Chapter 17

Classification With your group sort your cards using a classification

you all determine.

Be prepared to share your classification system with the class

TAXONOMY: the science of classifying things Aristotle studied and

classified plants and animals

Carolus Linneaus (1707-1778)- gave rise to our modern classification system

His first work SystemaNaturæ used 3 kingdoms (mineral, vegetable, and animal) and 5 “ranks” (class, order, genus, species, and variety)

Scientific Naming One of Linnaeus’ most important contributions is

Binomial nomenclature- GENUS + SPECIES = scientific name

Genus is capitalized

Species is lowercase

Both are italicized

Scientific names help scientists to communicate.

– Some species have very similar common names.

– Some species have many common names.

Why we classify?

Helps all scientists worldwide know what organism is being talked about

Early on: organisms described by physical characteristics

Two-winged, scaley legged, sharp beaked flyer

“Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and no teeth around their edges

We still use binomial nomenclature and Linneanclassification today

Most inclusive,

least specific

Least inclusive,

most specific

Evolutionary Classification

Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities

CLADOGRAM: a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships in the development of organisms

Derived Characters: “new” characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage.

Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species.

evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data

shown with branching tree diagrams

Dichotomous Keys A tool that allows the

user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.

http://oregonstate.edu/trees/dichotomous_key.html

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?

Kingdoms of Life1. Archaebacteria: unicellular prokaryotes

2. Eubacteria: unicellular prokaryotes

3. Protista: unicellular eukaryotes

4. Fungi: multicellular eukaryotic decomposers

5. Plantae: multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs

6. Animalia: multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs

Archaebacteria

Unicellular

Prokaryotic

Live in extreme environments

EubacteriaUnicellular

Prokaryotic

Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

Diverse Environments Free-living in soil

Disease causing

Protista Domain Eukaryota

Eukaryotic Cells (nucleus and organelles)

Some have Cell Walls Most are unicellular Can be either

autotrophs or heterotrophs

Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, slime molds,

Three Types:1. Animal-like2. Plant-like3. Fungus-like

Fungi Eukaryotic cells Cell walls of chitin Most are multi-cellular

(yeasts are unicellular) Are heterotrophs (recycle

decomposing material) Reproduce both asexually

and sexually Asexually: mitosis growth of

hyphae, or spores Sexually: make gametes

Fungi are haploid for most of their lives

This life cycle is called “ALTERATION OF GENERATION”

Plantae

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell walls made of cellulose

Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll

Multicellular

Autotrophs: use photosynthesis

Animalia Eukaryotic Cells

No cell walls

Multicellular

Heterotroph (must eat and use cell respiration to get energy from food)

Most reproduce sexually

HUGE amount of diversity

Groups of Animals Vertebrates

1. Vertebrates (backbone)

- All vertebrates belong to the phylum chordata

- We will discuss five major groups (classes) of vertebrates

Invertebrates

1. Invertebrates (no backbone)

- There are six major groups (phyla) of invertebrates

Chordata

Sponges: phylum Porifera

Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemone(phylum Cnidaria)

NEMATODES

Flatworms

PLANARIAN

Annelids

Snails and Slugs: phylum Mollusca

Insects and Shellfish: phylum Arthropoda

This is the largest and most diverse group of animals!

Sea stars and Sea cucumbers: phylum Echinodermata

Animalia, Choradata, . . . .

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Different classes of animals

Fish

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

So what is our classification as humans?

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order :Primates

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Species: sapien

Eukaryota

Animalia

Chordata

Fish Bird Amphibian Reptile Mammal

Poriferia Cniardia Nematodes Flatworms Annelids Mollusca arthropoda echinodermata

Plantae Fungi Protista

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Archea

Archea Bacteria

Classify the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, from domain to species.

Domain: Eurkaryota

Kingdonm: Animal

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammal

Order: Carivora

Family: Ursidae

Genus: Ailuropoda

Species: melanoleuca