Upload
collin-parks
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter Seventeen
Policymaking
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-2
Public Policies and Purposes
• A public policy is a general plan of action adopted by government to solve a social problem, counter a threat, or pursue an objective.
• All public policies are the means by which government pursues certain goals within specific situations.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-3
Public Policies and Purposes (Cont’d)
• People disagree about public policies because they disagree about one or more of the following elements: • The goals government should have• The means it should use to meet them• How the situation at hand should be
perceived
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-4
The Policymaking Process
• Difference in values causes people inside and outside of government to disagree on goals.
• Value conflict often places freedom versus order or freedom versus equality at odds.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-5
Types of Policies
• Distributive policies, which allocate resources so that some segment of society can receive a service or benefit,
• Redistributional policies, which are explicitly designed to take resources from one sector of society and transfer them to another, and
• Regulation: rules which guide the operation of government programs and business markets.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-6
The Policymaking Process (Cont’d)
• Achieving objectives in policy involves different approaches or tools.
• The basic public policy tools include: • Incentives, which suggest that people can be
induced to do certain things if the rewards become substantial enough
• Disincentives, which are policies that discourage particular behavior
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-7
Basic Public Policy Tools (Cont’d)
• Government offering a service or program, and the
• Establishment of rules.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-8
The Policymaking Model
• Four stages1. Agenda setting:
• The stage during which problems get defined as political issues,
2. Policy formulation:• The stage in which formal policy proposals are
developed, often incrementally, and officials decide whether to adopt them as legislation, regulations by administrative agencies or court decisions,
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-9
The Policymaking Model (Cont’d)
3. Implementation:• The stage in which policies are put into effect.
4. Policy evaluation:• The stage that analyses the results of the policy.
• These stages, when combined, represent a circular process.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-10
Figure 17.1: The Policymaking Process
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-11
Fragmentation and Coordination
• Multiple forces pull government in different directions and make problem solving less coherent than it would be ideally.
• Although some degree of fragmentation is inevitable in a decentralized, federal system of government, mechanisms of coordination can bring some coherence to policymaking.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-12
Issue Networks
• The working relationships developed between many different parts of government and many different sets of participants counter the argument of a fragmented, pluralist system.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-13
Issue Networks (Cont’d)
• Issue networks consist of groups of individuals from inside and outside the government who share knowledge and work together to develop policy in a specific area.
• Policymaking takes place not only within institutions but also among them. Entry into an issue network is facilitated by a mastery of the technical complexities of the policy area.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-14
The Nonprofit Sector
• Nonprofit organizations are neither governmental organizations nor private sector organizations and do not distribute profits to any entity.
• Most nonprofits supported by a mix of public and private funds.
• Nonprofits have a role to play both in administering and developing policy.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17-15
Figure 17.3: America's Nonprofits