CHAPTER IV REALISATION VALUES AND PERSONAL VARIABLES ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/56438/10/10_chapter 4.pdf126 CHAPTER IV REALISATION VALUES AND PERSONAL VARIABLES:

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CHAPTER IV

REALISATION VALUES AND PERSONAL VARIABLES:

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This chapter also provides an analysis of results to understand the I.T.

Professional in terms of their realization of values; the pattern of association between

age, religiosity, education and values examined. And also provides an analysis of the

relationship personal values and application of the values in I.T. Profession.

TABLE 4.1

APPLICATION OF VALUES OF I.T. PROFESSIONALS Extent of practice in Profession ------------------------------------------------------------------------- S.No. Values Very Frequently Some Rarely Never Frequently times ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1. Gratitude 64 190 96 40 10 (16.0) (47.5) (24.0) (10.0) (2.5) 2. Self restraint 72 128 106 72 22 (18.0) (32.0) (26.0) (18.0) (5.5) 3. Benevolence 62 124 96 74 44 (15.5) (31.0) (24.0) (18.5) (11.0) 4. Wisdom 136 146 74 32 12 (34.0) (36.5) (18.5) (8.0) (3.0) 5. Forgiveness 40 70 184 84 22 (10.0) (17.5) (46.0) (21.0) (5.5) 6. Sacrifice 44 84 124 134 14 (11.0) (21.0) (31.0) (33.5) (3.5) 7. Transparency 78 60 126 86 50

127

(19.5) (15.0) (31.5) (21.5) (12.5) 8. Absence of envy 52 82 136 82 48 (13.0) (20.5) (34.0) (20.5) (12.0) 9. Contentment 102 118 58 82 40 (25.5) (29.5) (14.5) (20.5) (10.0) 10. Purity 88 166 68 66 12 (22.0) (41.5) (17.0) (16.5) (3.0) 11. Sweetness of speech 138 116 72 60 14 (34.5) (29.0) (18.0) (15.0) (3.5) 12. Truthfulness 54 136 134 64 12 (13.5) (34.0) (33.5) (16.0) (3.0) 13. Valour 126 160 86 24 4 (31.5) (40.0) (21.5) (6.0) (1.0) 14. Worship 120 124 78 64 14 (30.0) (31.0) (19.5) (16.0) (3.5) 15. Industry 180 110 78 22 10 (45.0) (27.5) (19.5) (5.5) (2.5) 16. Detachment 70 104 134 64 28 (17.5) (26.0) (33.5) (16.0) (7.0) 17. Equanimity 54 102 128 72 44 (13.5) (25.5) (32.0) (18.0) (11.0) 18. Simplicity 78 126 104 56 36 (19.5) (31.5) (26.0) (14.0) (9.0) 19. Faith 92 112 98 94 4 (23.0) (28.0) (24.5) (23.5) (1.0) 20. Integrity 94 132 124 40 10 (23.5) (33.0) (31.0) (10.0) (2.5) 21. Compassion 48 98 152 98 4 (12.0) (24.5) (38.0) (24.5) (1.0) 22. Heroism 56 178 110 40 16 (14.0) (44.5) (27.5) (10.0) (4.0) 23. Reverence 94 152 104 46 4 (23.5) (38.0) (26.0) (11.5) (1.0) 24. Righteousness 66 156 108 64 6 (16.5) (39.0) (27.0) (16.0) (1.5)

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25. Self-identity 108 86 126 56 24 (27.0) (21.5) (31.5) (14.0) (6.0) 26. Wholesomeness 60 152 102 68 18 (15.0) (38.0) (25.5) (17.0) (4.5) 27. Firmness 110 136 114 38 2 (27.5) (34.0) (28.5) (9.5) (0.5) 28. Love 108 122 102 58 10 (27.0) (30.5) (25.5) (14.5) (2.5) 29. Bliss 66 142 132 56 4

(16.5) (35.5) (33.0) (14.0) (1.0)

30. Friendliness 126 152 82 40 - (31.5) (38.0) (20.5) (10.0) 31. Joy 86 130 112 64 8 (21.5) (32.5) (28.0) (16.0) (2.0) 32. Indifference to wicked 56 54 126 112 52

(14.0) (13.5) ( 31.5) (28.0) (13.0)

