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Chapter Three: Skeletal System 43
FRONTAL ASPECT OFTHE SKULLThe skull is a complex structure. There are 8 cranial bones and 14 facialbones in the skull. From the anterior view most of the facial bones can beseen and some of the cranial bones are visible too. The bone that makesup the forehead and extends beyond the eyebrows is the frontal bone.This bone forms the upper rim of the orbit, which is a socket thatencloses the eye. In the back of the orbit is the sphenoid bone and thelateral walls of the orbit are composed of the zygomatic bones. Thebridge of the nose consists of the paired nasal bones and just lateral to
a. _
them are the two maxillae. These bones hold the upper teeth. The lowerteeth are held by the mandible. Inside the nasal cavity two projectionscan be seen. These are the inferior nasal conchae. The wall that divides thenasal cavity is the nasal septum and it consists of two bones, the ethmoidbone and the vomer. Along the side of the skull are the temporal bones,located posterior to the zygomatic bones. Label the major bones of theskull and color them in. As you color in the skull try to use the same colorfor the same bone on different pages. This will help you associate thesame bone with various views from which it can be seen.
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f.
g.-------
h.
Answer Key:a.Orbit,b. Frontal bone, c.Temporal bone, d. Sphenoid bone, e. Nasal bone, f. Zygomatic bone,g. Nasal septum, h.Maxilla, i.Mandible
Chapter ThreeSkeletal System I
UPLANd'· Ime lea 45
LATERAL VIEW OFTHE SKULLMany bones seen from the anterior view can also be seen from the lateralview.The frontal bone is joined to the parietal bones by the coronalsuture. The parietal bones span much of the cranium and articulate withthe occipital bone at the lambdoid suture. There is a posteriorextension of the occipital bone known as the external occipitalprotuberance. The exterior aspect of the temporal bone is seen from thelateral view and many of the significant features such as the mastoidprocess, external acoustic meatus, and styloid process are visible. On theside is the elongated zygomatic process. The temporal bone articulateswith other cranial bones by the squamous suture. The bone anterior tothe temporal bone is the sphenoid bone. It is a bone that is found in themiddle of the skull. The nasal bone is visible from the lateral view and itsrelationship with the maxilla can be seen here. Behind the maxilla is the
a. _
lacrimal bone which houses the nasolacrimal canal, a duct that drainstears from the eye into the nose. The mandible articulates with the restof the skull at the mandibular condyle. A depression in front of thecondyle is the mandibular notch and the anterior section of bone infront of the notch is the coronoid process. Label the major features ofthe skull seen in lateral view and color each bone a different color.
Details of the mandible can be seen in the isolated bone. In addition tothe features of the mandible listed above, find the mandibular foramenand the mental foramen of the mandible. These are holes for the passageof nerves and blood vessels.The main portion of the mandible is thebody and the upright part is the ramus. The angle is the posteriorjunction of these two parts. The teeth are located in alveoli and the smallsegments of bone between the teeth are the alveolar processes. Label thefeatures of the mandible.
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Answer Key: a. Coronal suture, b. Parietal bones, c. Zygomatic process, d. Temporal bone, e. Squamous suture, f. Lambdoid suture, g. External occipital protuberance,h. Occipital bone, i. Mastoid process, j. External acoustic meatus, k. Styloid process, I.Mandible, ill. Maxilla, n. Zygomatic bone, o. Nasal bone, p. Lacrimal bone,q. Sphenoid bone, r. Frontal bone, s. Coronoid process, t. Mandibular foramen, u. Mandibular notch, v. Mandibular condyle, w. Ramus, x. Angle,y. Body, z. Mental foramen
SKULL-TOP AI\ID BOnOMVIEWSThe superior aspect of the skullconsists of fewbones and fewsutures. The frontal bone is themost anterior bone with the parietalbones directly posterior to it. Thecoronal suture separates the twoand the sagittal suture separates theparietal bones. The lambdoid sutureseparates the parietal bone from theoccipital bone. Label the bones andsutures and color the bones in theillustrations.
The inferior aspect of the skull ismore complex than the superiorview. In the inferior view themandible has been removed so someof the underlying structures can beseen. The large opening in theoccipital bone is the foramenmagnum. The two bumps lateral tothe foramen magnum are theoccipital condyles and the raisedbump at the posterior part of theskull is the external occipitalprotuberance. The more anteriorand lateral bone to the occipitalbone is the temporal bone. Thejugular foramen is located betweenthe occipital and temporal bone.Another opening nearby is thecarotid canal. Lateral to this is thestyloid process, an attachment pointfor muscles. Lateral to this is adepression called the mandibularfossa. it is here that the mandiblearticulates with the temporal bone.The sphenoid bone spans the skulland the major features seen from theinferior view are the greater wing,and the lateral and medialpterygoid plates. The hard palate ismade of the palatine process of themaxilla and the palatine bones. Thebone that opens into the nasal cavityis the vomer. Label and color thesefeatures of the skull.
