Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives · 2018. 8. 19. · French and Indian War. • Colonists lacked direct representation in ... • Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman! Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman!

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman!

Chapter 2: The Constitution

•  The Origins of the Constitution •  The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 •  Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia

Convention •  Critical Issues at the Convention •  The Madisonian System •  Ratifying the Constitution •  Changing the Constitution •  Understanding the Constitution •  Summary


Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives

•  The Origins of the Constitution •  LO 2.1: Describe the ideas behind the

American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

•  The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 •  LO 2.2: Analyze how the weaknesses of

the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.



•  Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention •  LO 2.3: Describe the delegates to the

Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

•  Critical Issues at the Convention •  LO 2.4: Categorize the issues at the

Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.



•  The Madisonian System •  LO 2.5: Analyze how the components of

the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests.

•  Ratifying the Constitution •  LO 2.6: Compare and contrast the

Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and positions regarding government.

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•  Changing the Constitution •  LO 2.7: Explain how the Constitution can

be formally amended and how it changes informally.

•  Understanding the Constitution •  LO 2.8: Assess whether the Constitution

establishes a majoritarian democracy and how it limits the scope of government.

The Origins of the Constitution LO 2.1: Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution. •  The Road to Revolution •  Declaring Independence •  The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas •  The American Creed •  Winning Independence •  The “Conservative” Revolution

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The Origins of the Constitution

•  The Road to Revolution •  Colonists faced tax increases after the

French and Indian War. •  Colonists lacked direct representation in

parliament. •  Colonial leaders formed the Continental

Congress to address abuses of the English Crown.

LO 2.1

To Learning Objectives

LO 2.1




•  Declaring Independence •  In May and June 1776, the Continental

Congress debated resolutions for independence.

•  The Declaration of Independence, which listed the colonists grievances against the British, was adopted on July 4, 1776.

•  Politically, the Declaration was a polemic, announcing and justifying revolution.

LO 2.1


LO 2.1


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•  The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas •  Natural Rights – Rights inherent in

humans being, not dependent on government.

•  Consent of the Governed – The government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

•  Limited Government – Put certain restrictions on government to protect natural rights.

LO 2.1



•  The American Creed •  The sanctity of property was one of the

few ideas absent in Jefferson’s draft of the Declaration of Independence.

•  Jefferson altered Locke’s phrase, “life, liberty, and property” to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

LO 2.1


LO 2.1

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•  Winning Independence •  In 1783, the American colonies prevailed in

their war against England. •  The “Conservative” Revolution

•  Restored rights the colonists felt they had lost •  Not a major change of lifestyles.

LO 2.1


The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 LO 2.2: Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure. •  The Articles of Confederation •  Changes in the States •  Economic Turmoil •  The Aborted Annapolis Meeting


The Government That Failed: 1776–1787

•  The Articles of Confederation •  The first document to govern the United

States, ratified in 1781. •  It created a confederation among 13

states and former colonies. •  Congress had few powers; there was no

president or national court system. •  All government power rested in the states.

LO 2.2


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•  Changes in the States •  Voting laws increased political power

among a new middle class. •  Middle class of farmers and craft workers

counterbalanced the power of professionals and wealthy merchants.

•  Ideas of equality spread and democracy took hold.

LO 2.2


LO 2.2




•  Economic Turmoil •  Postwar depression left farmers unable to

pay debts. •  State legislatures sympathetic to farmers

passed laws that favored debtors over creditors.

LO 2.2



•  Economic Turmoil (cont.) •  In 1786, a group of farmers in western

Massachusetts led by Captain Daniel Shays rebelled at losing their land to creditors.

•  Shays’ Rebellion was a series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms and it spurred the birth of the Constitution.

LO 2.2




•  The Aborted Annapolis Meeting •  An attempt to discuss changes to the Articles

of Confederation in September 1786. •  Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states. •  Called for a meeting in May 1787 to further

discuss changes—the Constitutional Convention.

