Chapter 37

The End of Empire

1 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decolonization in Asia

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

The Coming of Self-Rule

n  Home rule for India n  Muslim separatism; communalism n  Day of Direct Action

q  Great Calcutta Killing

3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Partition and Violence

n  Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League n  Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party n 

n  1947 partition Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League n 

Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party n 

1947 partition q 

500,000 killed q  The “third path”

q 

4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muslims Leave India, 1947

5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam

n  French reassert control after WWII French reassert control after WWII n  Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), communist leader,

mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954 n  Vietnam divided at 17th parallel n  Civil war between north (communist) and south n  President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins

increasing U.S. involvement increasing U.S. involvement

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Issue of Palestine

After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence

n  Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars n  Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in

Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) n  British attempts to limit the growing Jewish

migration n  Pan-Arab nationalism; opposition to Jewish state Pan-Arab nationalism; opposition to Jewish state

8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

Demonstration against the Balfour

9

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Creation of the State of Israel

Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution n  Partition plan of 1947 divides Palestine into two

distinct states n  May 1948, Jews declare independence of state of

Israel n  Sparks series of conflicts spanning five decades

q  Israel greatly expands territory q  Intifada Intifada

10

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Egypt and Arab Nationalism Egypt and Arab Nationalism

Gained international prestige q  Confused cold war power politics

Confused cold war power politics

11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1949-1982

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Decolonization in Africa

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Decolonization in Africa

n  Legacy of colonial rule n  Internal divisions

q  Tribal q  Ethnic q  Linguistic q  Religious

14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

France and North Africa

n  Abandonment of most territories q  1956, Morocco and Tunisia gain independence,

13 other colonies in 1960 n  But determination to retain Algeria

q  Longer period of French colonization q  Two million French citizens born or settled in Algeria

by WWII

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

Algerian War of Liberation

n  1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France q  Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif,

1945 n  500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 n  War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 n  Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961),

manifesto against colonial rule

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Négritude: “Blackness”

n n  Influence of “black is beautiful” from U.S. Influence of “black is beautiful” from U.S. n  Revolt against white colonial values, n reaffirmation of African civilization Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization

n  Connection with socialism, communism

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Ghana

independence; 1957 n  Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), leader of Ghana n  Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961,

affirmation of Ghana’s independence and affirmation of Ghana’s independence and equality equality

18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Kenya

Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 n  1952 state of emergency declared n n  Overwhelming British military response, 12,000

Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans 1952 state of emergency declared n n  Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence

Overwhelming British military response, 12,000

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

South Africa

n  Apartheid (1948) n  Apartheid (1948) q  87% of territory for whites

q 

Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in African National Congress publishes Freedom “homelands” Charter (1955)

n n  Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism African National Congress publishes Freedom

21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

n n Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990 n 

n 

Negotiation of end of white minority rule

1994 elections bring ANC to power n n 

22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nelson Mandela

23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chinese Communism

Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering q  First Five-Year Plan (1955) q q 

q  Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) q n  Both huge failures

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

n 1981, moderates Maoism Both huge failures n  Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies n nevertheless subdued, 1989

24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Indian Democracy

Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) q q  Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas

Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas q  “Green revolution” increases agricultural yields q 

“Green revolution” increases agricultural yields q 

n 

Repressive policies to slow population growth,

including forced sterilization

25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Islamism

n n  Muslims increasingly regard America in negative Muslims increasingly regard America in negative

terms, move towards radicalism n 

Jihad: holy war n 

CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979 q 

Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini q  Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years q 

q  Shut down U.S. facilities, confiscated economic Shut down U.S. facilities, confiscated economic

26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats

27 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

support to build huge military machine Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 1937-2006) uses oil, U.S. n support to build huge military machine Attacks Iran, 1980 n n  Attacks Iran, 1980 Massive destruction, ends in stalemate n 

Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991) (1991)

n 

U.S.-led coalition drives him out, further

U.S.-led coalition drives him out, further

hardships for Iraqi people hardships for Iraqi people

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

Colonial Legacies in Sub-Saharan Colonial Legacies in Sub-Saharan

n  Formed 1962 n  Declared boundaries permanent

q  Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts n 

n  Formed 1962 Promotion of pan-Africanism n  Declared boundaries permanent

q 

Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts n 

Promotion of pan-Africanism n 

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

Developments in Latin America

n  Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land n  Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land Argentina: military dominate politics

n  Argentina: military dominate politics q  Juan Perón (1895-1974) elected president, 1946

q  Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular (1919-1952) Guatemala and Nicaragua: U.S. intervention as local governments attempt to control U.S. n 

n  Guatemala and Nicaragua: U.S. intervention as local governments attempt to control U.S.

30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Revolutionary Ideologies

n n  Agitation for women’s liberation Agitation for women’s liberation n 

n 

q 

31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.