board Plywood industry Rs.25000 per month wage for skilled workers

and Rs.7000 for unskilled workers.In Jolly Maize industry Rs.20000 per

month wage for skilled workers and Rs.7000 for unskilled workers. In

Grape Processing Unit Rs.15000 per month wage for skilled workers and

Rs.4500 for unskilled workers.

It may be observed that the wage rate is high in sugar factory than

others because Sugar Factory capital intensive and big size. In Grape

Processing Unit wage rate is lower as compared to other industries

because of the seasonal nature of this industry.

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5.3.2 Difficulties in Effective Implementation of Minimum Wages Act

There are many difficulties in the implementation of Minimum

Wages Act to agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers. The

following are the some of the important difficulties for effective

implementation of minimum wages to agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers.

1. The large size of agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers

sector. The size of agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers has increased from 27.5 industry in 1951, 31.5 industry in

1961, 47.7 industry in 1971, 55.5 industry in 1981, 74.6 industry in

1991.78.3 in 2001 It is not an easy task to implement an Act of

Minimum Wages covering a large number of agricultural labour and

agro based industrial workers who are scattered through out the

country. As we know India is a rural country nearly 78 percent of the

total population is living in rural areas. Till today the rural population

is illiterate and ignorant.

2. Lack of unionism among agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers. In India, Maharashtra state, Sangli district and in study are

till today the agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are

un-united. They are not having any registered labour union to fight

for the justice. As long as the agricultural labour and agro based

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industrial workers will not be united and form the labour union they

will not get minimum wages for their work. The National

Commission on Labour of 1969 was of the view that the fixation of

uniform minimum monetary remuneration for the country as a whole

is neither feasible nor desirable. The Indian labour conference of

1985 advocated the national minimum wages was the least rate. It is

not increased despite of 60 years Indian freedom.

3. The poor economic condition of agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers in study area will not allow the agricultural labour

and agro based industrial workers to go on indefinite strike. The

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are always much

worried about their livelihood because they are purely depending on

their wages only. It was also noticed from the survey conducted by

the researcher that majority of the agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers belongs to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe

category who are very poor and they are not in a position to get

satisfied their minimum basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.

Their economic condition is potable plus their population is very high

due to many domestic reasons.

4. The agricultural productivity is low. The agricultural productivity of

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is low in terms

of labour. The equipments used are simple and are not effective in

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raising labour productivity, So to restyle the payment of minimum

wages to agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers who

are scattered all over the country and who are not well organized.

5. There is a practice of payment of customary wages to agricultural

labour and agro based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal taluka.

The agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers will not get

at least minimum wages because of customary wages and perquisites,

hence the minimum wage rate is not insisted upon in some areas of

Kavathe Mahankal taluka. In some dry agricultural villages the

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers will get

sometimes perquisites amount only and not wage amount.

6. The minimum wages in agriculture are not revised periodically. In

Kavathe Mahankal taluka the minimum wages are not revised by any

reasons. The wages are the same and remained constant from last 5

years. No Govt. policy, Govt. legislation compelled the landlords and

big farmers to revise the agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers wage rates. No body is punished by the Govt. in Kavathe

Mahankal taluka so far as for not making payment to agricultural

labour and agro based industrial workers by the revised rate of wages

by considering the living index of the agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers.

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7. Absence of machinery for enforcement of the Act. No machinery or

of ficer is appointed by the Govt. of Maharashtra to implement the act

effectively. There is an absence of machinery to enforce the minimum

wages act in Kavathe Mahankal taluka. Therefore majority of the

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers are getting

wages below the minimum wage level.

5.4 INCOME STRUCTURE

The level of income is one of the important factors to determine the

standard of living of the families in the society. According to Keynes as

income increases the effective demand in the country will increases and

finally leads to the large output and employment. It is the income may be

annual or per capita income or monthly income became the index to

know the community’s status of life. Therefore in this section of the

chapter an analysis is made on the income level of the farmers,

agricultural laboures and agro based industrial workers.