Answer Key: a. Frontal bone,b.Coronal suture,c.Parietal bones,d. Sagittal suture,e. Lambdoid suture,f. Occipital bone, g. Palatine process ofthe maxilla, h. Palatine bone, i. Vomer,j. Greaterwing, k. Lateral pterygoidplate, I. Medial pterygoidplate,m. Mandibularfossa, n. Styloidprocess,o. Carotid canal, p. Jugularforamen,q. Occipital condyles, r.Foramenmagnum,s. External occipitalprotuberance
Anterior
Anterior
Posterior
g.
Chapter Three I I 47Skeletal System meulca
h. _1.
Sphenoid bone:J.k.1.
q._------
r.
ChapterThree I UPLANd'· I 49Skeletal System me lea
MIDSAGITIAL SECTION OF THE SKULLSeveral features of the skull can be seen when it is sectioned in themidsagittal plane. Locate the major bones of the skull and the featuresseen in this section. The nasal septum consists of two bony structures, theperpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer. The crista galliextends superiorly from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Thejunction of the maxilla and the palatine bone that make up the hardpalate can be seen from this view as well. The frontal sinus and thesphenoid sinus are two cavities seen here. Label the bones and the majorfeatures of the midsagittal section of the skull using the terms provided.Color the bones different colors and shade the sinuses in a darker shadeof the color used for the specific bones that hold the sinuses.
Frontal boneTemporal boneMaxillaStyloid processNasal boneVomerSphenoid sinus
Parietal boneSphenoid boneMandibleSella turcicaPalatine boneCrista galli
Occipital boneEthmoid boneInternal acoustic meatusCribriform plate of the ethmoidPerpendicular plate of the ethmoidFrontal sinus
a. _
b.
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d.e.f. n.
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1.
J.
k.
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Answer Key: a. Frontal bone, b. Frontal sinus, c. Nasal bone, d. Ethmoid bone, e. Crista galli, f.Cribriform plate of the ethmoid, g. Perpendicularplate of the ethmoid,h. Vomer, i. Maxilla, j. Palatinebone, k. Mandible, I.Parietal bone, m. Temporal bone, n. Sella turcica, o. Occipital bone, p. Internal acoustic meatus, q. Sphenoid bone,r.Sphenoid sinus
Chapter Three I lAP LANd'• I 51Skeletal System me lea
e. _
d. _
0. _
c. _
A few bones of the skull arefrequently studied as separate bones.The sphenoid bone has a superficialresemblance to a bat or butterfly.There are the lesser wings, thegreater wings, and the pterygoidplates, all of which resemble wings.The dorsum sellae is the posteriorpart of the sella turcica (adepression that holds the pituitarygland). Locate the foramenrotundum and the foramen ovaleon the sphenoid bone. These holesenclose parts of the trigeminalnerve.
The ethmoid bone is located justposterior to the nose and is best seenisolated from the rest of the skullbones. The cribriform plate that hassmall holes called olfactory foraminain it. Locate the crista galli and theperpendicular plate. The ethmoidhas four curved structures lateral tothe perpendicular plate. These arethe two superior nasal conchae andthe two middle nasal conchae. Theethmoid sinuses are numeroussmall holes in the bone. Locate thestructures of these skull bones. Labelthe illustration and color in thefeatures of the bones.
The temporal bone has a flatsquamous portion and a denserpetrous portion. The section of thetemporal bone that connects to thezygomatic bone is the zygomaticprocess. There are two significantcanals or meatuses for hearing.These are the external acousticmeatus and the internal acousticmeatus. The mastoid process is alarge bump that can be palpateddirectly posterior to the ear. Thestyloid process anchors a number ofsmall muscles.
Answer Key:
(Sphenoid features), a. Sella turcicab. Lesserwing,c. Foramen rotundum,d. Foramen ovaIe,e. Dorsum sellae,f. Greaterwing
(Temporal features), g. Squamousportion,h. Zygomatic process,i. External acoustic meatus, J. Styloidprocess, k. Mastoidprocess
(Ethmoidfeatures), I.Crista galli,m. Middle nasal concha,n. Perpendicularplate,o. Superior nasal concha
SPHENOID, TEMPORAL,Af\ID ETHMOID BONES
Chapter Three I mIAPeLA'!a-.cal 53Skeletal System U
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Answer Key: a.Cervical vertebrae(cervical curvature), b. Thoracicvertebrae (thoraciccurvature),c.Lumbarvertebrae (lumbar curvature),d. Sacrum (pelvic curvature), e. Coccyx
We are unique as animals because ofour upright posture. The verticalposition of the spine is reflected inthe increase in size of the vertebrafrom superior to inferior. Thevertebral column is divided into fivemajor regions. There are 7 cervicalvertebrae that occur in the neckwhile the 12 thoracic vertebrae haveribs attached to them. The 5 lumbarvertebrae are found in the lowerback and the sacrum consists of 5fused sacral vertebrae. The coccyx isthe terminal portion of the vertebralcolumn consisting of 4 coccygealvertebrae. The vertebral column inthe adult has curves. The uppermostis the cervical curvature and thelower ones are the thoracic, lumbar,and pelvic curvatures. Label theillustration with the regions and thecurvatures and color in the regionswith different colors. Color in thecurved arrows for the curvatures.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
ATLASThe atlas is the first cervicalvertebra. It is unique among thevertebrae because it has no body.Label the vertebral foramen,superior articular facet, thetransverse foramen, and the lateralmasses.
