Chapter Two:

The Physiological Bases Of BehaviorChapter Two:Look at the chart and say the color not the word.YELLOW BLUEORANGEBLACK

REDGREENPURPLE

ORANGE GREENBLACK

BLUE RED PURPLE

BLUE ORANGEGREEN

I.The Nervous SystemThe nervoussystem is essentially a biological information highway, and is responsible for controlling all the biological processes and movement in the body, and can also receive information and interpret it via electrical signals.NeuronsThe Basic Unit of the Nervous SystemNeuron is an electrically specialized cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. The basic conducting unit of nervous system.Three Types of NeuronsAfferent or Sensory Neurons- run from sense organs to central nervous system.Efferent or Motor Neurons- run from the central nervous system to the muscles.Interneurons or multipolar- Found within the brain and are multiply connected to other neurons.

Structure of a Typical Neurons

Basic Part of a NeuronNeurons- Responsible for protein synthesis or manufacturing chemical substances for neuron nourishment.Dendrites- All of the fibrous extensions of the cell body except the axon. They give the Neuron its characteristic shape.Cell Body (Soma)- The part of the neuron containing the nucleus, cell membrane and contributing organelles ( endoplasmic reticular, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.Axon- Conducts information from the neuron cell body to the synaptic terminals to trigger synaptic transmission. Axons also transport chemical substances from the cell body to the synaptic terminals.Myelin- A fatty sheath of insulation that covers larger axons. Not all neurons have myelin.Synapse- Points of functional contact between axon terminals and other cells.Chemical SynapseElectrical Synapse

Transmission Between NeuronsSynaptic vesicles- sacs that release chemicals into synaptic space.Neurotransmitters- chemicals released by synaptic vesicles.Receptors sites- location on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter

The Nervous System OrganizationThe Nervous System

Central Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Brain Spinal CordAutonomic DivisionSomatic DivisionRegulates internalCarries information toenvironment. Carriers the CNS from the senses information from the CNS and from the CNS to to organs, blood vessels the skeletal muscles.and glands.

SympatheticParasympathetic (Arouses the body) (Calms after arousal)II.Central Nervous System (Brain)

Brain is the control center of the nervous system, a network that stretches to the tip of the toes and into every organ of the body.Major Parts of the BrainCerebrum.The biggest part of the brain making up 75% of the total brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right and is bridged by the corpus callosum ( a thick band of fibers).

Cerebellum. The smallest part (lesser brain). It is concerned primarily with the coordination of movements.

Thalamus. Acts as a relay station for sensation. Controls of sleep and wakefulness.Hypothalamus. Controls temperature, BP,, thirst, appetite (satiety), some emotional responses like fear, anxiety and excitement, controls pituitary functions.

Reticular System. Controls our state of arousal, our ability to focus attention on particular stimuli. Thus, our state of consciousness at any moment appears to be influenced by a filtering process in the reticular system.

Limbic System. The primitive part of the brain contains several distinct structures, including the thalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus.Midbrain. Acts as a relay station for sight and hearing particularly helps in size and reaction of pupils and hearing acuity.Pituitary Glands. is an important gland in the body and it is often referred to as the 'master gland', because it controls several of the other hormone glands (e.g. adrenals, thyroid).

BRAIN STEMMedulla Oblongata. Extension of the spinal cord that controls heart beat, breathing and blood pressure.

Pons. Controls rate, rhythm and depth of respiration.

The brains Four Lobes:

Frontal Lobe- The seat of conscious ideas- it draws images and memories together to form thoughts and plans.Occipital Lobe- Receives stimuli from the eyes and translates them into perceptions.Temporal Lobe- Encodes long-term factual memories. It also processes sound and language.Parietal Lobe- Contains body maps that respond to sensory information, and control movement and orientation.

Spinal CordThespinal cordis a complex cable of nerves that connects the brain to most of the rest of the body. It is made up of bundles of long nerve fibers and has two basic functions: to permit some reflex movements and to carry messages to and from the brain.

Peripheral Nervous System A Two- Part Information Structure Somatic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous SystemSympathetic DivisionParasympathetic DivisionIII. Peripheral Nervous SystemThe second major division of the nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, carries messages to and from the central nervous system. It comprises two parts: the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.The Somatic Nervous SystemThesomatic nervous systemis composed of the sensory (afferent) neurons that carry messages to the central nervous system and the motor (efferent) neurons that carry messages from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles of the body.The Autonomic Nervous System

Theautonomic nervous systemcarries messages between the central nervous system and the internal organs. It is broken into two parts:

The sympatheticDivision.most active when you are angry, afraid or arousedFight-or-flight responseIncrease heart rate and breathingStops digestion

The parasympathetic Division.

Calms bodyProduces effects opposite to those of the sympathetic divisionReduces heart rate and breathingRestore digestionMessage SystemsThe body has two major message networks- the nervous system and the endocrine system which provide main links between the brain and body.

The Endocrine SystemDistributes the bodys hormones, controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland at the base of the brain with far-reaching effects of our health.Endocrine Glands

EndocrineGlandHormoneFunctionDisordersPituitary glandGrowth hormone and other hormones that affect other endocrine glandsRegulates normal body growth

Instructs the glands to release their hormonesOverproduction- giantism

underproduction - dwarfismThyroid glandThyroxineBrain development and metabolismOver secretion hyperthyroidismUnder secretion hypothyroidism

Parathyroid glandParathyroidhormoneRegulates calciumLevels in the bloodPancreasInsulin and GlucagonRegulates bloodSugar levelsDiabetes mellitusAdrenal GlandAdrenalinNoradrenalinRegulates heart beat and blood pressure for stress responseAddisons disease Cushings syndromeEndocrine GlandHormoneFunctionDisorderPineal GlandMelatoninRegulates sleep Wake cycleSleep disordersOvaries

Gonads

Estrogen ProgesteroneSecondary sexual changesPrepares female for pregnancyDisorders in sexual development in femalesTesticlesAndrogenTestosteroneSecondary sexual changesSperm cell production, sexual behaviorDisorders in sexual development in malesThe Cerebral Hemispheres

Aside from this, the two hemispheres may also be classified as dominant or minor depending on which hand of the person is the dominant hand (hand used for writing).DominantMinor Hemisphere1. Number skills1. Insight2. Written Language2. 3-D forms3. Reasoning3. Art awareness4. Spoken Language4. Imagination and creativity5. Scientific Skills5. Music AwarenessReporters :

Fil Jearen v. Apiag

Sheed mhay q. Manata

Queenie jean l. micabalo

Juline juntong

Jhon cris asoy

Clave john panganoron