The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers in

Kavathe Mahankal taluka are working under sever constraints like poor

quality of land, lack of finance/ financial strains, erratic rainfall, absence

of organized method of working, lack of knowledge of improved farming

practices, illiteracy and ignorance of both farmers, agricultural labour and

agro based industrial workers . So naturally the income both monthly and

annually is very low. The income of farmers and agricultural labours has

been shown in following tables on the basis of field survey conducted in

sample villages of Kavathe Mahankal taluka.

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Table No. 5.5

Income Level of Farmers and Agricultural Laborers in selected villages of Kavathe Mahankal Taluaka During 2009-10

Sr.

No

Name of

Village

Farmers Agricultural Laborers

Sample

No. (5%)

Average Size of

House-

hold

Total

No.

Wage/ Per day

Per

M/F Rs.

No. Days

Worked

Annual Income

M/F Rs.

Sample

No. (5%)

Average Size of

House-

hold

Total

No.

Wage/ Per day

M/F Rs.

No. Days

Worked

Annual Income

Per

M/F Rs.

1 Agalgaon 6 4.50 104 80-50 275 22000

13750 6 4.50 127 80-50 275

22000

13750

2 Kavathe

Mahankal 4 4.00 91 80-50 275

22000

13750 5 4.00 96 80-50 275

22000

13750

3 Dhulgaon 5 5.33 95 80-50 275 22000

13750 10 5.33 205 80-50 275

22000

13750

4 Ranjani 6 3.14 110 80-50 275 22000

13750 12 3.14 34 80-50 275

22000

13750

5 Shirdhon 5 4.08 103 80-50 275 22000

13750 11 4.08 208 80-50 275

22000

13750

Total

25

503

44

870

Source; Primary data based on field survey.

Table no.5.13 reveals that in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka the agricultural annual wage income per male and female sample farmer and

agricultural labour was Rs.22000 and Rs.13700 respectively. The monthly income of male respondent was Rs.2200 and female respondent

was Rs.1375. And per day average income of male and female was Rs.80 and 50 respectively in all the sample irrigated villages.

It indicates that the annual income of both male and female respondents of the sample villages were comparatively high among irrigated

villages of the taluka.

172

Table No. 5.6

Income Level of Farmers and Agricultural Laborers in selected villages of Kavathe Mahankal Taluaka During 2009-10

Farmers Agricultural Laborers

Sr.

No

Name of

Village

Sample

No.

(5%)

Average

Size of

House-

hold

Total

No.

Wage/

Per day

M/F Rs.

No. Days

Worked

Annual

Income

Per M/F

Sample

No.

(5%)

Average

Size of

House-

hold

Total

No.

Wage/

Per day

M/F Rs.

No. Days

Worked

Annual

Income

Per M/F

Rs.

1 Hingangaon 9 4 175 70-40 225 15750

9000 11 5 207 70-40 225

15750

9000

2 Deshing 5 3 97 70-40 225 15750

9000 6 6 121 70-40 225

15750

9000

3 Kukatoli 10 5 198 70-40 225 15750

9000 11 4 225 70-40 225

15750

9000

4 Kognoli 5 6 103 70-40 225 15750

9000 6 5 130 70-40 225

15750

9000

5 Kuchi 6 5 114 70-40 225 15750

9000 9 4 185 70-40 225

15750

9000

Total 35 687

43 868

Source: Primary data based on field work. Table no.5.14 reveals that in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka the agricultural annual wage income per male and female sample farmer and agricultural labour was

Rs. 15750 and Rs.9000 respectively. The monthly income of male respondent was Rs.1575 and female respondent was Rs.900. And per day average income

of male and female was Rs.70 and 40 respectively in all the sample non-irrigated villages. It indicates that the annual income of both male and female

respondents of the sample villages were comparatively low among irrigated villages of the taluka. While considering the price index of goods and services of

basic needs the respondents in the taluka in both irrigated and non-irrigated sample villages, the income level was very low.

173

5.4.1 CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF FARMERS AGRICULTULAR

LABOURS AND AGRO BASED INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

The standard of living of the farmers, agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers in Kavathe Mahankal taluka was very low. The

income of farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers

was low so the standard of living was low, consumption pattern was low.

In many villages of the study area farmers, agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers are living below the poverty line. The per capita

income of these farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial

workers was low. They are not consuming luxurious goods and services.