AXISThe axis is the second cervicalvertebra and it has a body with aprojection that arises from the bodyknown as the odontoid process ordens. Label the axis including thesuperior articular facets, thetransverse foramen, the spinousprocess, and the vertebral foramen.Color these features in.
ATLAS AND AXISHere are the atlas and axis together.Color the two bones separate colors.
HYOIDThe hyoid bone is a floating bone,which means that it has no hardattachments to other bones. Themain part of the hyoid is the bodyand the two horns that arise fromthe hyoid are the greater cornua andthe lesser cornua. Label these partsof the bone and color them inseparate colors.
Chapter Three I I 55Skeletal System meulca
e. _
Answer Key: a. Vertebral foramen, b. Lateral masses, c.Transverse foramen, d. Superiorarticular facet,e. Spinous process, f. Body, g.Odontoid process (dens), h. Axis, i.Atlas, j. Lessercornua, k. Greater cornua, I. Body
h 1mChapter Tree uSkeletal System 57
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Thoracic Vertebra
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THORACIC,CERVICAL, R VERTEBRAEAND LUMBA
to vertebraemmonFeatures co the spinal cord. gwhere .The operun the vertebra ISpasses through t bral foramen.known as the ver ertebra is theTh e body of the ve f the vertebra
. part 0 teight-bearing ss is the parw . proced the spinous . I This processan d ostenor y. al
that exten p from the vertebris an extension from the bodyarch that curves tebral foramen.enclosing the ver sed of the twoThis arch is compo laminae. Theedicles and. the tworocess and the
facet (the flatsuperior are the partssurface on the vertebra above.that join with . ular process andThe facet are t?ethe infenor art b that join withf the verte raparts 0the vertebra below.
. al vertebrae. al cervlc .TYPIc. nd lateral viewsuperior a distinct from. I rtebrae are .Cervica ve b having twoII other y These housea f mma. , .transverse ora her characteristicblood vessels.Anot brae iis that several. I rte rae
of the cervica veifid spinous processof them have a b
cic vertebraeTypical thora lateral viewsuperior and b e typically have. erte raThe thoracic v ocesses thanlonger spinous pr d many of them
t brae an Thcervical ver .e rior direction. eint in an infe . vertebrae,pOl in thoracic .
body is larger I bones withnd they are the on y ttachmenta that are acostal facets h ads of ribs. ThePoints for the e ses can be seen
proces taltransverse sverse cosith the tranalong WIfacets.
. lumbar verteb!aed lateral view
superior an brae have largerThe lumbar supportbodies becaus . s process IS
The spinou I'weight. re horizonta III .shorter and mo han in thoracicI mbar vertebrae t costal facetsu There are no belvertebrae. foramina. Laand no transverse brae illustrated
t of the vertethe par s .and color them Ill.
, process,. a Bifid spinousAnswer Key.. c Vertebral' s process" , Ib Spinou , e Pedice,. d Lamina, '
foramen, ' , lar process,f. Superior articu ess h. Body,g Transverse proc 'ssJ', Transverse' , lar proce ,i Inferior artrcu , r costal facet,' k Superioforamen" f etI. Inferior costal ac
SACRUM AND COCCYX
Sacrum and coccyx, anterior viewThe terminal portion of thevertebral column consists of twostructures that are fused bones. Thesacrum is 5 fused vertebrae and thecoccyx is 3-5 fused vertebrae. Thetop rim of the sacrum is the sacralpromontory and the wing-likeexpansion where the ilium attachesis the ala. The area where thevertebrae join are the transverselines. The holes running down eachside are the anterior sacralforamina. At the top of the sacrumare the superior articular processesand they attach to the lumbarvertebra. Label and color the parts ofthe sacrum and the coccyx.
Sacrum and coccyx, posteriorviewFrom the posterior view the mediansacral crest is the fused remains ofthe spinous processes of thevertebrae. The posterior sacralforamina are on each side of thecrest and the lateral sacral crests arelateral to the foramina. The superiorarticular processes can be seen fromthis view and also the auricularsurface which forms part of thesacroiliac joint. Label the features ofthe sacrum and the coccyx and colorthem in.
