Chapter Menu

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Substances

and Mixtures Lesson 2 The Structure

of Atoms Chapter Wrap-Up

Lesson 1-1

•  Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

•  Anything that does not have mass or volume is not matter.

What is matter?

Lesson 1-2

•  An atom is a small particle that is the building block of matter.

•  It is the many kinds of atoms and the ways they combine that form the different types of matter.

What is matter made of?

atom from Greek atomos, means “uncut”

Lesson 1-3

Scientists place matter into one of two groups—substances and mixtures.

Classifying Matter

Lesson 1-4

•  A substance is matter with a composition that is always the same.

•  A certain substance always contains the same kinds of atoms in the same combination.

What is a substance?

Lesson 1-4

•  An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom.

•  For example, the element gold is made of only gold atoms, and all gold atoms are alike.

•  Sodium chloride (salt) is also a substance.

What is a substance? (cont.)

Lesson 1-4

Element symbols have either one or two letters. Temporary symbols have three letters.

Lesson 1-4

What is a substance? (cont.)

•  A molecule is two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit.

•  In some elements, the atoms are grouped into molecules.

Lesson 1-4

What is a substance? (cont.)

•  A compound is a substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined in a specific combination.

•  Because each compound is made of atoms in a specific combination, a compound is a substance.

Lesson 1-4

What is a substance? (cont.)

•  Many compounds exist as molecules, but some, such as table salt, do not.

•  Sugar particles are molecules because they always travel together as a unit. Salt particles do not travel together as a unit.

Lesson 1-4

•  A chemical formula includes the symbols of each element in the compound and small numbers, called subscripts, that show the ratio of the elements in the compound.

•  Sometimes the same elements combine to form different compounds.

What is a substance? (cont.)

Lesson 1-4

Lesson 1-5

•  A mixture is matter that can vary in composition.

•  A mixture is made of two or more substances that are blended but are not chemically bonded.

What is a mixture?

Lesson 1-6

•  A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the substances are not evenly mixed.

•  A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed, but not bonded together.

Types of Mixtures

Lesson 1-6

•  A solution is another name for a homogeneous mixture and is made of two parts—a solvent and one or more solutes.

•  The solvent is the substance that is present in the largest amount, and the solutes dissolve, or break apart, and mix evenly in the solvent.

Types of Mixtures (cont.)

Lesson 1-6

•  Compounds and solutions are alike in that they both look like pure substances.

•  The atoms that make up a given compound are bonded together, which means the composition of a given compound is always the same.

Compounds v. Mixtures

Lesson 1-6

•  The substances that make up a mixture are not bonded together.

•  Adding more of one substance to a mixture does not change the identity of the mixture.

Compounds v. Mixtures (cont.)

Lesson 1-6

Lesson 1-6

•  The substances that make up a mixture are not chemically combined.

•  The substances that make up a mixture can easily be separated by physical processes.

•  The elements that make up a compound can be separated only by chemical processes.

Compounds v. Mixtures (cont.)

Lesson 1-6

To separate a heterogeneous mixture, you use differences in the physical properties of the parts.

Compounds v. Mixtures (cont.)

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer

Lesson 1-6

You can separate some homogeneous mixtures by boiling or evaporation.

Compounds v. Mixtures (cont.)

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer

Lesson 1-6

•  Matter can be classified as either a substance or a mixture.

•  Matter is classified according to the types of atoms and the arrangement of atoms in matter.

Visualizing Classification of Matter

Lesson 1-6

Lesson 1 - VS

•  An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom.

Lesson 1 - VS

•  The substances that make up a mixture are blended but not chemically bonded.

•  Homogeneous mixtures have the same makeup of substances throughout a given sample.

Lesson 1 – LR1

A. atom B. compound C. molecule D. substance

Which term describes two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit?

Lesson 1 – LR2

A. compound B. element C. mixture D. molecule

Which term refers to two or more substances that are blended but are not chemically bonded?

Lesson 1 – LR3

A. solvent B. solute C. mixture D. element

Which term describes the substance in a solution that is present in the largest amount?

Lesson 2-1

•  Atoms are made of several types of tiny particles.

•  The number of each of these particles in an atom is what makes atoms different from each other.

The Parts of an Atom

Lesson 2-1

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

Lesson 2-1

An atom has a center region with a positive charge.

