Chapter III the Research Design

8/10/2019 Chapter III the Research Design

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1ecr

si

Ghapter

lll

THE

RESEARCH

DESIGN

The type

of

food

to

be served.commands

the

type

of

preparation,

time

ingredients,

materials,

and

instruments

needed;

This is

similar

to research.

T

nature

of

a

problem

dictates

the methodology,

length

of study,

setting,

population,

sampling,

data

gathering

instruments,

and the

statistical

toots

ts

be

used.

Descriptive

Research

.

lt is a methodology

that

presents

a

broad

spectrum

of activities

purpor,tedly

aimed atdescribingevents,

phenomena,

situations,

practicesandtrendsdevel,oping.

There

are

lwo

ways

of

describing

or

providing attributes

the

subjects'being

observed.

lt may

be done

quantitatively,

that is, through

the use of

measurement

or

quantification

of

phenomena,

situations,

,events

or'variables

under

study.

lt

may

bq done

qualitatively,

that is through

noting observations, impressions,

and

r

.f.pinterpretations.

ln

brief,

descriptive research involves

the

process

of

obtaining

t I

classifying, analyzing,

and allotting data about

situations,

processes,

practices,

I

I

and

trends that may

be interpreted meaningfully.

le

'i

.,1

r:l

l

i

Survey

Research

It

is

a

descriptive method used to study

a

representative characteristic

,I

"of

a

population.

lt

aims

to

capture

a

situation

that occurs in

a

moment. Survey

lPi,

sometimes

called descriptive survey

or

normative

survey. Survey research

is

I

^^^r..^3^r

:- ..^-:^. ,^+i::=-

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,^*^-,,^.-., .^r^^L^-^ :^+^-,:^..,

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^

I

conducted

in

various wayg like

personal

interview, telephone interview, through

a

1

prpur-

pen

questionnaire,

fax, mail,

and electionic

mail.

(rt-.

,wt*+.rcoi,

dof*

i

to

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cjone

to a

group

of

participants called

the

experinrertar grcup.

The

result

will

be

compared

to the

result

of

the

other

group

ealled

the

control

group

with

sirniiar

characteristics

but

was withheld with such interventions.

Classification

of

Samptes

in Experimenta

Research

''$

;$

"i

Control

Group. A

group

of

samples

in

which

the

independent

variable

isi

withheld

or no interyention

was

applied

*

Experimentat Group. Agroup of samples thai receives the

r':'ranip"tation or'

---;?[T,Tlf

iTfl

r[,J'r,""'H"J;ff

,r?gi:,'#1lffi

il'ix.ffi

,,1

equivaleni

is

assigned. It may

have

more than one

value,

even if the

researcher

is'f

interested

in only one

condition.

,E

E

i

'f

Excellent

Very Good-

Good

Fair

Classification

of Variables

Dependent

Variable.

Factor who-ce

value

is

affected

by

the

indepencient

variable;

the outconre of

the manipulation, control

oi'intervention;

the changes that

occur in

the

study.

lndependent

Variable. lt

affects the value of the dependent con.ditions that

produce

the outcome,

the variable

that the researcher

controls or

manipulates.

:

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topic,

it

also

involves

arranged

time

and

venue for

the

interviewee

so

interviervee

can

substantiaily

prepare

himself

as well

as the

information

cast

to

the

researcher.

An

unstructured

interview,

also called

an emergency or

ambush

i

is done

without sufficient

preparation.

This may be

laborious

because

the

that

the

interviewer

happens

to

forget some

vital

questions,

he

needs

to condt

follow-up interview.

Questions

in

the intervlew

may

be

classified

as initial

questio

foltow-up

questions,

and clarificatory

questions.

lnterview

Approaches

There are three

approaches

in

conducting

an

interview: soft

stress

interview,

and standardized interview

(Singh,

2AA1).

These

have

bearing

in

the eliciting of

data

from respondents,

1.

Soft

tnterview. The

soft

interview

approach

uses sympathy,

siyle,

coopeiation,

and sharing between the

interviewee and

the

interviewer.

communication

between

the

two

rnay

reach

the

peak

level

where both

pa

reveal

to

each

othei

even

the

seemingly confidential matters between them.

means

that

the element of trust is developed between them.

BecaUse of

this,

ei

party

especially

the interviewee

may disclose

whatever

things

he

wants to say.

2.

Stress

lnterview.