33. Self-realisation 76 102 86 72 64 (19.0) (25.5) (21.5) (18.0) (16.0) 34. Absence of hatred 68 102 114 96 20 (17.0) (25.5) (28.5) (24.0) (5.0) 35. Self-actualisation 74 128 82 92 24 (18.5) (32.0) (20.5) (23.0) (6.0) 36. Modesty 72 106 130 68 24 (18.0) (26.5) (32.5) (17.0) (6.0) 37. Cosmic causation 90 120 92 64 34 (22.5) (30.0) (23.0) (16.0) (8.5) 38. Code of life 52 160 96 58 34 (13.0) (40.0) (24.0) (14.5) (8.5) 39. Personal relationship 68 110 120 72 30 (17.0) (27.5) (30.0) (18.0) (7.5) 40. Loyalty 88 102 140 60 10 (22.0) (25.5) (35.0) (15.0) (2.5) 41. Purity of mind 96 108 96 68 32 (24.0) (27.0) (24.0) (17.0) (8.0)

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42. Purity of Motive 78 132 120 44 26 (19.5) (33.0) (30.0) (11.0) (6.5) 43. Non-violence 76 144 80 78 22 (19.0) (36.0) (20.0) (19.5) (5.5) 44. Smiling 110 94 116 50 30 (27.5) (23.5) (29.0) (12.5) (7.5) 45. Greed 44 94 94 92 76

(11.0) (23.5) (23.5) (23.0) (19.0) 46. Attachment 60 114 88 74 64 (15.0) (28.5) (22.0) (18.5) (16.0) 47. Malevolence 26 28 68 106 172 (6.5) (7.0) (17.0) (26.5) (43.0) 48. Anger 20 28 104 146 102 (5.0) (7.0) (26.0) (36.0) (25.5) 49. Hypocrisy 16 60 120 120 84 (4.0) (15.0) (30.0) (30.0) (21.0) 50. Stinginess 24 54 88 118 116 (6.0) (13.5) (22.0) (29.5) (29.0) 51. Deceit 6 30 90 82 192 (1.5) (7.5) (22.5) (20.5) (48.0) 52. Treachery 10 24 38 8 236 (2.5) (6.0) (9.5) (23.0) (59.0) 53. Obstinacy 16 38 76 160 110 (4.0) (9.5) (19.0) (40.0) (27.5) 54. Impetuosity 22 30 140 106 102 (5.5) (7.5) (35.0) (26.5) (25.5) 55. Arrogance 18 38 86 86 172 (4.5) (9.5) (21.5) (21.5) (43.0) 56. Pride 38 62 110 82 108 (9.5) (15.5) (27.5) (20.0) (27.0) 57. Lust 30 40 56 108 166 (7.5) (10.0) (14.0) (27.0) (41.5) 58. Ignorance 6 32 62 146 154 (1.5) (8.0) (15.5) (36.5) (38.5)

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59. Fear 6 28 120 86 160 (1.5) (7.0) (30.0) (21.5) (40.0) 60. Jealous 6 36 88 110 160 (1.5) (9.0) (22.0) (27.5) (40.0) 61. Laziness 12 28 56 144 160 (3.0) (7.0) (14.0) (36.0) (40.0) 62. Procrastination 28 22 130 74 146 (7.0) (5.5) (32.5) (18.5) (36.5) 63. Suspicion 20 28 118 120 114 (5.0) (7.0) (29.5) (30.0) (28.5) 64. Delusion 10 30 92 96 172 (2.5) (7.5) (23.0) (24.0) (43.0) 65. Vanity 10 54 62 110 164 (2.5) (13.5) (15.5) (27.5) (41.0) 66. Vindictiveness 10 66 78 120 126 (2.5) (16.5) (19.5) (30.0) (31.5) 67. Heedlessness 10 56 86 98 150 (2.5) (14.0) (21.5) (24.5) (37.5) 68. Expecting reward 20 94 86 90 110 (5.0) (23.5) (21.5) (22.5) (27.5) 69. Inertness 14 78 88 124 96 (3.5) (19.5) (22.0) (31.0) (24.0) 70. Aggressiveness 24 50 88 114 124 (6.0) (12.5) (22.0) (28.5) (31.0) 71. Lavishness 22 54 88 94 142 (5.5) (13.5) (22.0) (23.5) (35.5) 72. Caste 32 40 78 80 170 (8.0) 10.0) (19.5) (20.0) (42.5) 73. Income/wealth 68 96 96 68 72 (17.0) (24.0) (24.0) (17.0) (18.0) 74. Power 104 118 72 52 54 (26.0) (29.5) (18.0) (13.0) (13.5) 75. Status 178 86 62 40 34 (44.5) (21.5) (15.5) (10.0) (8.5) Source: Primary data