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

charge Science Use an electrical property of some objects that determines whether the object is positive, negative, or neutral Common Use buying something with a credit card

Lesson 2-1

•  The nucleus is the region at the center of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom.

•  Two kinds of particles make up the nucleus—protons and neutrons.

•  A proton is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

•  A neutron is an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

Lesson 2-1

An electron is a negatively charged particle that occupies the space in an atom outside the nucleus.

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located in an atom?

Lesson 2-1

•  An electron cloud is the region surrounding an atom’s nucleus where one or more electrons are most likely to be found.

•  Electrons occupy certain areas around the nucleus according to their energy.

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

Lesson 2-1

•  Electrons close to the nucleus are strongly attracted to it and have less energy.

•  Electrons farther from the nucleus are less attracted to it and have more energy.

The Parts of an Atom (cont.)

Lesson 2-2

•  Every solid, liquid, and gas is made of millions and millions of atoms.

•  If you could multiply the width of an atom by 100 million, it would be the size of an orange.

The Size of Atoms

Lesson 2-3

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

Differences in Atoms

Lesson 2-3

•  Every element in the periodic table has a different atomic number.

•  You can identify an element if you know either its atomic number or the number of protons its atoms have.

Differences in Atoms (cont.)

Lesson 2-3

An isotope is one of two or more atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

Differences in Atoms (cont.)

Lesson 2-3

•  Because electrons are negatively charged, a neutral atom that has lost an electron has a positive charge.

•  A neutral atom that has gained an electron has a negative charge.

Differences in Atoms (cont.)

Lesson 2-3

An ion is an atom that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons.

Differences in Atoms (cont.)

Lesson 2-4

•  When elements combine to form compounds, the number of electrons in the atoms can change.

•  The ways in which the atoms combine result in the many different kinds of matter.

Atoms and Matter

Lesson 2-4

Lesson 2 - VS

•  All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Lesson 2 - VS

•  An orange is about 100 million times wider than an atom.

•  Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

Lesson 2 – LR1

A. electron cloud B. ion C. isotope D. proton

Which term refers to the region surrounding an atom’s nucleus where one or more electrons are most likely to be found?

Lesson 2 – LR2

A. atomic number B. ion C. isotope D. molecule

Which term describes one of two or more atoms of an element having the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons?

Lesson 2 – LR3

A. positive B. neutral C. negative D. atomic

Because electrons are negatively charged, a neutral atom that has lost an electron has what kind of charge?

Key Concepts 1

•  An atom is a building block of matter. An element is matter made of only one type of atom. A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements.

•  A heterogeneous mixture is not a solution because the substances that make up a heterogeneous mixture are not evenly mixed. The substances that make up a solution, or a homogeneous mixture, are evenly mixed.

•  Mixtures differ from compounds in their composition, whether their parts join, and the properties of their parts.

Lesson 1: Substances and Mixtures

Key Concepts 2

Lesson 2: The Structure of Atoms •  The center of an atom is the nucleus. The nucleus

contains protons and neutrons. Electrons occupy the space in an atom outside the nucleus.

•  The identity of an atom is determined by its atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom.

•  The identity of an atom stays the same if the number of neutrons or electrons changes.

Chapter Review – MC1

A. compound B. element C. mixture D. solvent

Which term refers to matter that can vary in composition?

Chapter Review – MC2

A. molecular B. homogeneous C. heterogeneous D. atomic

Which type of mixture is one in which two or more substances are evenly mixed, but not bonded together?

Chapter Review – MC3

Which phrase describes the process that separates the elements of a compound?

A. change atomic number B. chemical change C. gain or lose electrons D. physical change

Chapter Review – MC4

A. proton B. nucleus C. neutron D. electron

Which describes the region at the center of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom?

Chapter Review – MC5

A. atomic number B. ion C. isotope D. molecular number

Which term refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element?

Chapter Review – STP1

A. atom B. element C. matter D. substance

What term refers to anything that has mass and takes up space?

Chapter Review – STP2

A. heterogeneous B. homogeneous C. molecular D. solution

Which type of mixture is one in which the substances are not evenly mixed?

Chapter Review – STP3

A. molecule B. mixture C. element D. compound

Which is a substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined in a specific combination?

Chapter Review – STP4

A. electron B. electron cloud C. neutron D. proton

Which is a positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom?

Chapter Review – STP5

A. electron B. ion C. isotope D. molecule

Which is an atom that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons?