a. bare bearb. lead ledc. praise prays preysd. byte bite bighte. sight site cite

c. pairs pears paresg. plain planeh. karat carrot caret carati. manemain Mainej. frees freeze frieze

a. Mary agent

a ball theme

b. the children agent

from the playground source

to the wading pool goal

c. one of the men agentall the doors themewith a paper clip instrument

d. John agent the ice theme with a blowtorch instrument

e. Helen agent cockroach theme

f. Helen experiencer cockroach theme g. Helen agenth. the ice theme

i. with a telescope instrument the boy experiencer the man themej. the farmer agent hay theme onto the truck goal

k. the farmer agent the hay theme with a pitchfork instrumentl. the hay theme

on the truck goalby the farmer agent

“Pragmatics is concerned with our understanding of language in context.”

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 167.

If the balloons popped, the sound wouldn’t be able to carry since everything would be too far away from the correct floor. A closed window would also prevent the sound from carrying, since most buildings tend to be well insulated. Since the whole operation depends on a steady flow of electricity, a break in the middle of the wire would also cause problems. Of course, the fellow could shout, but the human voice is not loud enough to carry that far. An additional problem is that a string could break on the instrument. Then there could be no accompaniment to the message. It is clear that the best situation would involve less distance. Then there would be fewer potential problems. With face to face contact, the least number of things could go wrong.

Bransford and Johnson, 1972, p. 719, quoted in Omaggio, 1986, pp. 103-104.

Previous sentences

Pronouns

Articles

Previous sentences

Pronouns

Articles

Pronouns and syntax

Pronouns and discourse

Pronouns and situational context

Deixis

Articles

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 167-172.

Pro-NP / Pronoun Jan saw the boy with the telescope.

Dan also saw him.

Pro-VP Emily hugged Cassidy and Zachary did too.

Pro-S I am sick, which depresses me.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 210.

here there this city those towers over there left / right so / yea big

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 170-171.

First and Second person pronouns

Free Third person pronouns

Demonstratives (Pronouns and NPs)

Time deixis

Place deixisFromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 218-219.

I bought a new jacket.A jacket is red.

I bought a new jacket.The jacket is red.

My brothers arrived last night.

Today, one is meeting me for lunch,

the other is going to Kenting.

Today, one is meeting me for lunch,

another is going to Kenting.

Maxims of Conversation

Implicatures / Presuppositions

Speech Acts

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 172-176.

1. Quantity Say neither more nor less than the discourse requires.

2. Relevance Be relevant.

3. Manner Be brief and orderly; avoid ambiguity and obscurity.

4. Quality Do not lie; do not make unsupported claims.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 173.

1. Letter of Recommendation NOT saying ENOUGH

2. Does Sally have a boyfriend? She goes to Taipei every weekend.

3. Masticating alimentary sustenance thoroughly can promote enhanced cholesterol levels.

4. Who took my book? Bill. I heard someone say he came out…

A: Smith doesn’t have any girlfriends these days.

B: He’s been driving over to the West End a lot lately.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 174.

a. Have you stopped hugging your sheepdog?

b. Who bought the badminton set?

c. John doesn’t write poems anymore.

d. The present King of France is bald.

e. Would you like another beer?

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 216.

a. We went to the ballpark again.

We have been to the ballpark before.

b. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-bird for Labor Day.

Valerie did not get a new T-bird on Labor Day.

c. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad.

Emily’s pet turtle ran away.

d. The administration forgot that the professors support the students.

The professors support the students.

e. It is an atrocity that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001.

The WTC was attacked.

The attack occurred September 11, 2001.

f. It isn’t tolerable that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001. The WTC was attacked. The attack occurred September 11, 2001.

g. Disa wants more popcorn. Disa has already had some popcorn.

h. Mary drank one more beer before leaving.Mary has already drunk at least one beer.Mary left.

i. Jack knows who discovered Pluto in 1930. Someone discovered Pluto. It was discovered in 1930.

j. Mary was horrified to find a cockroach in her bed.

Mary found a cockroach in her bed.

Aesop: 伊索

Clothing store using this name 衣索