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TABLE 4.2

RANK ORDER OF VALUE REALIZATION

S.No. Value Percentage of Rank

I.T. Professional mark On Higher scale (1) (2) (3) (4) 1. Valour 93 1 2. Industry 92 2 3. Firmness 90 3 4. Friendliness 90 3 5. Wisdom 89 5 6. Integrity 87.5 6 7. Reverence 87.5 6 8. Gratitude 87.5 6 9. Heroism 86 9 10. Bliss 85 10 11. Power 83.5 11 12. Love 83 12 13. Loyalty 82.5 13 14. Righteousness 82.5 13 15. Purity of Motive 82.5 13 16. Joy 82 16 17. Sweetness of speech 81.5 17 18. Status 81.5 17 19. Truthfulness 81 19 20. Worship 80.5 20

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21. Purity 80.5 20 22. Smiling 80 22 23. Self-identity 80 22 24. Wholesomeness 78.5 24 25. Detachment 77 25 26. Simplicity 77 25 27. Modesty 77 25 28. Code of life 77 25 29 Self restraint 76.5 29 30. Faith 75.5 30 31. Cosmic causation 75.5 30 32. Purity of mind 75 32 33. Non-violence 75 32 34. Personal relationship 74.5 34 35. Compassion 74.5 34 36. Forgiveness 73.5 36 37. Equanimity 71 37 38. Absence of hatred 71 37 39. Self-actualisation 71 37 40 Benevolence 70.5 40 41. Contentment 69.5 41 42. Absence of envy 67.5 42 43. Self-realisation 66 43 44. Transparency 66 43 45. Attachment 65.5 45 46. Income/wealth 65 46 47. Sacrifice 63 47

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48. Caste 62.5 48 49. Indifference to wicked 59 50 49. Greed 58 49 51. Hypocrisy 58 51 52. Pride 53 52 53. Expecting reward 50 53 54. Impetuosity 48 54 55. Procrastination 45 55 56. Interness 45 55 57. Stinginess 41.5 57 58. Lavishness 41 58. 59. Aggressiveness 40.5 59 60. Vindictiveness 38.5 60 61. Anger 38.5 60 62. Fear 38.5 60 63. Heedlessness 38 63 64. Arrogance 35.5 64 65. Delusion 33 65 66. Jealous 32.5 66 67. Obstinacy 32.5 66 68. Deceit 315 68 69. Vanity 31.5 68 70. Lust 31.5 68 71. Suspicion 31.5 68 72. Malevolence 30.5 72 73. Ignorance 25 73

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74. Laziness 24 74 75. Treachery 18 75 Source: Compiled from Table 4.1.

Values are universal in nature and formation of values are natural process and

purposeful. Intellect and reason are in fact, directed by deeper values which essentially

dwell in emotions and feelings. Human values are noble emotions, disvalues are

ignoble. It is this set of emotions which is true master of oneself. If the directions

comes more and more from human values, the quality of life will ethically uplifted. If

the thirst springs mainly from disvalues ethicality will be deteriorated. Values are the

basic principles, forces and guiding factors which formulates the personality structure.

Personality is a diverse psychological concept and it is incorporates all the

psychological process. It is possible that one may have a belief system or set of values

deeply ingrained in his personality but when it comes to practical situations he may face

dilemmas or conflicts of values. This conflict or dilemma is indeed, again a question of

judging the true personality. This study is proposed to examine whether there is any

differences between I.T. Professionals personal values and values applied in their

Professional practices. There is misconception that a person can have two different set

of values, one for their personal life and the other for their Professional practices.

Hence, the hypothesis given below would be tested:

TABLE 4.3

PERSONAL VALUES AND APPLICATION OF VALUES IN PROFESSION

Values Profession Value Level Total

Moderate High

Personal Value Level

Moderate 340 52 392

High - 8 8

Total 340 60 400

135

H1: “One’s perceived personal values and their actualization

in his Profession need not match” COMP = 23.129 d.f. = 1 TAB = (0.05) 7.88 SIGNIFICANT

Since the level of significance is less than 0.05% there is a significant

relationship. Hence H1 is accepted. Then there is a relationship between personal

values and values applied in Profession. Therefore, it is concluded that a person cannot

have dual values such as personal values and values applied in Professional practices.