LO 2.2


Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention LO 2.3: Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared. •  Gentlemen in Philadelphia •  Philosophy into Action


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Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention

•  Gentlemen in Philadelphia •  55 men from 12 of the 13 states. •  Mostly wealthy planters and merchants. •  Most were college graduates with some

political experience. •  Many were coastal residents from the

larger cities, not the rural areas.

LO 2.3



•  Philosophy into Action •  Human Nature – People were self-

interested; government should check and contain the natural self-interest of people.

•  Political Conflict – Wealth (property) distribution is the source of political conflict; factions arise from the unequal distribution of wealth.

LO 2.3




•  Philosophy into Action (cont.) •  Objects of Government – Property must

be protected against the tyranny of faction. •  Nature of Government – Secret of good

government is “balanced government” because as long as no faction could seize complete control of government, tyranny could be avoided.

LO 2.3


Critical Issues at the Convention LO 2.4: Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue. •  The Equality Issues •  The Economic Issues •  The Individual Rights Issues



Critical Issues at the Convention

•  The Equality Issues •  Equality and Representation of the

States – The New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan led to the Connecticut Compromise.

•  Slavery – The question of how to count slaves was solved with the Three-Fifths Compromise.

•  Equality in Voting – Delegates decided to leave voting qualifications to the states.

LO 2.4


LO 2.4


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LO 2.4



•  The Economic Issues •  States had tariffs on products from other

states. •  Paper money was basically worthless. •  Congress could not raise money. •  Key actions taken – Powers of Congress

were strengthened and powers of states were limited.

LO 2.4


LO 2.4



•  The Individual Rights Issues •  Prohibits suspension of writ of habeas corpus. •  No bills of attainder. •  No ex post facto laws. •  Religious qualifications for holding office

prohibited. •  Strict rules of evidence for conviction of

treason. •  Jury trial in criminal cases.

LO 2.4


The Madisonian System LO 2.5: Analyze how the components of the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests. •  Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority •  The Constitutional Republic •  The End of the Beginning


The Madisonian System

•  Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority •  Limiting Majority Control – To keep most of

the government beyond the control of the masses.

•  Separating Powers – Branches are relatively independent of the others so no single branch could control the others.

LO 2.5


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LO 2.5



•  Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority (cont.) •  Creating Checks and Balances – Each

branch needs the consent of the others for many actions.

•  Establishing a Federal System – Federalism divides power between national and state governments.

LO 2.5


LO 2.5



•  The Constitutional Republic •  Republic is a form of government in which

the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

•  Tends to favor the status quo and limit political change.

•  The End of the Beginning •  The document was approved and now it

had to be ratified.

LO 2.5


Ratifying the Constitution LO 2.6: Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

•  Federalists and Anti-Federalists •  Ratification


Ratifying the Constitution

•  Federalists and Anti-Federalists •  Federalists supported the new

Constitution and wrote the Federalist Papers to defend it.

•  Anti-Federalists opposed the new Constitution and believed it was an enemy of freedom.

•  The compromise between the two groups was the Bill of Rights.

LO 2.6


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LO 2.6


LO 2.6



Ratifying the Constitution LO 2.6

•  Federalists specified that the Constitution be ratified by special conventions, not state legislatures

•  9 states had to ratify the Constitution •  Delaware was the 1st (Dec 1787), New

Hampshire was the 9th (Jun 1788)


Changing the Constitution LO 2.7: Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally. •  The Formal Amending Process •  The Informal Process of

Constitutional Change •  The Importance of Flexibility



Changing the Constitution

•  The Formal Amending Process •  Proposal – An amendment may be

proposed either by a two-thirds vote in each house or chamber of Congress, or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures.

LO 2.7



•  The Formal Amending Process (cont.) •  Ratification – An amendment may be

ratified either by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states, or by special state conventions called in three-fourths of the states.

LO 2.7


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LO 2.7



•  The Informal Process of Constitutional Change •  Judicial Interpretation – Marbury v.

Madison (1803) established judicial review.

•  Changing Political Practice – How the political parties and the Electoral College practice today changed the Constitution.

LO 2.7




•  The Informal Process of Constitutional Change (cont.) •  Technology – Mass media, atomic

weapons, computers, and electronic communications have changed the Constitution.