In our study will also tried to examining to income level of agricultural

labour, agro-based industrial labour and farmers concerned with daily

wage level, no of day’s worked etc. The consumption pattern of farmers,

agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is shown in table

no.5.7 which is prepared on the basis of Socio-Economic Survey of 2009

in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka and field Work by the researcher.

The data is presented with reference to Income Group wise

classification of household by size of the family Per-capita income and

expenditure. The analyses is based on the actual collection of data with

the help of sample survey covering 330 sample households bealonging to

Kavathe Mahankal Taluka of Sangli District. The field survey was

conducted in the period of year 2009-10.

174

Table No.5.7

Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages with Land

Income Group

Average Size Of

Family

(Nos)

Per Capita

Income

(Rs.)

Per Capita

Expenditure

(Rs.)

Below Rs. 16000 - - -

Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.50 1767.77 1500.22

Rs. 16501 to 17000 6.00 1745.00 1562.00

Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.33 2120.94 1960.41

Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.14 2311.41 1912.99

Rs. 18000 and above 8.08 2311.62 1955.18

Source : Primary data based on the field work.

Graph No. 5.2


based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages with Land

Table No. 5.7 and graph No. 5.2 shows that the average family of

4.50 percent has per capita income of Rs. 1767.77 and have Rs.1500.22

per capita expenditure. The 6.14 member family has Rs. 2311.41 per

capita income of Rs. 1912.99 per capita expenditure.

Rs. 16501 to

17000 (1562.00)

Rs. 16001 to

16500 (1500.22) Below Rs.

16000 (00) Rs. 18000 and

Above (1955.18)

Rs. 17501 to

18000 (1912.99) Rs. 17001 to

17500 (1960.41)

175

Table No. 5. 8


based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages without

Land

Income Group

Average Size

Of Family

(Nos)

Per Capita

Income

(Rs.)

Per Capita

Expenditure

(Rs.)

Below Rs. 16000 3.00 1990 1894.75

Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.85 1876.11 1704.17

Rs. 16501 to 17000 6.50 1681.38 1639.44

Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.37 2000.9 1893.64

Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.66 2000 1848.29

Rs. 18000 and above 9.25 2050.83 1803.13


Graph No. 5.3


based industrial workers Household in Irrigated Villages without

Land

Rs. 16501 to 17000, (1639.44)

Rs. 16001 to 16500, (1704.17)

Below Rs. 16000 (1894.75)

Rs. 18000 and above, (1803.13)

Rs. 17501 to 18000, (1848.29)

Rs. 17001 to 17500, (1893.64)

176

Table 5.9

Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages with Land

Income Group

Average Size Of

Family

(Nos)

Per Capita

Income

(Rs.)

Per Capita

Expenditure

(Rs.)

Below Rs. 16000 3.80 1987.89 1701.68

Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.62 1976.83 1740.28

Rs. 16501 to 17000 4.75 1638.31 1813.64

Rs. 17001 to 17500 5.25 1975.4 1883.57

Rs. 17501 to 18000 6.00 2000 1926.66

Rs. 18000 and above 8.75 1992.91 1886.62

Overall 5.28 2000 1880.92


Graph No. 5.4

Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro Based

Industrial Workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages with Land

Table No. 5.9 and graph No. 5.4 shows that the average family of

3.80 has per capita income of Rs. 1987.89 and has Rs.1701.68 per capita

expenditure. The 4.62 member families have Rs. 1976.83 per capita

income and Rs. 1740.28 per capita expenditure. Like wise the other

groups represent the respective per capita income, per capita expenditure

and percentage of consumption to income respectively showed as above.

Rs. 16501 to 17000 , (1813.64)

Rs. 16001 to 16500 , (1740.28)

Below Rs. 16000, (1701.68)

Rs. 18000 and above, (1886.62)

Rs. 17501 to 18000 (1926.66)

Rs. 17001 to 17500, (1883.57)

177

Table No. 5.10

Consumption Pattern of Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro

Based Industrial Workers Household in Non - Irrigated Villages

without Land

Income Group

Average Size

Of Family

(Nos)

Per Capita

Income

(Rs.)

Per Capita

Expenditure

(Rs.)