Answer Key: a. Superiorarticularprocess, b. Ala, c.Sacral promontory,d. Transverse lines,e. Anterior sacralforamina, f. Coccyx, g.AUricular surface,h. Lateral sacral crest, i. Median sacralcrest, j. Posterior sacral foramina
ChapterThree I IAPLANd· · I 59Skeletal System me lea
c. _
d. _
e. _
-f. _
1. _
STERNUM / RIBS / HYOIDThe sternum is commonly known asthe breastbone and is divided intothree areas, the upper manubriumwith the suprasternal notch and theclavicular notches, the body withthe costal notches (where the ribsattach), and the xiphoid process.Between the manubrium and thebody is the sternal angle. Label thesefeatures on the illustration and colorthe three major areas of the sternumdifferent colors.
If you select a rib as a representativebone for all of the ribs, you will findthe terminal portion of the rib isexpanded in a head. The constrictedregion below that is the neck. Thetubercle of the rib is a bump thatattaches to the transverse process ofthe vertebra. The bend in the rib isknown as the angle and thedepressed area of the rib wherenerves and blood vessels are found isthe costal groove. Color in theindividual parts of a rib after youlabel the figure and color the rib as itjoins with a vertebra.
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b. _
c. _
d. _
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g._-----
1. _
ChapterThree I KAPLAlfd- I 61Skeletal System me lea
Answer Key:a. Suprasternal notch,b. Clavicular notch,c.Manubrium,d. Sternal angle, e. Costal notches,f. Body, g.Xiphoidprocess, h. Head,i.Tubercle, j. Neck, k.Angleof rib,I. Costa I groove
1. _
1. _
..
APPEf\I DICULARSKELETON-PECTORALGIRDLE AND UPPEREXTREMITYThe pectoral girdle is made of theclavicles and the scapulae. Theupper extremity consists of thehumerus of the arm, the radius andulna of the forearm, and the carpals,metacarpals, and phalanges of thehand. Locate these major regions ofthe upper extremity and label themon the diagram. Color these areas indifferent colors on the illustration.
Answer Key: a.Clavicle, b. Humerus,c.Scapula, d. Radius, e. Ulna, f. Carpals,g.Metacarpals, h. Phalanges
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a. _
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ChapterThree I UPLANd'· I 63Skeletal System me lea
II, ( ,,//
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, II
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SCAPULAThe pectoral girdle consists of thescapulae and the clavicles. Eachscapula is a triangular bone and thethree edges are known as thesuperior border, the lateral border,and the medial border. Thescapular spine is on the posteriorsurface and it expands into aterminal process known as theacromion process. Above the spineis the supraspinous fossa. Below thespine is the infraspinous fossa andon the anterior side of the scapula isthe subscapular fossa and thecoracoid process. The inferior angleof the scapula is at the junction ofthe medial and lateral borders.Inferior to the acromion process isthe glenoid fossa. This is adepression where the head of thehumerus articulates with thescapula. Label the various features ofthe scapula and color in the regionsof the bone with different colors.Locate as many of the features fromthe various angles presented.
Answer Key:a.Acromion process,b. Superior border, c.Coracoid process,d. Glenoid fossa, e. Subscapular fossa,f. Lateral border, g.Medial border,h. Inferiorangle, i, Supraspinous fossa,j. Scapular spine,k. Infraspinous fossa
Chapter Three I UPLANd'· I 65Skeletal System me lea
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CLAVICLEThe clavicle is a thin bone that stabilizes the shoulder joint in a lateralposition. It has a blunt end that articulates with the sternum (the sternalend) and a flattened end that joins with the acromion process of the
................".
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Chapter Three I I 67Skeletal System meulCa
scapula. This is called the acromial end. A small bump on the inferiorpart of the clavicle has a ligament that attaches to the coracoid process ofthe scapula. This bump is called the conoid tubercle. Label the clavicleand color the ends and the conoid tubercle.
...............
Sternum
Answer Key: a, Sternal end, b. Acromial end, c.Conoid tubercle
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Superior view
Inferior view
c. _
Chapter Three I I 69Skeletal System meulCa
HUMERUS
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The humerus has a proximal headthat fits into the glenoid fossa of thescapula. Just at the edge of the headis a rim known as the anatomicalneck. Below this neck are the greaterand lesser tubercle and thedepression between the two is theintertubercular groove. Below theseis the surgical neck of the humerus.The deltoid muscle attaches to thehumerus at the deltoid tuberosityand the two expanded wing-likeprocesses at the distal end of thehumerus are the supracondylarridges. Inferior to these are themedial and lateral epicondyles andat the articulating ends of thehumerus are the lateral capitulumand the medial trochlea. Thedepression on the anterior surface ofthe humerus into which the ulna fitsis called the coronoid fossa and theposterior depression where theelbow locks into the humerus iscalled the olecranon fossa. Label thefigure and color in the specific partsof the illustration.
