Chapter 26

Tradition and Change in East Asia

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The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

n  Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out

n  Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) n  Used traveling officials called mandarins and

large number of eunuchs to maintain control n  Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with

sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

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Ming China, 1368-1644

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The Great Wall

n  Origins before fourth century B.C.E., ruins from Qin dynasty in third century B.C.E.

n  Rebuilt under Ming rule, fifteenth to sixteenth century

n  1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high q  Guard towers q  Room for housing soldiers

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The Great Wall of China

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Eradicating the Mongol Past Eradicating the Mongol Past

n  Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Ming emperors encourage abandonment of

Mongol names, dress n 

Support study of Confucian classics Civil service examinations renewed

6

n 

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Ming Decline Ming Decline

Sixteenth century, maritime pirates harm coastal trade

n  Navy, government unable to respond effectively Navy, government unable to respond effectively n  Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace

compound in Beijing compound in Beijing q q  Hedonists Hedonists q  Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial

activity to eunuchs activity to eunuchs

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Ming Collapse

n  Famine, peasant rebellions in early seventeenth century

n n 

n 

Famine, peasant rebellions in early seventeenth

Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake century city

n n 

Rebels take Beijing in 1644 n n  Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

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The Qing Empire, 1644-1911

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The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

n  Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall

n  Chieftain Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military

n  Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China q  War with Ming loyalists to 1680 q  Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption

n  Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese; force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty

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Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)

n  Confucian scholar, poet n  Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet,

central Asia n  Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795)

n 

Confucian scholar, poet n 

Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, q  Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several central Asia

occasions

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The “Son of Heaven”

Ming, Qing emperors considered quasi-divine n  Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch

servants n  Clothing designs and name characters forbidden

to rest of population n  The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks

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The Scholar-Bureaucrats

essay writing q 

Also: history, literature n  Graduates from intense civil service examinations q  Open only to men q  Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry,

essay writing q  Also: history, literature

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The Civil Service Examinations

n  District, provincial, and metropolitan levels District, provincial, and metropolitan levels n  Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level q  Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level

n q 

for three-day uninterrupted examinations Multiple attempts common Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells

n 

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Examination System and Society

Qing dynasty: One million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions q  Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions

n  Some corruption, cheating n  Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private

tutors, etc. n n  But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social

mobility mobility

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The Patriarchal Family The Patriarchal Family

n  Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor

individual to emperor n 

Eldest son favored n 

Clan-based authority groups augment government

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Gender Relations

n  Males receive preferential status Males receive preferential status n n  Economic factor: girls join husband’s family

Economic factor: girls join husband’s family q 

Infanticide common n 

Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry q 

Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches n 

Men control divorce q  Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much

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Foot Binding

Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) n  Linen strips bind and deform female child’s feet n  Perceived aesthetic value

Perceived aesthetic value n  Statement of social status and/or expectations n  Statement of social status and/or expectations

q 

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Woman with Bound Feet

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Population Growth and Economic Development Population Growth and Economic

n 

Only 11% of China arable n  Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary n n  American food crops introduced in seventeenth

Only 11% of China arable century q n  Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts

n  Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary Rebellion and war reduce population in seventeenth century n q  Offset by increase due to American crops American food crops introduced in seventeenth

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Chinese Population Growth

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Foreign Trade

n  Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware n  Chinese in turn import relatively little

q  Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles n  Pay for exports with silver bullion from Americas n  After Emperor Yongle’s early maritime

expeditions (1405-1433), Ming dynasty abandons large-scale maritime trade plans q  In part to appease southern populations

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Trade in Southeast Asia

n  Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, especially Manila

n  Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC

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Government and Technology n  During Tang and Song dynasties (seventh to

thirteenth century), China a world leader in technology

n  Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties q  European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese

invention of gunpowder n  Government suppressed technological

advancement, fearing social instability would result q  Mass labor over productivity

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Classes in Chinese Society

n  Privileged classes q  Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry q  Distinctive clothing with ranks q  Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service

n  Working classes q  Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants q  Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants q  Merchant activity not actively supported

n  Lower classes q  Military, beggars, slaves

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Neo-Confucianism

n  Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.) q  Confucian morality with Buddhist logic

n  Education at various levels promoted q  Hanlin Academy, Beijing q  Provincial schools

n  Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia n  Development of popular novels as well

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Christianity in China

n  Nestorian and Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China q  Disappeared with plague and social chaos of fourteenth

century n  Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610),

attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli q  Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 q  Brought western mechanical technology

n  Prisms, harpsichords, clocks

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Confucianism and Christianity

n  Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism q  Differences due to neo-Confucian distortions

n  Yet few converts in China q  Approximately 200,000 mid-eighteenth century, about 0.08

percent of population q  Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept

n  Franciscans and Dominicans convince pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship)

n  Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China

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The Unification of Japan

q  Shoguns rule Japan, twelfth to sixteenth century q  Large landholders with private armies q  Emperor merely a figurehead q  Constant civil war: sixteenth century sengoku, “country

at war” n 

n 

Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government q  Bakufu: “tent government” q q  Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)

Bakufu: “tent government”

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Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867

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Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)

n  Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords q  Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign

n Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year q 

q  Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. n 

From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court q 

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Economic Growth in Japan

n  End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity n 

End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity

n agricultural production New crop strains and irrigation systems improve n agricultural production Yet population growth moderate q 

n 

q  Contraception, late marriage, abortion

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Population Growth

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1600 1700 1850

Millions

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Social Change

n n 

End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of daimyo, samurai warriors n 

Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship n 

Many declined to poverty n  Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

n 

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Neo-Confucianism in Japan Neo-Confucianism in Japan

n  Chinese cultural influence extends through n 

Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period

n  Chinese language essential to curriculum n n 

Zhu Xi and neo-Confucianism remains popular n  “Native learning” also popular in eighteenth

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Floating Worlds (ukiyo)

n  Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries

n  Urban culture expressed in entertainment, Marked contrast to solemn bakufu proceedings pleasure industries q n  Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who

Marked contrast to solemn bakufu proceedings q  Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love n 

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Christianity in Japan

Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 n  Remarkable success among daimyo

q  Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans

n  Government backlash q  Fear of foreign intrusion q  Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism n 

Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians q 

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Persecution of Catholics

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Dutch Learning

Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, and art European science, medicine, and art

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