Chapter IVChapter IVChapter IVChapter IV

ScienceScience

I. ImportanceI. Importance

A. Britain has played an important part in science over the world, both in theory and practice.

B. Science in Britain enriched the scientific culture of the western world.

II. Scientific DiscoveriesII. Scientific Discoveries

1. 17th centuryA. Sir Francis Bacon: a. the first man to revolutionize scientific thought in Britainb. statesman and man of letters c. He heralded a mew age of learning.d. He wrote a lot on natural philosophy.e. He stressed for the first time the importance

of institutionalizing a programme for investigating phenomena.

B. Isaac Newton: a. president of the Royal Society

in London.

b. He was one of the founders

of modern science because

of the calculus, the white light

and other discoveries.

c. He was one of the greatest in pure science and mathematics with the publication of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and the learning of gravity.

2. 18th century

A. Thomas Newcomen:

made atmospheric engines

out of water from mines.

B. James Watt: invented fundamental improvements to Newcomen’s engines, true steam engines.

C. George Stephenson: “Rocket” is the most famous of all steam locomotives, it marked the beginning of the railway age.

D. John Dalton: English chemist and physicist, who is best known for developing an atomic theory.

Every substance consists

of large numbers of tiny

particles called atoms, the

smallest things in existence.

E. Edward Jenner: discovered the

vaccine for preventing smallpox

F. Sir Humphy Davy: chemist

the miner’s safety lamp

G. Michael Faraday:

physicist and chemist

He discovered electromagnetic induction, laying the foundations

of the electric power industry.

3. 19th century

Charles Robert Darwin:

a. development of a theory of evolution, in which all living beings, including men are evolved from more primitive species instead of being created by God. He published On the Origin of Species.

b. On the Origin of Speciesb. On the Origin of Species

A famous book written by Charles Robert Darwin. The book provided reasons why the old idea of the special creation of species by God was untenable and showed that all living things, including men, are similar and not had been individually created, but had evolved from more primitive species.

4. 20th century

A. Sir J.J.Thomson: marked a turning point in the change from classical physics to the “new physics”, and discovered the electron.

B. Lord Rutherford: discovered alpha, beta and gamma radiation and a model of an atom comprising a small positive nucleus and orbiting electrons.

C. Paul Dirac

He drew a set of

equations that satisfied the relative theory.

D. Francis Crick: a biologist who co-discovered the structure of DNA. And he went on to crack the genetic code that translates DNA into protein.

III. Inventions in BritainIII. Inventions in Britain

• The world’s first turbo-jet airliner• The world’s first nuclear power

station• The world’s first large radio

telescope• The world’s first hovercraft

IV. Problems of Science in BritainIV. Problems of Science in Britain

– it does not apply its theoretical discoveries to practical ends

1. British achievements in scientific research have not been turned into productive forces so far as most the industries are concerned

2. Conservative attitude towards the import of advanced technology and equipment

Thank You

The Royal SocietyThe Royal Society

• A British organization for advancement of science which was formed in London in 1660. The great scientist Isaac Newton was its president for 23 years. It is one of the most prestigious scientific bodies in the world.

• Robert Boyle discovered an

important relationship between

the pressure, temperature and

the volume of gas.

the Royal Society

The Royal College of Physicians of London

The Royal College of Physicians of London

• It was founded in 1518.It was founded in 1518.• William Harvey discovered the cirWilliam Harvey discovered the cir

culation of the blood.culation of the blood. • Glisson wrote many significant treGlisson wrote many significant tre

atises, including an important monogatises, including an important monograph on rickets.raph on rickets.