•  Increasing Demands on Policymakers – Demands for more domestic and foreign policies changed the Constitution.

LO 2.7


LO 2.7




•  The Importance of Flexibility •  The Constitution created a flexible

government that could adapt to the needs of the times without sacrificing personal freedom.

•  The Constitution is a short document (27 amendments and less than 8,000 words) that does not prescribe the structure and functioning of the national government in detail.

LO 2.7


Understanding the Constitution LO 2.8: Assess whether the Constitution establishes a majoritarian democracy and how it limits the scope of government. •  The Constitution and Democracy •  The Constitution and the Scope of

Government


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Understanding the Constitution

•  The Constitution and Democracy •  The Constitution created a republic

(representative democracy based on limited government).

•  Historically, there has been a gradual democratization of the Constitution away from the elitist model of democracy and toward the pluralist one.

LO 2.8


Understanding the Constitution

•  The Constitution and the Scope of Government •  Separation of powers and checks and

balances promote demands for public policy to be heard.

•  Separation of powers and checks and balances promote bargaining, compromise, playing one institution against another, and an increase of hyperpluralism.

LO 2.8


LO 2.8


LO 2.1 Summary

•  The Origins of the Constitution •  Ideas behind American Revolution and the

Constitution were belief in natural rights, consent of the governed, limited government, responsibility of government to protect property, and equality of citizens.



The notion that the people must agree on who their rulers will be is referred to as

A.  sanctity of property rights. B.  natural rights. C.  consent of the governed. D.  limited government.

LO 2.1


The notion that the people must agree on who their rulers will be is referred to as

A.  sanctity of property rights. B.  natural rights. C.  consent of the governed. D.  limited government.

LO 2.1


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LO 2.2 Summary

•  The Government That Failed: 1776–1787 •  The Articles of Confederation established

a government dominated by the states, without a permanent executive or national judiciary.

•  A weak central government could not raise sufficient funds, regulate trade, protect property rights, or take action without unanimous consent of the states.


The primary result of Shays’ Rebellion was to

A.  spread similar, unruly behavior to ever larger and more effective groups.

B.  force states to pass “force acts” and print money.

C.  serve as a factor motivating the American Revolution.

D.  precipitate a review of the Articles of Confederation in Annapolis.

LO 2.2



The primary result of Shays’ Rebellion was to

A.  spread similar, unruly behavior to ever larger and more effective groups.

B.  force states to pass “force acts” and print money.

C.  serve as a factor motivating the American Revolution.

D.  precipitate a review of the Articles of Confederation in Annapolis.

LO 2.2


LO 2.3 Summary

•  Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention •  The Framers were more educated,

wealthy, and urban than most. •  Core ideas they shared were that people

were self-interested, wealth distribution was a source of political conflict, the object of government was protecting private property, and balanced government is best government.



According to James Madison, which of the following is the primary source of political conflict?

A.  Differing political ideologies. B.  The distribution of wealth. C.  Self-interested human nature. D.  The lack of education.

LO 2.3


According to James Madison, which of the following is the primary source of political conflict?

A.  Differing political ideologies. B.  The distribution of wealth. C.  Self-interested human nature. D.  The lack of education.

LO 2.3


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LO 2.4 Summary

•  Critical Issues at the Convention •  The Framers intended to make the

national government an economic stabilizer.

•  The economic powers assigned to Congress left no doubt it was to forge national economic policy.

•  The Framers did include some specific individual rights.


Which of the following economic powers are given to Congress in the U.S. Constitution?

A.  Power to tax, borrow money, and print and coin money.

B.  Power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce.

C.  Power to broadly protect property rights.

D.  All of the above.

LO 2.4



Which of the following economic powers are given to Congress in the U.S. Constitution?

A.  Power to tax, borrow money, and print and coin money.

B.  Power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce.

C.  Power to broadly protect property rights.

D.  All of the above.

LO 2.4


LO 2.5 Summary

•  The Madisonian System •  The Founders reconciled majority rule with

minority interests by constraining both the majority and the minority.

•  The Madisonian system dispersed power among separate branches of government, and gave them shared powers so that each branch had a check on the others.