Therefore, it could condcluded that a person will not have conflict in Profession. To

understand that there is any relationship between the personality and their moral

conflicts in Profession. Therefore, the following hypothesis was set.

Demographic factors which are uniquely associated with the individual decision

maker, have received considerable research attention in empirical literature on ethics

(Ford and Richardson, 1994). Drawing from Kohlberg’s (1969) cognitive development

theory of moralization, Braverman et al.(1972) and Freeman and Giefink (1979) have

suggested that gender, age, and education affect the level of outlook of individuals’

moral development. However, empirical investigations examining demographic factors

and ethical/unethical behaviour haver provided mixed results. Literature on the effect

of age on individuals’ ethical behaviour follows a pattern similar to that of gender.

Callan (1992), Izraeli (1988), Stevens (1984)14, among others, found that the influence

of age as not significant, while Browning and Zabriskie (1983), Ruegger and King

(1992) and Serwinek (1992) reported a significant relationship between age and

ethicality. Interestingly, while Browning and Zabriskie (1983) found younger managers

to subscribe to a more ethical viewpoint than older managers, Serwinek (1992) on the

contrary, reported that older insurance employees adhered to stricter interpretations of

ethical standards.

136

REALIZATION OF VALUES AND AGE

In this study a comparison was made between the realization of values and the

age of the respondents. In respect of the values such as, Gratitude, Heroism, Code

of life, Personal relationship, and Aggressiveness was significantly related to age.

TABLE 4.4

CHI – SQUARE RESULTS OF PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND AGE

X2 TABLE S.No. X2 CALCULATED VALUE AT 0.5 VALUES VALUE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (1) (2) (3) (4)

1. Gratitute 12.182 9.49 2. Self restraint 3.441 9.49

3. Bevolence 5.437 9.49

4. Wisdom 3.279 9.49

5. Forgiveness 5.340 9.49

6. Sacrifice 9.345 9.49

7. Transparency 2.185 9.49

8. Absence of Envy 6.228 9.49

9. Contentment 2.291 9.49

10. Purity 3.864 9.49

11. Sweetness of speech 8.981 9.49

12. Truthfulness 6.413 7.81

13. Valour 1.098 9.49

14. Worship 4.145 9.49

15. Industry 1.044 9.49

137

16. Detachment 5.254 9.49

17. Equanimity 5.811 9.49

18. Simplicity 6.792 9.49

19. Faith 6.731 9.49

20. Integrity 4.040 9.49

21. Compassion 3.428 9.49

22. Heroism 13.358 9.49

23. Reverence .271 9.49

24. Righteousness 2.589 9.49

25. Self-identity 1.460 9.49

26. Wholesomeness 5.355 9.49

27. Firmness 3.572 7.81

28. Love 3.955 9.49

29. Bliss .855 7.81

30. Friendliness 6.963 9.49

31. Joy 4.348 9.49

32. Indifference to wicked 2.188 9.49

33. Self-realisation 1.956 9.49

34. Absence of hatred 4.3.63 9.49

35. Self-actualisation 2.432 9.49

36. Modesty 7.181 9.49

37. Cosmic causation 3.581 9.49

38. Code of life 18.761 9.49

39. Personal relationship 16.578 9.49

40. Loyalty 3.300 9.49

41. Purity of mind 5.607 9.49

42. Purity of motive 2.679 9.49

138

43. Non-violence 3.638 9.49

44. Smiling 2.881 9.49

45. Greed 7.413 9.49

46. Attachment 3.625 9.49

47. Malevolence 4.899 9.49

48. Anger 5.775 9.49

49. Hypocrisy 5.397 9.49

50. Stinginess 5.712 9.49

51. Deceit 6.711 9.49

52. Treachery 2.785 9.49

53. Obstinacy 4.909 9.49

54. Impetuosity 4.064 9.49

55. Arrogance .277 9.49

56. Pride 2.611 9.49

57. Lust .611 9.49

58. Ignorance 5.709 9.49

59. Fear 2.770 9.49

60. Jealous 7.012 9.49

61. Laziness 2.641 9.49

62. Procrastination 3.237 9.49

63. Suspicion 1.540 9.49

64. Delusion 4.442 9.49

65. Vanity 8.692 9.49

66. Vindictiveness 3.505 9.49

67. Heedlessness 6.280 9.49

68. Expecting reward 5.133 9.49

139

69. Inertness 2.464 9.49

70. Aggressiveness 10.215 9.49

71. Lavishness 1.813 9.49

72. Caste 2.322 9.49

73. Income/wealth 1.280 9.49

74. Power 2.246 9.49

75. Status .935 9.49

Source : Compiled from table 4.3

TABLE 4.5

PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND AGE (A comparison of percentages of higher scale)