This approach intimidates,

forces,

pressures,

or

compels

the interviewee to

provide

the needed

information,

lt may use strateg

like inflicting

pains,

threatening,

and

fr"ightening

the

interviewee

in order to

him

tell

the truth. A.policeman

interrogating

a

suspect

including accessories

accomplices

illustrates how

a

stress

interview

is

typically

done.

The

result

strgss interview

in some

instances may

be construed

invalid

because

threateni

an interviewee

may

let

him

just

admit any accusation

against

hirn

even if

cont

to

his will

but does such in

order to avoid imminent harm.

3.

Standard.ized

tnterview. This is

a neutral

interview

that

respects

proper

distance,beh*een

the interviewer

and

the interviewee. The

process

is

purposely

to

gather

the

desired

data

from

the

respondents.

lt is

expected

that

parties

involved

in

the interview

shall limit their

topic

to

the

objective

of intervi

i

Case Study

A

case study

involves

an

in-depth

analysis

of

one

person, group,

institu

that

hes

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...,ect,

agellcy,

community

or

entity.

lt

requires

an

intensive

and

thoi'cugh

;--,

e

srigation

of

the actors that

contribute to

a

case

-

unfavorable or

favorabie.

An

example

is the decline of the most

poputarfood

house in

the

801s.

ln

terms

c:

S\,VOT

analysis,

you

may determine

the strengthS,

weaknesses,

opportunities,

arcj

ihreats

cf

the

food house.

ln an

in-depth study,

you

may simply

attribCe

the

ieclne

of

the

food

company

to

the

weaknessethat

outweighed

the

strengths,

its

{.:.engths

are

surpassed

by the

new

competitors,

the'chances

to

recover

dwindled

aro

the

threats

around weakened the resistance of the food

compahy.

Another

exdmple

may

be

the

identical twins, both

males,

almost

exuding

periectly

the

same features

frorn

infancy

to-

toddler stage.

When

both

children

reached

age

seven, one of

them shows significant superiority

in

strength,

school.

31hie,remcnt,

socialization skills

and

playfulness.

Both

children,

however,

have

ii-.1e

sante

uelght end height. You are now

pt-rzzled

which

sparks

you

to embark

on

fnding

tne

fantci's that make

them significantly different

in

other

characteristics.

ln anothersituation,

a

greatcity

experiences an exodus of residents migrating

tr

:ne

peripheral

communities

of

the

metropolis. This must

be an

alarming

situation

ni one

place

which

if

not

averted

will

create a forsaken

city

and of course, resulis

:p

dissolution,

abolition,

or

diminution

of

a

political

unit. Such aspects to

look

inio

nay

include

securi$,

poltution,

economic conditions,

.traffic

problem,

and

othe:'

ahrming

reasons. The aforementioned

situation requires

objective

observation.

silerview,

comrnuniiy

integration, personal interference in

order

to

determine

the

tr,rth

contributing to

the

analysis

of

given

situations.

Ethnographic

Research

Ethnography is

derived from

Greek

word

"ethos"

which.means

race, natici:

cr

culture.

Ethnography

is

a

scientific study

of

description

of

people

and

races.

Seir activity;

cultural

context

and of

various

rneanings derived

and

attached

tc

such

cultural

acts.

An

example is

the

lifestyle of

people

inhabiting

a.mountainous

communi

a

developing

province

where no incidence of chotesterel.related

mortality

was

ed.

The researcher was curious about the population

in

that

place which

was

::':ilar

to

a

population

in one

subdivision in the city, but

in

the latter,

a

remarkable

':cor"tion

of deaths were

recorded

for

the

last

two

years.

ln

the

subject

rura

cmmunity

the situation

is

entirely unique

as

there

was

an

insignificant

morialitl

ally

ion

rnt

be

ed

lnt

he

1g

fy

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-.'

-

The iesearcher integrated himself

with

the rural community for

a

considerable

lengjth

of time.

He

observed

that men

and women

wdrk

in

the fieid

until

they

are

capable,

exerting

much

of their

eifort in

preparing

the fields,

cverseeing

the

farms,

and car'ryir':g

harvests from fai"m

site

to their barns

ar-rd home..They

walk

almost

daily

from their

shacks

in

the

i,illage

ascenciing

and descending

from

their

homes

towaids their workplace

and

vice

-versa.

They survive

more on

vegetables,

fruits,

rootpr.ops,

and sometimes on

naiive

poultry

and.iivesiock

products.