LO 2.5



The system of governance set up in the U.S. constitutional republic tends to ______.

A.  favor the status quo and limit political change.

B.  be relatively efficient in producing political results.

C.  encourage direct democracy. D.  centralize power.

LO 2.5


The system of governance set up in the U.S. constitutional republic tends to ______.

A.  favor the status quo and limit political change.

B.  be relatively efficient in producing political results.

C.  encourage direct democracy. D.  centralize power.

LO 2.5


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LO 2.6 Summary

•  Ratifying the Constitution •  The Federalists, largely from the

economic elite, supported a strong national government.

•  Anti-Federalists, largely from the middle class, supported a weaker national government and wanted individual liberties.

•  The Federalists promised to propose what became known as the Bill of Rights.


The Bill of Rights was adopted primarily to ______.

A.  allay fears that the Constitution would restrict freedom.

B.  ensure that the Constitution had the support of the Federalists.

C.  protect the states against the potential for abuses by the national government.

D.  satisfy Madison’s concerns about factions and to check their effects.

LO 2.6



The Bill of Rights was adopted primarily to ______.

A.  allay fears that the Constitution would restrict freedom.

B.  ensure that the Constitution had the support of the Federalists.

C.  protect the states against the potential for abuses by the national government.

D.  satisfy Madison’s concerns about factions and to check their effects.

LO 2.6


LO 2.7 Summary

•  Changing the Constitution •  The formal amendment process requires

supermajorities in both houses of Congress and among the states.

•  The informal process includes judicial interpretation, changing political practices, technology, and the increasing demands on policymakers.



Which of the following means of amending the Constitution has never been used to date?

A.  Proposal by ⅔ support in both houses of Congress.

B.  Ratification by ¾ of state legislatures.

C.  Ratification by ¾ of state conventions.

D.  Proposal through a national convention called by Congress.

LO 2.7


Which of the following means of amending the Constitution has never been used to date?

A.  Proposal by ⅔ support in both houses of Congress.

B.  Ratification by ¾ of state legislatures.

C.  Ratification by ¾ of state conventions.

D.  Proposal through a national convention called by Congress.

LO 2.7


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LO 2.8 Summary

•  Understanding the Constitution •  The Constitution did not create a majoritarian

democracy so majorities did not always rule. •  Gradual democratization of the Constitution –

Right to vote has expanded, senators are elected, and president electors are now agents of political parties.


LO 2.8 Summary

•  Understanding the Constitution (cont.) •  By protecting individual rights and limiting

government power to restrict them, the Constitution limits the scope of government.

•  By dispersing power among institutions, the Constitution increases access of interests to government but also allows these interests to check each other and produce stalemate.



The Constitution has been amended times to expand the electorate.

A.  5 B.  4 C.  3 D.  2

LO 2.8


The Constitution has been amended times to expand the electorate.

A.  5 B.  4 C.  3 D.  2

LO 2.8



Photo Credits

•  28: Jeff Fusco/Getty Images •  29T: US Capitol Historical Society •  29TC: New York Public Library Picture

Collection •  29TB: Hulton Picture Archive/Getty Images •  29B: Luke Frazza/Getty Images •  31: Joe Griffiths/Hulton Archive/Getty

Images •  32: US Capitol Historical Society •  34L: Brown Brothers •  34R: National Archives and Records

Administration •  37: Scribner’s Popular History of the United

States, 1987 •  38: Yale University Library, Sterling

Memorial Library

•  39: New York Public Library, Astor Lenox and Tilden Foundation

•  41T: DOONSBURY, GR Trudeau. Reprinted with permission of the Universal Press Syndicate. All Rights Reserved

•  42B: New York Public Library Picture Collection

•  47: National Geographic Photographer George Mobley/US Capitol Historical Society

•  52: Hulton Archive/Getty Images •  55: By permission of Mike Lukovich and

Creators Syndicate •  58: Luke Frazza/Getty Images

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Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives · 2018. 8. 19. · French and Indian War. • Colonists lacked direct representation in ... • Attended by only 12 delegates from 5 states