VALUE AGE (Years)

_________________________________________ 40 and below Above 40

1. Gratitude 83.75 90

2. Heroism 87.5 86

3. Code of life 83.91 77


5. Aggressiveness 48.75 76.5 Source: Primary data

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TABLE 4.6

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL VALUES

Respondent’s Personal Value Level Total

Profession Value Level Age Moderate High

Moderate

Age 40 years

and below

69 - 69

above 40

years

101 - 101

Total 170 - 170

High Age 40 years

and below

10 1 11

above 40

years

16 3 19

Total 26 4 30

COMP VALUE . 271 df. 1 (TABLE = 0.05 ) 3. 84 NOT SIGNIFICANT

H3: “Age of the I.T. Professional has no relationship to the

mis(match) between perceived personal value and their

actualization in Profession life”. The calculated value at 0.05% significant level is less than the table value the

null hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant relationship between age of the I.T.

Professional and his match between perceived personal value and their actualization in

Professional life.

141

TABLE 4.7

CHI – SQUARE RESULTS OF PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND RELIGIOSITY

X2 TABLE X2 CALCULATED VALUE AT 5% Sl.No. VALUES VALUE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (1) (2) (3) (4)

1. Gratitude 21.144 26.3 2. Self restraint 14.328 26.3 3. Benevolence 18.662 26.3

4. Wisdom 32.364 26.3


6. Sacrifice 9.613 26.3




10. Purity 26.716 26.3



13. Valour 28.182 26.3

14. Worship 38.570 26.3

15. Industry 24.321 26.3

16. Detachment 43.765 26.3

17. Equanimity 33.907 26.3

18. Simplicity 18.030 26.3

19. Faith 40.978 26.3

20. Integrity 34.663 26.3

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21. Compassion 17.106 26.3

22. Heroism 33.794 26.3

23. Reverence 37.070 26.3




27. Firmness 14.994 21.0

28. Love 26.835 26.3

29. Bliss 23.063 21.0


31. Joy 22.475 26.3



34. Absence of hatred 25.892 26.3


36. Modesty 17.766 26.3


38. Code of life 39.845 26.3

39. Personal relationship 28.134 26.3 40. Loyalty 16.038 26.3



43. Non-violence 22.877 26.3

44. Smiling 20.769 26.3

45. Greed 18.089 26.3

46. Attachment 15.710 26.3


143

48. Anger 16.679 26.3

49. Hypocrisy 21.987 26.3

50. Stinginess 39.892 26.3

51. Deceit 24.141 26.3

52. Treachery 25.516 26.3

53. Obstinacy 33.156 26.3


55. Arrogance 21.790 26.3

56. Pride 27.090 26.3

57. Lust 25.380 26.3

58. Ignorance 24.446 26.3

59. Fear 32.812 26.3

60. Jealous 28.277 26.3

61. Laziness 38.391 26.3


63. Suspicion 26.762 26.3

64. Delusion 32.929 26.3

65. Vanity 30.400 26.3




69. Inertness 37.176 26.3


71. Lavishness 25.477 26.3

72. Caste 44.403 26.3


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74. Power 32.152 26.3

75. Status 23.247 26.3

Source : Compiled from table 4.6

TABLE 4.8

PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND RELIGIOSITY (a comparison of Percentage of Higher Scale)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RELIGIOUSITY SL.No. VALUE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Deeply Regular Worship on Worship in Not at all

Religious Prayer Occasion Desperate Religious Moments

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Wisdom 75 77.77 82.75 88.88 89 2. Forgiveness 58.33 66.66 65.51 81.08 66.66