h. _
1. _
J.------
m. _
Anterior View Posterior ViewAnswer Key: a.Greatertubercle,b. Head,c.Anatomical neck,d. Lessertubercle, e. Intertuberculargroove,f. Surgical neck,g.Deltoid tuberosity,h. Supracondylar ridges, i. Lateralepicondyle, j. Coronoid fossa,k.Olecranon fossa, I.Medial epicondyle,m.Capitulum, n. Trochlea
g.-----
FOREARM BONESThe radius has a circular head, aradial tuberosity on the shaft(where the biceps brachii muscleattaches), and a distal styloidprocess. At the distal end of theradius is a depression where the ulnajoins with the radius. This is knownas the ulnar notch of the radius.
The ulna has a proximal olecranonprocess, a coronoid process, and thetrochlear notch between the two.Just distal to the coronoid process ofthe ulna is the tuberosity oftheulna, a projection where musclesattach. The head of the ulna is distaland it also has a styloid process. Atthe proximal portion of the ulna is adepression where the head of theradius articulates with the ulna. Thisdepression is known as the radialnotch of the ulna.
When the two bones are joined youcan see where each fits into theother. On the edge of each bone isthe interosseus margin. This is aridge where the interosseusmembrane connects the bones.
h. _
Chapter Three I UPLANd'· I 71Skeletal System me lea
Answer Key:a.Olecranon process,b. Trochlear notch,c.Coronoidprocess,d. Radial notch,e. Tuberosity of theulna, f. Head, g. Radial tuberosity,h. Interosseus margin,i. Ulnarnotch,j. Styloid process
1.------ J.------
ChapterThree I nSkeletal System U
Right Hand,Anterior View,Carpals
Right Hand,Posterior View
Right Hand,Anterior View
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m. _
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HAND BONES
Answer Key: a. Phalanges, b. Head,c.Shaft, d. Base, e. Hamate, f.Capitate,g.Triquetrum, h. Lunate, i.Metacarpal,j. Trapezoid, k.Trapezium, I. Scaphoid,m. Pisiform
The hand consists of 27 bonesdivided into three groups: thecarpals, the metacarpals, and thephalanges. The thumb is known asthe pollex and is listed as the firstdigit of the hand. The index finger isthe second digit and the fingers arelisted sequentially with the littlefinger being the fifth digit. Thebones of the fingers are known asphalanges and they are namedaccording to what digit they belongand as being proximal, middle ordistal. Therefore the bone of tip ofthe little finger is the distal phalanxof the fifth digit while the bone inthe place where you would normallywear a wedding ring is the proximalphalanx of the fourth digit. Eachphalanx has a proximal base, a shaft,and a distal head. The metacarpalsare the bones of the palm of thehand. Each metacarpal also has aproximal base, a shaft, and a distalhead. There are five metacarpals andthey are named for the phalangesthat extend from them. The firstmetacarpal articulates with thethumb. The carpals are the bones ofthe wrist. There are eight carpalbones in two rows. The bone underthe thumb is the trapezium. The onemedial to it is the trapezoid. Thecapitate is found under the thirdmetacarpal and the hamate finishesthat row. Proximal to the trapeziumis the scaphoid, which joins with theradius. The next bone in line is thelunate, followed by the triquetrum,and finally the little pisiform bone.If you memorize the bones in thissequence you can use a mnemonicdevice to remember them. Thismnemonic is The Tom Cat HasShaken Loose ToProwl. The firstletter of the mnemonic representsthe first letter of the carpal bone.Label the illustration and color all ofthe phalanges one color. Color themetacarpals another color and colorthe carpal bones individual colors.As you color the various illustrationsof the hand use the same colorscheme for the bones.
HIPThe hip bones are known as the oscoxae. Each os coxa is a result of thefusion of three bones, the ilium, theischium, and the pubis. Label andcolor in these three fused bonesusing a different color for each area.The two os coxae, when joinedtogether by the pubic symphysis,form the pelvis and it can be dividedinto an upper false pelvis and alower true pelvis separated by thepelvic brim. The anterior superioriliac spine and the anterior inferioriliac spine can be seen from thefront. The top ridge of the pelvis isthe iliac crest. The large, inferiorhole is the obturator foramen andthe depression superior to it is theacetabulum. Note the junction ofthe sacrum and the ilium that formsthe sacroiliac joint. Label thefeatures of the anterior view andcolor them in.