Below Rs. 16000 3.00 1837.33 1714.23

Rs. 16001 to 16500 4.43 1812.18 1708.71

Rs. 16501 to 17000 5.14 1968.67 1840.41

Rs. 17001 to 17500 7.57 1873.44 1703.13

Rs. 17501 to 18000 15.00 1872.93 1632.00

Rs. 18000 and above - - -

Source: Primary data based on the field work.

178

5.4.2 INCOME EXPENDITURE AND SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS

The income of farmers, agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers is shown in table no. 5.8.

Table No. 5. 11

Income of The Farmers, Agricultural Labour and Agro Based

Industrial Workers Families Keeping and Not Keeping Milk Animals

in Irrigated and Non Irrigated Villages in Kavathe Mahankal Taluka

(Per family in Rs.)

Sr.

No. Particulars

Income Of The Farmers, agricultural

labour and agro based industrial workers

Families Keeping And Not Keeping Milk

Animals

Farmers Agricultural

Labours

Agro-Based

Industrial

Workers

1 Net cash income from

crop production

11778.00

(34.32) - -

2 Net cash income from

milk production

11885.00

(34.63)

1573

(10.46)

11780

(46.26)

3 Agricultural wage

income

10500.00

(30.59)

13300

(88.50)

13494

(53)

4 Non- agri-cultural

wage income

153.00

(0.44)

155

(1.03)

190

(0.74)

5 Total income 34316.00

(100.00)

15028

(100)

25464

(100)

Source: Primary data based on the field work.

Table no 5.11 reveals that total income of farmers, families, keeping

and non-keeping, milk animals is Rs.34316. The highest income of the

farmers in occupations of agricultural and milk production i.e. 34.32 of

income from crop production and 34.63% income from milk production,

the agricultural wage income was 30.59% and only 0.44% non-

agricultural wage income.

179

The total income agricultural worker families, keeping and non-

keeping, milk animals is Rs.15028, in this 88.50% income is agricultural

wage income, 10.46% income from milk production and only 1.03% non-

agricultural wage income. Net income from crop production is nil.

The total income agro-based industrial worker families, keeping and

non-keeping, milk animals is Rs.25464. In this 53% is agricultural wage

income, 46.26% income from milk production and only 0.74% non-

agricultural wage income. Net income from crop production is nil.

The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers

household cultivate a piece of land. They have the problems of fodder for

their cattle. There may be two problems for not keeping milk animals

observed the researcher during field work/ serve.

1) The problem of housing for the animals

2) The problem of marketing of milk.

But both of these problems can be overcome by initiative of the

government. Free house sites or economy houses are the need of all

farmers, agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers . The milk

producer’s co operative can also be organized by the government or by

voluntary organizations.

The table no.5.11 reveals that the farmers, agricultural labour and agro

based industrial workers households without land are mainly dependent

upon wage income. The farmers, agricultural labour and agro based

industrial workers who depend on wage have income of Rs. 34316 and

Rs.15028 in taluka respectively.

180

5.4.3 Per-Capita Income of Farmers Agricultural Labours and Agro Based Industrial Workers in Selected Villages

During 2009-10 – This is shown in table no.5.12

Table No.5.12

Per-Capita Income of Farmers Agricultural Labours and Agro Based Industrial

Workers in Selected Villages during 2009-10

Per Capita

Income

No. of Household in Irrigated

Villages

No. of Household in Non-

Irrigated Villages Total

With Land Without Land With Land Without Land

Below 16000 8 (7.69) 13 (19.40) 18 (21.42) 25 (33.33) 64 (19.39)

16001 to 16500 16 (15.38) 14 (20.89) 28 (33.33) 21 (28.00) 79 (23.93)

16501 to 17000 30 (28.84) 20 (29.85) 17 (20.23) 20 (26.66) 87 (26.36)

17001 to 17500 20 (19.23) 10 (14.92) 12 (14.25) 9 (12.00) 51 (15.45)

17501 to 1800 30 (28.84) 10 (14.92) 9 (10.71) - 49 (14.84)

Total 104 (31.51) 67 ( 20.30) 84 (25.45) 75 (22.72) 330 (100)

181

Table No 5.12 reveal that 24 (23.07%) households i.e. agricultural

labour and agro based industrial labour have an annual per capita income

below 16500 with land and 27 (40.29%) without land. In the per capita

income range between 16501 to 17000 there are 30 (28.84%) farmers,

Agricultural Labour and agro based industrial worker with land and 20

(29.85%) without land. 20 (19.23%) households with land and 10

(14.92%) households in the range of per capita income 17000 to 17500.