3. Transparency 66.66 44.44 8.27 74.77 77.77

4. Contentment 54.16 51.85 55.17 79.27 88.88

5. Purity 66.66 74.07 72.41 86.48 88.88

6. Sweetness of speech 79.16 70.37 68.96 87.387 88.88

7. Valour 75 96.29 89.65 97.29 88.88 8. Worship 70.83 66.67 65.52 90.99 66.66

9. Detachment 66.67 62.96 51.72 89.19 77.78

10. Equanimity 62.5 74.07 55.17 78.39 44.44

11. Faith 62.5 62.96 62.07 84.68 75.5

12. Integrity 70.83 92.59 68.97 93.69 100

13. Heroism 66.67 92.59 86.21 90.99 55.56

14. Reverence 75 70.37 82.76 94.56 100

145

15. Righteousness 66.67 77.77 75.86 94.59 100

16. Self-identity 58.33 70.37 62.07 91.89 77.78

17. Wholesomeness 54.17 77.78 51.72 89.19 77.78

18. Love 66.67 70.37 72.41 91.89 88.89 19. Friendliness 75 85.18 86.20 94.59 100 20. Code of life 62.5 59.25 68.96 89.18 44.44 21. Personal relationship 75 74.07 62.06 81.08 33.33

22. Purity of mind 54.16 70.37 75.86 78.37 100

23. Purity of motive 58.33 81.48 72.40 90 88.86

24. Stinginess 66.66 66.66 41.37 27.92 66.66

25. Obstinacy 29.16 44.44 41.37 25.22 77.78

26. Impetuosity 41.66 55.55 62.06 42.34 66.66

27. Pride 54.16 66.66 72.41 45.04 33.33

28. Fear 66.66 44.44 55.17 25.22 55.55

29. Jealous 29.16 44.44 44.82 25.22 55.55

30. Laziness 33.33 51.85 24.13 13.51 44.44

31. Procrastination 66.66 70.37 55.17 31.53 44.44

32. Suspicion 58.33 51.85 58.62 29.72 55.55

33. Delusion 37.50 55.55 44.82 22.52 44.44

34. Vanity 33.33 51.85 48.27 22.52 11.11

35. Vindictiveness 50 55.55 41.37 29.9 66.66

36. Inertness 58.33 62.96 48.27 39.32 33.33

37. Lavishness 62.5 37.92 48.27 27.22 44.44

38. Caste 54.16 51.85 55.17 25.22 44.44

39. Income/wealth 62.50 70.37 72.41 61.26 77.77

Source : Compilation of tables

146

REALIZATION OF VALUES AND RELIGIOSITY

Sweetness of speech, Worship, Detachment, Faith, Integrity, Reverence, Self-

identity, Wholesomeness, Code of life, Purity, Stinginess, Laziness, Procrastination,

Inertness, Lavishness, and caste are related to realization (actualization) of internalized

values. The remaining fifty nine values were not associated with religiosity. Thus,

religiosity has practically little influence on the perceived importance and realization of

values.

Most religions have moral codes; many moral teachings stem from religion; the

same conduct is often specified by both religious and non-religious ethical systems.

Nevertheless, ethics and religion are not the same thing. What makes religion

distinctive is its otherworldly focus, its connection with the divine or with the saving of

souls. To the extent that a religion dispenses with such spiritual concerns, it is hard to

distinguish from a social welfare movement. Religion can affect Profession in many

ways. Religion cannot, however, alter the purpose of Profession or what counts in

consequence as proper Profession conduct. Functionalist theory in sociology credits

religion with serving a number of very important purposes for societies and individuals.

Religion promoters social solidarity, partly by providing norms that reduce conflict and

also by imposing sanctions against antisocial conduct. In addition, religion “serves to

legitimize the established social order by sanctioning the social arrangements that

prevail in it” (Light, Keller, and Calhoun, 1989, p.522)21. Religion, then, is an

important social institution that exercises control over beliefs and behaviour. Further,

functionalism provides a strong theoretical base for studying the relationship between

religion and ethics, recent developments in the religious atmosphere increased the

saliency of studying the effects of religion on Profession. In recent years, the religious

right has had a powerful effect on social policy, political outcomes, and cultural values.

(Ellenand leigh Lawton, 1998).22 Researchers have examined the implications of

religion from both macromarketing (e.g., Klein, 1987) 23 and micromarketing

perspectives ( e.g., Hirschman, 1983)24. In general, individual behaviour could be

147

affected by all major social institutions, religion and religious institutions. In spite of

these potentially important effects, research in marketing pertaining to religiousness is

limited (Mittelstaedt, 1995)25. Perhaps the most obvious place to start is to examine

the relationship between religiousness and marketing ethics. Highly religious people

may tend to view unethical behaviour more negatively than less religious people,

because they consider such behaviours sinful. On the positive side, religiousness may

develop the kind of moral courage that gives people the ability to make more ethical

decisions in difficult circumstances. It can be argued that Professional practices can be

analyzed based on different religious perspectives (Herman, 1997).26 Detailed analyses

of Professional ethics from different religious perspectives are given in the special issue

of Professional Ethics Quarterly (March 1997) 27on “Western Religious Approaches to

Professional Ethics”. The goal of this study, however, is only to examine the

relationship between religiousness and Profession practices of I.T. Professional.