Answer Key: a. Iliaccrest, b. Sacroiliacjoint, c.Greatersciaticnotch, d. Anteriorsuperior iliacspine,e. Anterior inferioriliacspine, f. Acetabulum, g.Obturator m. _foramen, h. Pubicsymphysis, i. Falsepelvis, j. True pelvis, k. Ilium, I. Ischium,m. Pubis
Chapter Three I KAPLAlfd- I 75Skeletal System me lea
a._-:-- _
c. _
1. _
J.-----
1.- _
HIP (CONTINUED)
Lateral ViewWhen seen from a lateral view,several features are apparent in theos coxa. Locate the posteriorsuperior iliac spine and theposterior inferior iliac spine alongwith the greater sciatic notch, thespine of the ischium, and the lessersciatic notch. The ischial tuberosityis at the posterior, inferior edge ofthe ischium. Just anterior to thetuberosity is a strip of bone calledthe ischial ramus that attaches tothe inferior pubic ramus. The bodyof the pubis is the most anterior partof the pubis and the superior pubicramus is the portion that forms partof the acetabulum. Label and colorthese features on the illustration.
MALE AND FEMALE PELVISDifferences can be seen between themale and female pelvis. Thesubpubic angle in males is less than90 degrees and the female angle isgreater than 90 degrees. The ilium inmales is more vertical than in apelvis of a woman who has hadchildren. A further distinction isseen in the side view of a pelvis inwhich the sciatic notch in the femalepelvis has a much wider angle thanin males. Color in the upper portionof the ilium.
Chapter Three I KAPLAlfd- I 77Skeletal System me lea
1. _
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1. _
ffi. _
ll.------
0. _
Answer Key:a. Iliaccrest, b. Posteriorsuperior iliacspine,c.Posterior inferioriliacspine, d. Greatersciaticnotch,e. Spineof the ischium,f. Lesser sciaticnotch,g. Ischial tuberosity, h. Ischialramus, i. Anteriorsuperior iliacspine,j. Anterior inferior iliacspine,k. Superiorpubic ramus, I. Inferior pubic ramus,m. Obturatorforamen, n. Acetabulum,o. Iliacblade, p. Subpubicangle,q. Male (lessthan ninety degrees),r.Female (more than ninety degrees)
q.------- r.---- _
Chapter Three I 79Skeletal System U
r. _
p._----
n. _
h. _
The femur seen from the anteriorview shows a proximal head and aconstricted neck. Two largeprocesses are distal to the neck.These are the greater trochanterand the lesser trochanter. There is araised section of bone between themcalled the intertrochanteric line.The main part of the bone is theshaft and the lateral epicondyle andmedial epicondyle are the distalexpansions of the bone. Theposterior view of the femur hasadditional features such as theintertrochanteric ridge, the lineaaspera, and the lateral condyle andthe medial condyle. The femur isbowed and this can be seen from alateral view as well as the placementof the patella. The base of the patellais superior and the apex is inferior.Label the features of the femur andpatella and color in the variousparts.
LOWER EXTREMITY-FEMUR/PATELLAThe lower extremity consists of thefemur of the thigh, the tibia andfibula of the leg, and the tarsals,metatarsals, and phalanges of thefoot. Locate these major regions ofthe lower extremity and label themon the diagram. Color these areas indifferent colors on the illustration.
Answer Key: a. Femur, b. Patella,e.Tibia, d. Fibula, e. Tarsals,f. Metatarsals, g. Phalanges, h. Greatertrochanter, i. Head, j. Neck,k. Intertrochanteric line,\. Intertrochantericridge,m. Lessertrochanter, n. Lineaaspera , o. Lateralepicondyle, p. Lateral condyle,q. Medialepicondyle, r. Medial condyle, s. Base ofpatella, t. Apexof patella
Anterior
s. _
Posterior
TIBIA / FIBULAThe tibia supports the weight of thebody and is the bone that articulateswith the femur. The fibula is moreslender and is a bone to whichmuscles attach. The top of the tibia isexpanded into a triangular shapewith the medial tibial condyle andlateral tibial condyle articulatingwith the condyles of the femur. Thequadriceps femoris muscles attach tothe tibial tuberosity on the anteriorsurface of the tibia just below thecondyles. The anterior tibial crest isa large ridge that runs the length ofthe bone. At the terminal portion ofthe tibia is the medial malleolus.This process, along with the lateralmalleolus of the fibula, join with thetalus of the foot. The head of thefibula is proximal. It is a triangularregion with a pointed apex. Labelthe tibia and fibula illustrations andcolor in the various regions of thebones.
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ChapterThree I KAPLANd'. I 81Skeletal System me lea
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Answer Key:a. Lateral tibial condyle,b. Medial tibial condyle,c.Tibialtuberosity, d. Apex, e. Headof fibula,f.Anteriortibial crest, g.Shaftof tibia,h. Shaftof fibula, i. Medialmalleolus,j. Lateral malleolus Anterior Posterior
a. _
LEFT FOOTColor in the seven tarsal bones usingdifferent colors for each bone. Thecalcaneus is the heel bone and takesthe major weight of the body duringwalking. The talus connects the footto the tibia and fibula forming theankle joint. The cuneiforms are socalled because they are wedge-shaped bones and they form anatural arch of bone in the foot.