Hoilciays

are

nighr.tft".nieO

by

hog

catching,

bamboo

post

climbing,

and ilullflght

fcr men

white-

cuitur2[.dancing, tug of-war

and other strenuous

games

are

presented

by

womeni

and

childr:en.

The

distance

of

the

ruralviilage

to the urbanized c.ommunity

compels,

the folks

tc

pound

rlce and

sometimes

corn usinE the

mortar and

pestle,

The

bayanihan

system

or

synergy

still exists

and

indolent

peoole

are

condemned

in

the viliage.

Peopie

are happy and the elderlv

are respecteci

zealously.

Almost

all

deaths are caused by

senility.

,

Sample f

itle:

May

Festivals in

Selected Towns

of

Quezon

Province

Phenomenotogicai

Research

It is

a

type

of research

that

attempts

to expiore human

perception

and

understanding

to

an event

or

phenomenon

in

a

single context

and

in

riultiple

comprehension.

lt is

an

interr"iew

-

based

siudy because

the researcher

hi

serves as

the instrument in eiiciting

data or

responses

from the

participants,

The'

experiences

and

understanding

of

the researcher may

be

partially

or entirely

simil

or

different f:"om those

of the

par:ticicanis.

Hence, the n'rmber

of

participants

who'

also have direci

experiences to

the

event

or

phenornenon

under study musi be

sufficient

and manageable,

say,25

perscns.

The

unstrucir.rred

ir-rtervlew

process

is

rnainly used as

it

maximizes the

oitime even beyond

two hours in

ar:

isolated

place

with a

participant.

This enables

the

interviewee

to

disclose

fuiiy his experiences. ln this

case,

the

shall be

adept

n

noting

expressions,

cues. sidetracks,

and

kinetics. Also,

the

researcher

shall be alert

in

docunrenting

the

commonalities

and

differences

meanings

attached to a

similar

situation

cr

phenomencn.

An

examrie of

a

phenomenological

research

is

',he ir,terma;-riage

of

the

offsprings

of

ihe two

warring

tribes in cne

prcvince

that

srryorn

to kill each other's

constit'.:er"iis.

Because

cf

the

".v'ii

ciesi;n

ci

noth

tribes,

ihey

intend

to

prcd

powerful

successors,

so

both

tribes

ciispatched

their chilCren to

pursue

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7/10

ecjucation

in

a highly

civilized city.

There,

their

chiidien

crossed ways

and

eventualiy

oevei,rped

irresistible affection

io

each

other,. Scme

of these educated

generation

engaged

in

rnarriage

witholrt the consent of their

warring

parents.

A

significant

rncidence

of inier-tribe

rnarriage

increased

phenomenally

that can no

longer

be

eonirollec

by

both

tribes. The

researcher

now wants

to

monitor if the sacred

wedlock

may

be separated forever by the seenringly

endless

barbarie

treetment

to

each

ather

by the two opposing

tribes. The

'researcher

will

be

able

to repcrl

the

ii-uth

regarding such situation because he

is

a relative

of one

of the two

warring

clans.

FeasibilitY

StudY

This

type

of siudy

presents

the viability,

profitability,

sustainabiiity, stabilitv

ci

a

business

proposal

if

it will be

established.

lt

forecasts

the

capitaikation,

nraintenance,

a;ld operation casts that

cover materials, men,

management

and

lna

rketin

g

exp'.r{ rbes

"

For instance,

you

u,,snt

tc

establish

a

hospltal

in

an urban

center. You ivill

be

simply

guided

by these

questions.

lVho

rr,'iii

manage the hospita ?

Do they

possess

silperior

rnanagerial

eompeience?

Will

ycur

hospital

offer

better services

than those

of the existing

ones?

Do

you

have sufficient funds

io

operate

such

institution?

Are

there available

conrpetent

people

in

the

place

who

may b* hired

for

various'posiiicns

in the hcspitai?

Can

your prospecilve

patients in

the

ccmmunity afford

the

sei-vices

of

your

nredical

institution?

Wiii

your

hospital

be rriable

as it

provides

affcrdable

services to the

community

where

you

operate?

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2.

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Exa n-"'ples

of

Feasibil

ity Studyt

1.

.

Propcsed

&egionat

Medicai

Center

2.