Therefore, it is felt important to test the following hypothesis:

H5: “Religiosity of the individual I.T. Professional is not related to

realization of his personal values”.

TABLE 4.9

RELIGIOUS VALUES AND VALUES APPLIED IN PROFESSION

Religious Values Profession Value Level Total

Moderate High

Two different systems and should not mix 86 20 106

Religious in personal life and keep aside in Profession 80 18 98

Religious values will damper the whole process 58 18 76

Seek God's blessings beyond that there is no need 50 4 54

One cannot ignore religious values in Profession 66 - 66

Total 340 60 400

148

COMP = 4.704 d.f. = 4 TAB = (0.05) = 14.9 NOT SIGNIFICANT

The level of significance is more than 0.05 per cent there is no significant

relationship between the regious values and values applied in Profession.

TABLE 4.10

RELIGIOUS BELIEF AND MORAL CONFLICT FACED BY THE

RESPONDENTS

Religious belief

Moral conflict Total

Yes No

Not at all religious 30 18 48

Worship in desperate

moments

36 18 54

Worship on occasions 50 8 58

Regular prayer 110 112 222

Deeply religious 8 10 18

Total 234 166 400

COMP VALUE 14.465 df 4 (TABLE = 0.05) 9.49

SIGNIFICANT

H2: “Religiousness of a person will help him in resolving

ethical conflicts”.

It was proved that there is association between religiosity of the I.T.

Professional and their ethical conflicts. Deeper the religious belief lesser will be the

ethical conflicts of the I.T. Professional.

149

TABLE 4.11 RESPONDENTS’ FAMILIARITY WITH SACRED RELIGIOUS TEXTS AND

PROFESSION VALUE LEVEL

Familiarity with sacred

religious texts

Profession Value Level Total

Moderate High

Aware of them 98 26 124

Confine to chanting few

verses

106 20 126

Read and listen discourses 104 6 110

Mastered many texts 30 10 40

Total 340 60 400

COMP = 6.422 d.f. = 3 TAB = (0.05) = 12.8

NOT SIGNIFICANT


relationship between familiarity of religious texts of a I.T. Professional and his

application of values in Profession.

150

TABLE 4.12

CHI – SQUARE RESULTS OF PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND EDUCATION

S.No. X2 CALCULATED X2 TABLE VALUE AT 0.5% VALUES VALUE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (1) (2) (3) (4)