30 (28.84%) households with land and 10 (14.92%) households without

land have a per capita income of Rs. 17501 to 18000.

Household in non-irrigated shows that about 54.75% i.e. 46

farmers agricultural labours and agro based industrial workers with land

and 61.33% i.e. 46 without land have a per capita income less 16500. In

the range of 16501 to 17000 there are 20.23% i.e. 17 households with

land and 26.66% i.e. 20 without land. 14.24 i.e. 12 household with land

and 12 % i.e. 9 households without land have per capita income between

Rs.17001 to 17500. Only 10.71% i.e. 9 households in the range of per

capita income 17501 to 18000 with land. There is no single household

have per capita income of Rs. 17501 to 18000 without land.

5.5 Changes in the Occupational Pattern of Agricultural Worker Households

In order to bring out the impact of agro-based industries on the

changes in the occupations of agricultural workers in rural areas, 20

percent of the agricultural workers' households of the selected villages

were analyzed in terms of their occupations in earlier year(s). The total

working population of respondent households, as in 2009-10, was

considered for this purpose. An analysis was also made of the percentage

of working population employed in agro-based industries located in and

around the villages. Further, the changes in the attitudes of agricultural

workers to farm-based and traditional occupations have been discussed.

182

Changes in the Occupational Pattern of the Working Population of the Agricultural Workers' Households in

selected Villages in Kavathe-Mahankal Taluka between 2005-06 and 2009-10. This is shown in table no.5.13.

Table No. 5.13

Sr.

No.

Name of

Villages Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006 Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006

Agricultural

Agricultural

Annual Wage

Work

Agricultural

Daily Wage

Work

Employ

ment

agro

based

Industry

Employ

ment in

tertiary

Activity

Total Agricultu

ral

Agricultu

ral

Annual

Wage

Work

Agricultur

al Daily

Wage

Work

Employm

ent agro

based

Industry

Employm

ent in

tertiary

Activity

Total

1 Agalgaon 1 2 3 - - 6 2 1 1 2 - 6

2 Kavathe-

Mahankal 1 - 2 1 1 5 2 - 1 1 1 5

3 Dhulgaon 2 3 5 - - 10 4 2 4 - 10

4 Ranjani 2 4 5 1 12 3 2 3 3 1 12

5 Shirdhon 2 2 4 1 2 11 2 1 2 2 4 11

6 Hingangaon 3 3 5 - - 11 4 2 3 2 - 11

7 Deshing 1 2 2 1 - 6 1 1 2 2 - 6

8 Kuktoli 3 4 4 - - 11 5 2 2 2 - 11

9 Kangnoli 1 3 2 - - 6 2 2 2 - - 6

10 Kuchi 2 3 4 - - 9 2 2 2 2 1 9

Total 18 26 36 4 3 87 27 15 22 16 7 87

(20.68) (29.88) (41.37) ( 5.59) (3.44) (100) (31.03) (17.24) (25.28) (18.39) (8.04) (100)

183

Table No. 5.13 reveals that in 2005-06, 20.68% agricultural

occupation 29.88% agricultural annual wage work, 41.37% agricultural

daily wage work and only 4.49% and 3.44% employment in agro-based

industry and tertiary activity respectively. It reveals highest was in

agricultural daily wage work i.e. 36 out of 87 (41.37) and lowest in

tertiary activity. It can be seen that in all selected villages in Kavathe

Mahankal Taluka workers engaged in agriculture were near by same. In

Ranjani and Kuktoli village the agricultural annual wage workers were

highest in Dhulgaon, Ranjani, Hingangaon village agriculture daily wage

workers were highest. This is because lack of irrigation facilities and non-

development of agro-based industries.

In 2009-10, 31.03% workers were engaged in agriculture

occupation, 17.24% agricultural annual wage works, 25.28% agricultural

daily wage works, 18.39% employment in agro-based industries and

8.04% employment in tertiary activities. The share of employment in

farm based occupation of agricultural annual wage work and daily wage

work declined from 29.88% to 17.24% and 41.37% to 25.28%

respectively during 2005-06 and 2009-10. Increase in agriculture

occupation from 20.68% to 31.03% during the same period. Increase in

employment agro-based industries and tertiary activity from 4.59% and

3.44% to 18.39% to 8.04% respectively during 2005-06 and 2009-10.

