Chapter Two Vocabulary

Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship

Hemisphere: a “half sphere” used to refer to one-half of the globe when divided into North

and South or East and West (pg. 29)

Latitude: imaginary lines that circle the Earth parallel to the Equator (pg. 30)

Longitude: imaginary lines that circle the Earth from Pole to Pole measuring distance east or

west of the Prime Meridian (pg. 30)

Projection: a way of showing the round Earth on a flat map (pg. 31)

Distort: to twist out of shape or change the size of (pg. 31)

Theme: a topic that is studied or a special quality that connects ideas (pg. 32)

Awareness: the state of having understanding or knowledge (pg. 32)

Physical Map: a map that shows land and water features (pg. 34)

Political Map: a map that shows the names and borders of countries (pg. 34)

Special-Purpose Map: a map that shows themes or patterns such as climate, natural

resources, or population (pg. 35)

Scale: a measuring line that shows the distance on a map (pg. 35)

Cardinal Directions: north, south, east, and west (pg. 35)

Symbol: a sign or image that stands for something else (pg. 35)

Choropleth: a special-purpose map that uses color to show population density (pg. 36)

Migration: the movement of people from one place to settle in another place (pg. 36)

Culture: the set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits shared by a group of people (pg. 37)

Capital: money or goods used to help people make or do things (pg. 38)

Entrepreneurship: the act of running a business and taking on the risks of that business (pg.

38)

Supply: the amount of a good or service that a producer wants to sell (pg. 39)

Demand: the amount of something that a consumer wants to buy (pg. 39)

Scarcity: the lack of a resource (pg. 40)

Opportunity Cost: what is given up, such as time or money, to make or buy something (pg.

40)

Traditional Economy: an economic system in which custom decides what people do, make,

and sell (pg. 40)

Command Economy: an economic system in which a central government decides what goods

will be made and who will receive them (pg. 40)

Recession: a period of slow economic growth or decline (pg. 41)

Inflation: a continued rise in prices or the supply of money (pg. 41)

Individual: a single human body (pg. 40)

Expert: a skilled person who has mastered a subject (pg. 41)

Export: a good sent from one country to another in trade (pg. 42)

Import: a good brought into a country from another country (pg. 42)

Barter: to trade by exchanging one good or service for another (pg. 42)

Globalization: the growth in free trade between countries (pg. 43)

Representative Government: government in which citizens elect officials who govern (pg. 44)

Federal System: government which divides power between central and state government

(pg. 44)

Separation of Powers: the division of power among the branches of government (pg. 44)

Checks and Balances: system in which each branch of government limits the power of

another branch (pg. 45)

Legislative Branch: part of government that passes laws (pg. 44)

Executive Branch: part of government that enforces laws (pg. 44)

Judicial Branch: part of government that interprets laws (pg. 45)

Seek: to look for or try to achieve (pg. 45)

Jury: a group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case (pg. 45)

Issue: a concern or problem that has not yet been solved (pg. 46)