Note that each of the metatarsalsand each of the phalanges has adistal head, a shaft, and a proximalbase. Color all of the fivemetatarsalsthe same color. The first metatarsal isunder the big toe and the fifth isunder the smallest toe. Color all ofthe fourteen phalanges anothercolor. All of the proximal phalangesare given the same letter in theillustration as are the middle anddistal phalanges. Write proximal,middle, or distal in the appropriatespace next to the toes. The big toe(hallux) has two phalanges while theother toes have three.
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ChapterThree I UPLANd·· I 83Skeletal System me lea
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Answer Key:
1.Phalanges2. Metatarsals3. Tarsalsa. Distal phalanges,b. Middle phalanges, c.Proximalphalanges, d. Head,e. Shaft, f. Base,g. First (medial) cuneiform, h. Second(intermediate) cuneiform,i. Third (lateral) cuneiform, j. Cuboid,k. Navicular, I. Talus, m. Calcaneus
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h.------__g._------
J.----
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Tarsals
Chapter Four: Articulations 85
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a. _
Fibrous joints are held together bycollagenous fibers, the same fibersthat make up tendons and ligaments.These joints do not have a jointcavity. Sutures are immovablefibrous joints of the skull. Color inthe suture illustrated on the page. Agomphosis is a fibrous joint inwhich a round peg is held into asocket. Gomphoses are representedby the teeth held into the maxilla orthe mandible. Another fibrous jointis the syndesmosis. This joint isfound between the distal radius andulna (or tibia and fibula) and issemimovable. Color in the variousfibrous joints.
FIBROUS JOINTS
Articulations are the joints thatoccur between bones.' They can beclassified either according tomovement or by structure. Jointscan be immovable (synarthroses),semimovable (amphiarthroses), orfreely movable (diarthroses). Thecomposition of joints can befibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
CLASSIFICATIONS OFARTICULATIOI\IS
Answer Key:a.Gomphosis(peg suture), b. Tooth, c. Alveolarsocket, d. Gingiva, e.Alveolar ridge,f. Periodontal ligaments,g. Suture,h.Sagittal suture, i.Syndesmosis,J. Tibia, k. Fibula, 1. Interosseousmembrane, m. Posterior tibiofibularligament,n. Transverse tibiofibularligament
1. _
J.
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSCartilaginous joints are bones heldtogether by cartilage and do nothave a joint cavity. If the joint is heldtogether by hyaline cartilage it isknown as a synchondrosis. If thecartilage is short then the joint isimmovable. An example of this kindof joint is an epiphyseal plate. If thecartilage is a little longer then thejoint is a semimovable joint. This isrepresented by the sternal-ribjunction. A cartilaginous joint thatis composed of fibrocartilage isknown as a symphysis (symphysesplural). These are semimovablejoints. Examples of symphyses arethe pubic symphysis andintervertebral discs. Color thecartilaginous joints. Use differentcolors for the hyaline cartilage fromthe fibrocartilage.
Answer Key: a. Synchondrosis,b. Sternum, c. Costal cartilage,d. Ribs, e. Femur, f. Epiphyseal plate,g Symphysis, h. lntervertebrai disc,i. Lumbarvertebra, j. Sacrum
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Chapter Four I mKAPeLANd·-Ical 87Articulations
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS, BURSA,AND TENDON SHEATHSynovial joints are complex jointsthat are all freely movable. There arevariations with the joints but allsynovial joints of two bonesenclosed by a joint capsule,articular cartilages, synovialmembranes that secrete synovialfluid in the synovial cavity. Somesynovial joints have fibrocartilagepads in the cavity called menisci(meniscus singular). Color thesynovial joint and pay attention tothe general structure of the joint.Color each part of the joint °adifferent color.
MODIFIED SYNOVIALSTRUCTURES-BURSAEAI\ID TEI\IDON SHEATHSThere are structures in the body thatconsist of svnovial membranes andfibrous capsules, These are notsynovial joints but are associatedwith joints. A bursa is one suchstructure. It is a fluid-filled sac withan internal synovial membrane thatcushions tendons as they pass overbones. The bursa occurs between thetendon and the bone. Anotherstructure is a tendon sheath. It also iscomposed of a synovial membraneand fibrous sheath and it enclosestendons. The sheaths can providelubrication to the tendon so it doesnot become irritated as it passes overbones or next to other tendons.Color in the layers of the bursa andthe tendon sheaths.