184

The shift in occupation to agricultural due to the regular cultivation

of two crops consequent upon the provision of the irrigation facility. The

change in occupation to employment in agro-based industries and tertiary

activity was influenced by two factors i.e. higher wages than agricultural

sector and the earning of a regular monthly income.

5.6 Occupational Background of agro-based industrial Workers :-

In this topic it is proposed to review the occupational background

of the workers employed in selected four agro-based industries. In the

present analysis, the occupational structure of the workers employed in

agro-based industries units has been studied with reference to the four

agro-based industries located at Kavathe-Mahankal taluka. It is proposed

to analyse the previous occupations of the workers employed in agro-

based industries in year 2005-06 and 2009-10. This analysis is expected

to throw light on the occupational background of agro-based industrial

workers in 2005-06 and 2009-10. In order to define this occupational

background, it is intended to study how the agro- based industries

workers merged from other occupations during 2005-06 and 2009-10.

5.6.1. Occupational Background of the workers in Sugar Factory:-

Occupational background or occupational positions of workers

employed in sugar factory in Kavathe-Mahankal has Shows in the table

no.5.14

185

Table No.5.14

Occupational Background of Workers Employed in Sugar Factory in

Kavathe-Mahankal between 2005 and 06-2009-10

Sr.

No. Occupation

2005-

06

2009-

10

1 Non agricultural daily wage work 17

(21.51)

4

(5.06)

2 Full time employed in agro-based

industries

27

(36.70)

37

(46.83)

3 Agricultural daily wage work 10

(12.65)

7

(8.86)

4 Own Business (Small & Cottage

industries)

13

(16.45)

16

(20.25)

5 Employment in tertiary activity 10

(12.65)

22

(27.84)

Total 79

(100)

79

(100)

The table no 5.14 gives an idea of occupational background of the

workers employed in the sugar factory in Kavathe Mahankal. In 2005-06,

21.51% workers were non agricultural daily wage workers, 36.70% full

time engaged in sugar factory, 12.65% agricultural daily wage work,

16.45% engaged in there own business (small & cottage industries) and

12.65% employed in tertiary activity.

In 2009-10 non agricultural daily wage workers 5.06%, full time

employees in sugar factory 46.83, agricultural daily wage work 8.86%

and 20.25% engaged in there own business and 27.84% employment in

tertiary activity. It can be observed from this table that there is decrease in

non-agricultural daily wage worker and agricultural daily wage workrs

186

and increase in all other occupations in 2009-10. There is due to

development of sugar factory and provided irrigation faculties.

It is clear that from the foregoing analysis that the workers relying

on different occupation in 2005-06 become full time workers in the sugar

factory by 2009-10. It may therefore be concluded that the importance of

farm-based occupations has been gradually declining following the

emergence of agro-based industrial units.

5.6.2 Jolly Board Plywood industries in Deshing -


employed in Jolly Board Plywood Industries in Deshing During 2005-06

and 2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.15

Table No.5.15

Occupational Background of Workers Employed in

Jolly Board Plywood Industries in Deshing

Sr.

No. Occupation

2005-

06

2009-

10


(43.33)

4

(13.33)


industries

7

(23.33)

16

(53.33)


(20) -


industries)

2

(6.66)

2

(6.66)

5 Employment in tertiary activity 2

(6.66)

8

(26.66)

Total 30

(100)

30

(100)

187

Table No. 5.15 evident that the occupational background of the

workers employed in Jolly Board Plywood industry in Deshing during

2005-06 and 2009-10. During 2005-06, 43.33 % worker were non

agricultural daily wage workers, 23.33% Full time engaged in Jolly

Board Plywood industry, 20% agriculture daily wage workers, workers

engaged in their own business and employment in tertiary activity. Were

same i.e. 6.66.

