Chapter Preview 4

Chapter Preview · Section 4Industrial and Postindustrial Societies (pages 159–164)

The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society called an industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a widespread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.

Section 4-Key Terms

• industrial society

• mechanization

• urbanization

• gemeinschaft

• gesellschaft

• social solidarity

• mechanical solidarity

• organic solidarity

• postindustrial society

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 4-Polling Question

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which technology do you think has made the biggest impact on our society?

A. Personal computers

B. Assembly lines

C. Robots

Section 4

Basic Features of Industrial Societies

• The industrial society is one that is dependent upon science and technology to produce its basic goods and services.

Section 4

Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)

• When societies shift from agricultural to industrial, some of the structural changes are:

– A loss of simplicity and a gain of scientific knowledge

– Animal and human labor is replaced by machines (mechanization)

–Operated by wage earners

Agricultural Employment

Section 4

Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.)

– Urbanization—the movement from the country to the city

– Families function differently

–Economic activities no longer in home, but in factories

–Education now focuses on workforce and does not take place in the home

–Blood relationships decline as families separate to take jobs in other locations.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 4

A B C

0% 0%0%

Which of the following is a way that the family structure changed once an industrial society emerged?

A. Women became more subordinate to their husbands.

B. Family unity became less important.

C. Education was taughtat home.

Section 4

A Conversation with Two Sociologists

• Tonnies’s view—two types of society:

– Gemeinschaft = community; a society based on tradition, kinship, and intimate social relationships.

– Gesellschaft = industrial society; weak family ties, competition, and less personal social relationships.

Section 4

A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)

• Durkheim’s view:

– Social solidarity is the degree to which a society is unified or can hold itself together in the face of obstacles.

Section 4

A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.)

• Two types of society that depend on solidarity:

– Mechanical solidarity applies when members of a society hold the same beliefs, values, and norms; they tend to conform and depend on tradition and family to fulfill their needs.

– Organic solidarity applies when members of an industrial society depend on a variety of people to fulfill their needs.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The following are characteristics of mechanical solidarity EXCEPT

A. Group placed above the individual

B. Pressure for conformity

C. Needs filled by a variety of people

D. Tradition and family important

Section 4

Major Features of Postindustrial Society

• In a postindustrial society, the economic emphasis is on providing services and information rather than on producing goods through basic manufacturing.

Section 4

• Five features of this society, according to Daniel Bell:

– For the first time, the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in agriculture or manufacturing.

– White-collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.

Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)

Section 4

Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.)

– Technical knowledge is the key organizing feature in the postindustrial society.

– Technological change is planned and assessed.

– Computer modeling is relied upon in all areas.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What was the major economic emphasis placed on during the postindustrial society?

A. Providing services

B. Agriculture

C. Raising animals

D. All of the above

Section 4

Social Instability in Postindustrial Society

• Historian Francis Fukuyama believes that the transition to a service economy has increased social instability in nations undergoing this change.

• However, he sees current indications of a return to social stability because humans find it difficult to live without values and norms.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you agree with Fukuyama’s observations?

A. Strongly agree

B. Somewhat agree

C. Disagree

D. Not sure

Section 4-End

Vocab 19

industrial society

a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services

Vocab 20

mechanization

the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power

Vocab 21

urbanization

the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities

Vocab 22

gemeinschaft

pre-industrial society based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties

Vocab 23

gesellschaft

industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships

Vocab 24

social solidarity

the degree to which a society is unified

Vocab 25

mechanical solidarity

a type of social unity achieved by people doing the same type of work and holding similar values

Vocab 26

organic solidarity

a type of social unity in which members’ interdependence is based on specialized functions and statuses

Vocab 27

postindustrial society

a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information