Froposed

2i00

Unit Condominium

Proposed

Shopping Arcade

Content Analysis

This

is

also

calied

documentary

analysis

or

archival

research.

is

a

detaileo

and

systematic examination

of

the

contenis

of

data

files

such

books,

journals,

newspapers,

films, compaci

Ciscs,

videotapes,

and transcri

of

proceedings:

lnformation

retriel,al may

be

rnade

possible

by

looking

inta

iexiuai

content, visual

elements

or

tonal

charaeieristics

of

communication,

a

material

archives.

Stuciies like

case

analysis,

legal

research,

and

historical

content

analysis

as a

pritnar,y

method in seeking for needed data,

An

exarnple

of content

analysis

is

the

study

entitled

"Financial

Equity

Local Medioal

Ser,rices of

City Gover"nments

in

the l{ational

Capitai

R.egion."

research

scanned re*ords

like Local

Health Baard

resolutions, rninutes

of meeti

requests for

obligrtion

of

aiictment, dlsbursement vouchers, purchase crders,

receipts

that

evicienced

tfib

amount

allotted

and

spent

by the

ci$

respcndents

fri

medical

services.

l-:-

i

Ex

Post

Facto

Research

;

The

Latin

phrase

"ex

post

facto"

mecns

after

the deed, after

the

fact

retroactively,

is

a

causal

cornparative research which is rarely conducted.

things that

happened,

the ;'esults;

will

become

the

bases in

detsrmining tho$

factoi's

that

brought

abbut

effects or

outcomes.

For

instance the

fruits

from

Mindanao

may

be

classifieci

as

signiflca

higher

in

quality

than

thosefrom

Luzon because the soils

in

Mindanao

are

arbitra

judged

as more

fertiie

that

ihese

in

Luzon. There is unfairness or bias in

cornparin

the

soils

in

both

l*eations.

lt

is

possible

that

the

better

quality

of fruits

may be

atiributed

tc a

b,rand

of

ierlilizer

used,

the aimospheric ccndition

in

ihe

place

variety of.fruits.

or

the far:ming

teehrrique.

researeh

ln

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,:

:

i:li:;::l

Rcsearch

risioriography

or

historical

research deals

i.:ith

meaningful and

fruitful

e'.,ents

,,..1

e6sUrrd

fr.om

ihe

antiquities

to

the

recent

pasi

that may have beai'ing

to the

1,,

of

huqrariity.

Such

accounts of events and hacpenings

may

be

intereiated

with

,::::iri

responsible

for

their

incidence.

We neec

ic

understand

that

a

sufflcient

;.scernment

about

the

past

may

help

us understand

netter the

preseni.

For

history

=r,:t

to

rePiicate

itself'

Historical

researchers

may

include titles

iike:

1.

Earthquakes that Wrecked Havoc to

the

Country

2.

Transforrnation

of

a

Municipairf

into a Premier Citr'.

3.

Development

of an

nstitute lnic

a University

4.

Metro

Manila: Past and Prgseni

5. La

Union

Province,18sO

-

1974:

its

History, Growth.

and

Development

A

hisiorica research

sr":cceeds

mainly

through archiva

research.'Sources

of

historical

data inciude

lefiers,

journals,

chronicles, diaries,

publisheC

materials

i:ke

books,

magazines,

annals, and other

prinied

and

sci'ibbled

mater-ials. Other

reservoir

of

historical

data

include

eiectronic

cata files.

discs, tapes,

fiims,

p::tographs, slides, other

pcrtabie

documents anC

iangibie things.

Physical facilities, transportation, commun,cation

and

utilities.

Suildings,

:cwers,.

transmitters, aqueducts,

dams,

bridges,

railways,

pyramids.

and

other

erormcus

handiwork

of men connote

numerous meanings.

-

Likewise;

mobile

products

of

people

rnai'

also

provide

historical

data.

Such

u;orks include handicrafts,

metal crafts,

potterres.

knitted

materials, leather

;'oducts,

textile

materials,

anw-orks,

tools.

pens,

r1'eapons,

sports,

paraphernalia,

medical

equipment and apparatuses etc.

Such

m'-iliitude

cf

astonishing

outputs

of

men

may

imply

countless meanings

attached

tc the

design, size,

c-omposition,

rrn,

and appearance.

xperirnental

Research

This type

of

study

attempts to examine

the

infiuences

and effecis

of

factors

other

conditions as control and

manipuiation are applied upon subjects.

lt

finds

ut

the

cause

and

effect relationship

of sevbral

variables after

interventions

are

v

37

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10/10

Documents

Chapter III the Research Design