Answer Key: ao Bone, b. Joint capsule,c.Synovial cavity (synovial fluid),d. Meruscus, e. Articular cartilage,f. Synovial membrane, g.Tendonsheath, h.Achilles tendon,i. Bursa, j.Calcaneus
Chapter Four I 89Articulations U
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b. _
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e. _
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Chapter Four I 91Articulations ItnI
SPECIFIC SYNOVIALJOINTSSynovial joints are classified by whatkind of motion they have. Glidingjoints move in one plane like twosheets of glass sliding across oneanother. Hinge joints have angularmovement like a door hinge.Rotating (pivot) joints move like awheel of a car around an axle.Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints movelike hinges in two directions. In thesejoints there is a convex surface and aconcave surface. Saddle joints havetwo concave surfaces. They allow forgreater movement than condyloidjoints. Ball and socket joints allowfor the greatest range of movementand are found in the shoulder andhip. Color the illustrations of thesejoints. c.-----------
a. _
Answer Key: a. Superiorarticularprocess, b. Vertebrae, c. Inferiorarticularprocess, d. Gliding (plane), e. Humerus,f Ulna, g.Hinge, h. Ulna, i. Radius,j, Rotating
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NOVIAlSPECIFICJOINTS (C
a.
! KAPLAN". IChapter .Four medicaArticulatIons 93
b Ball-and-K "a Femur, .Answer eyd"·· d Carpals,k t Ra IUS, . .soc e ,c. . f Trapezium,e. Condyloid,. \ h SaddleFirstmetacarpa, .g.
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Chapter Four ImKAPeLANd' .·calArticulations 95
b. _
a. _SPECIFIC JOINTS
TEMPOROMANDIBULARJOINTSom.ejoints of the body warrantspecial attention. The
joint or jawjoint IS both a gliding joint and ahinge joint. The condyle of themandible articulates with themandibular !ossa of the temporalbone. An articular disc is found inthe joint that decreases the stress onthe joint. Ligaments (denseconnective tissue that joins bone tobone) connect the mandible to thetemporal bone.
Answer Key: a.Temporal boneb. Coronoid process, c.process (CUI), d. Angle of mandiblee. Mandibl,. f. Articular disc, g Capsule,h.Hinge, I. Hingeand glide
Jaws closed
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Jaws opened widelyActions:1.-------
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HUMEROSCAPULAR ANDACETABULOFEMORALJOINTS
The humeroscapular joint orshoulder joint is a ball-and-socketjoint that connects the humerus tothe glenoid fossa of the scapula. Thejoint is deepened by the glenoidlabrum which is a fibrocartilagering. There are numerous ligamentsthat connect the scapula to thehumerus.
Another ball and socket joint is theacetabulofemoral joint. It also hasan acetabular labrum andnumerous ligaments that joint thefemur to the hip.
Answer Key: a.Articular cartilage,b. Glenoid labrum, c. Capsule,d. Glenoid fossa, e. Humerus,f.Scapula, g. Shoulder joint,h. Femur, i.Acetabular labrum,j.Hip joint
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d.
e. _
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Chapter Four I IlAPLAlfd- I 97Articulations me lea
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TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT
The tibiofemoral joint is special inhumans because it is the largest jointin the body and because it isparticularly vulnerable to injury. Thejoint is stabilized by the patellartendon, the medial and lateralcollateral ligaments, the anteriorand posterior cruciate ligamentsand the medial and lateral menisci.Label the structures in the anteriorview,with the patella in place andwith it reflected, and color them in.
Answer Key: a. Femur, b. Patella,c. Fibular collateral ligament,d. Patellar tendon, e. Tibial collateralligament, f.Fibula, g. Tibia,h. Posterior cruciate ligament,i. Anterior cruciate ligament,j. Lateral meniscus,k.Medial meniscus
g.
Chapter Four I IAPLANd·· I 99Articulations me lea
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Chapter Four I KAPLANd'. I 101Articulations me lea
MOVEMENT AT JOINTS where the joint is extended beyond anatomic position. Looking up at theceiling is hyperextension of the head.
There is a broad range of motion that occurs at joints. These motionsshould be referenced with the body in anatomical position. Flexion of ajoint is a decrease in the joint angle from the body in anatomic position.When the elbow is bent the forearm is flexed.Most flexion takes place ina forward direction. The exception to this is the legwhere flexion of theleg results in the bending of the knee. Extension of the joint is when thejoint is returned to anatomic position. Hyperextension is a condition
Abduction occurs when the extremities or head are moved in thecoronal plane, laterally from the body. Adduction is the return of thelimbs to the body.
Rotation is the movernen t of part of the body in a circular pattern.Lateral rotation is the movement of the body in a lateral direction andmedial rotation is in the opposite direction.
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Answer Key: a. Hyperextension of the head, b. Flexion of the forearm, c.Extension of the forearm, d. Abduction of the arm, e. Adduction of the arm,f.Medial rotation of the thigh, g. Lateral rotation of the thigh