In 2009-10, 13.33% non agricultural daily wage workers, 53.33%

workers full time employed in Jolly Board Plywood industry, 6.66%

workers engaged in there own business and 26.66% employed in tertiary

activity. It can be seen from this table that there is decrease in non-

agricultural daily wage workers in 2009-10. This is no change in their

own business during 2005-06 and 2009-10. An important point to be

noted here is that there is no single worker engaged in agricultural daily

wage work in 2009-10. It means all agricultural daily wage workers in

2005-06 shifted to Jolly Board Plywood industries in 2009-10. There is

increase in full time employment in jolly board and tertiary activity in

2009-10. The share of employment agro-based industrial occupation was

the highest i.e. 53.33% and agricultural daily wage work was lowest i.e.

13.33 in 2009-10. It may therefore, be concluded from the above analysis

that the setting up of the Jolly Board Plywood industry in Deshing

brought about an improvement in the occupational status of the rural

188

population and uplifted than economically. In short it provided

employment to the educated unemployed and reduced the problem of

disguised unemployment in the farm sector.

5.6.3 Maize Processing Industry – Ranjani


employed in Maize Processing Industry – Ranjani During 2005-06 and

2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.16

Table No. 5.16

Occupational Background of Wage Workers Employed Maize

Industry in Ranjani

Sr.

No. Occupation

2005-

06

2009-

10


(48.27)

7

(24.13)


industries

5

(17.24)

15

(51.72)


(20.68)

2

(6.89)


industries)

4

(13.79) -

5 Employment in tertiary activity - 5

(17.24)

Total 29

(100)

29

(100)

Table No.5.16 gives an idea of the occupational background of the

workers employed in Maize Processing Industry at Ranjani. During 2005-

06, 48.27%, workers were non agricultural daily wage workers 17.24%.

189

Workers full time employed in Maize Industry. 20.68% agricultural daily

wage workers and 13.79% engaged in their own business. In 2009-10

24.13% non agricultural wage workers, 51.72% full time employed in

Maize industry, 6.89% agricultural daily wage workers and 17.24%

employed in tertiary activity.

It can be observed from this table that there is no single worker

engaged in their own business in 2009-10. It means they merged in to

Maize industry. During 2005-06 employment in tertiary activity was nil,

but in 2009-10, 17.24% workers employed in this activity. Another

important point is that more than 50% decrease in non-agricultural daily

wage and more than 50% increase employment in maize industry. This is

because of development of Maize industry.

It is evident from those facts that the location of an agro-based

industries units in Ranjani not only brought about changes in the rural

occupational structure but improved the economic life of the rural

population by supplementing their income and providing higher wage in

the maize industry which provided employment in the non agricultural

season.

5.6.4 Grape Processing Units – Agalgaon


employed in Grape Processing Units – Agalgaon During 2005-06 and

2009-10 has shown in the table no.5.17

190

Table No. 5.17

Occupational pattern of workers employed in Grape Processing

Units in Agalgaon

Sr.

No. Occupation 2005-06

2009-

10


(55.55)

10

(22.22)


industries

15

(33.33)

10

(22.22)

3 Agricultural daily wage work - 25

(55.55)


industries)

5

(11.11)

5

(11.11)

5 Employment in tertiary activity - 5

(11.11)

Total 45 (100) 45

(100)

Table No. 5.17 gives an idea of the occupational position of the

workers in grape processing units in 2009-10 and their previous

occupational positions in 2005-06. In 2005-06, 55.55% workers were non

agricultural daily wage workers, 33.33% agricultural daily wage workers

and 11.11% engaged in their own business.

In 2009-10 non agricultural daily wage worker and agricultural

daily wage workers are same i.e. 22.22% and 55.55% full time employed

in agro-based industry. Employment in tertiary activity and workers

engaged in their own business are same i.e. 11.11%.

During 2005-06 there was no single worker employed in grape

processing units as well as in tertiary activity. There is no change in their

own business during 2005-06 and 2009-10. But in 2009-10 there were

55.55% workers were employed in grape processing unit and 11.11%

workers employed in tertiary activity and this is the positive effect of

191

agro-based industry. Another important point is that there is decrease in

non-agricultural and agricultural daily wage work in 2009-10.

It is thus clear that the grape processing unit located at Agalgaon

place the way for the important occupational status of the workers

particularly that of the women workers employed in it. Further these units

helped in removing the disguised unemployment to a great extent in the

agricultural sector of the neighboring villages.

*******

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