1. Gratitude 30.406 21.0 2. Self restraint 13.729 21.0

3. Benevolence 25.061 21.0

4. Wisdom 7.865 21.0


6. Sacrifice 17.269 21.0




10. Purity 24.022 21.0



13. Valour 17.667 21.0

14. Worship 18.118 21.0

15. Industry 10.544 21.0

16. Detachment 25.553 21.0

17. Equanimity 15.973 21.0

18. Simplicity 14.118 21.0

19. Faith 21.909 21.0

20. Integrity 13.977 21.0

151

21. Compassion 19.372 21.0

22. Heroism 16.594 21.0

23. Reverence 13.676 21.0




27. Firmness 15.936 21.0

28. Love 12.861 21.0

29. Bliss 19.522 16.9


31. Joy 13.716 21.0



34. Absence of hatred 24.300 21.0


36. Modesty 20.859 21.0


38. Code of life 25.138 21.0


40. Loyalty 12.773 21.0



43. Non-violence 20.472 21.0

44. Smiling 18.239 21.0

45. Greed 12.529 21.0

46. Attachment 12.841 21.0


152

48. Anger 21.454 21.0

49. Hypocrisy 4.909 21.0

50. Stinginess 16.298 21.0

51. Deceit 19.464 21.0

52. Treachery 27.869 21.0

53. Obstinacy 15.226 21.0


55. Arrogance 11.653 21.0

56. Pride 13.643 21.0

57. Lust 11.179 21.0

58. Ignorance 13.643 21.0

59. Fear 11.179 21.0

60. Jealous 21.684 21.0

61. Laziness 5.263 21.0


63. Suspicion 16.043 21.0

64. Delusion 17.055 21.0

65. Vanity 12.854 21.0




69. Inertness 11.662 21.0


71. Lavishness 28.245 21.0

72. Caste 9.761 21.0


153

74. Power 14.835 21.0

75. Status 14.580 21.0 Source : Compiled from table 4.11

TABLE 4.13

PROFESSION VALUES AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION

(a Comparison of Percentage of Higher Scale) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QUALIFICATION SL.No. VALUE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Skilled training UG Degree PG Degree Profession Degree ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Gratitude 81.94 94.50 89.28 55.55 2. Benevolence 73.61 70.50 89.28 55.55 3. Transparency 52.77 74.72 60.71 100 4. Absence of Envy 61.1 71.42 60.7 100 5. Purity 81.94 80.20 71.42 100 6. Truthfulness 69.44 91.20 82.14 66.66 7. Detachment 69.44 82.41 71.42 100 8. Faith 70.83 74.72 96 100 9. Friendliness 79 96 96 100 10. Absence of hactred 65.28 75.82 71.42 88.89 11. Self actualization 63.89 75.82 71.42 77.78 12. Code of life 70.83 78.02 82.14 100 13. Anger 36.11 43.95 77.77 33.33 14. Treachery 23.61 14.28 14.28 22.22 15. Jealous 43.05 29.67 25 - 16. Heedlessness 36.11 54.94 35.71 - 17. Lavishness 44.61 27.48 50 44.44 Source: Compiled table

154

REALIZATION OF VALUES AND EDUCATION

Seventeen values viz., Gratitude, Benevolence, Transparency, Absence of Envy,

Purity, Truthfulness, Detachment, Faith, Friendliness, Absence of hatred, Self-

actualisation, Code of life, Anger, Treachery, Jealous, Heedlessness and Lavishness

were considered important. The remaining fifty eight values are not associated with

education. Thus there is no significant relationship between education and realization

of values.

H8: The educational level of the individual Professionman is not

related to his realization of personal values in Profession.

TABLE 4.14

QUALIFICATION AND PROFESSION VALUE

Qualification Profession Value Level Total

Moderate High

Skilled training 118 26 144

UG degree 154 28 182

PG degree 50 6 56

Professional degree 18 - 18

Total 340 60 400

COMP = 2.529 d.f. = 3 TAB (12.8) NOT SIGNIFICANT

Since the significance level is more than 0.05 per cent there is no significant

relationship. Hence H0 is accepted. Then there is no relationship between education

and values applied in Profession.

155

TABLE 4.15

POSITION IN PROFESSION AND APPLICATION OF VALUE

Position in

Profession

Level of Values Total

Moderate High

Technical 210 20 230

Administrative 98 30 128

Executive 32 10 42

Total 340 60 400

COMP = 8.437 d.f. = 2 TAB = (0.005) = 10.6

NOT SIGNIFICANT The level of significance is more than 0.005 per cent there is no significant

relationship between the position held a person and his application of values in

Profession.

TABLE 4.16

EXPERIENCE AND APPLICATION OF VALUES

Experience

Level of values Total

Moderate High

Below 5 years 68 16 84

6 - 10 years 84 22 106

11 - 15 years 178 20 198

16 - 20 years 10 2 12

Total 340 60 400

156

COMP = 3.793 d.f. = 3 TAB = (0.005) = 12.8 NOT SIGNIFICANT


relationship between the number of years of experience of a person and his

application of values in Profession.

TABLE 4.17

NATURE OF PROFESSION AND APPLICATION OF VALUES

Sl. No. Nature of

Profession

Value Level Total

Moderate High

1. IBM 68 12 80

2. ITC Infotech 68 12 80

3. Emphasis 68 12 80

4. Infosys 64 16 80

5. Honeywell 72 8 80

Total 340 60 400

COMP = 12.741 d.f. = 8 TAB = (0.05) = 22.0

NOT SIGNIFICANT


relationship between the nature of Profession and application of values in Profession.

157

TABLE 4.18

TYPE OF I.T. PROFESSIONALS AND PROFESSION VALUE LEVEL

Type of I.T.

Professional

Profession Value Level Total

Moderate High

Hereditary I.T.

Professional

220 44 264

First generation

I.T. Professional

120 16 136

Total 340 60 400

COMP = .846 d.f. = 1 TAB = (0.05) = 7.88

NOT SIGNIFICANT

Since the level of significance is more than 0.05 per cent the is no significant

relationship between type I.T. Professional and their reliazation of values in

Professional practices. Hence the H0 is accepted that is the type of I.T. Professional

and their realization of values are independent.

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